sya;tAsI lR;luToH ONPANINI 31033
( root gets) sya tAs before lR luT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 243

By the respectively rule, thi smeans that roots get sya before lR and tAs before luT.

This " lR " is short for " lRT and lRG ". So, roots get sya before lRT lRG --

kR + lRT tip kR + sya + tip →Rddhanossye kR + iSya + tip →hardsoft kariSyati "he will make"

kR + lRG → akR + lRG akR + sya + lRG akariSyat "he would have made"

and get tAs before luT --

kR + luT kR + tAs + luT kartA "he'll make"

When there is sya or tAs, rules sArvadhAtukeyak, kartarizap, tanAdikRJ, etc, cannot work, because the hard affix is no longer right after a root. So we got no u in the examples above, and we get no u and no yak in these --

kR + kartari lRT ta kariSyate "he will make"

kR + karmaNi lRT ta kariSyate "it will be made"

KAZIKA L-rUpam utsRST%AnubandhaM sAmAnyam ekam eva. tasmin luTi ca parato dhAtor yathA-saGkhyaM syatAsI pratyayau bhavataH. kariSyati. akariSyat. zvaH kartA. iditkaraNam anunAsikalopapratiSedhArtham. mantA. saGgantA.

kAs;pratyayAd Am amantre liTi ONPANINI 31035
kAs and the sanAdyanta get Am'' before liT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 244

Before liT, most roots reduplicate by liTidhA --

car + Nal →acoJNiti cAr + Nal →liTidhA cA + cAr + Nal cacAra "he moved"

Yet, because of this exception, kAs and other roots, such as cori, don't reduplicate. Instead, they get Am'' --

cori + Nal cori + Am'' + Nal →hardsoft core + Am + Nal →ecoya corayAm + Nal →AmaH corayAm corayAJMcakAra "he stole"

kAs + ez kAs + Am'' + ez →AmaH kAsAm kAsAJMcakre "he coughed"

This applies to sanAdyanta roots, such as cori (with Nic), lolUya (with yaG), pipakSa (with san) --

lolUya + ez lolUya + Am'' + ez loluyAJMcakre "he reaped lots"

pipakSa + Nal pipakSa + Am + Nal pipakSAJMcakAra "he was about to cook"

A vArttika says that anekAc roots, such as cakAs "shine", daridrA "be poor", culump "agitate" are also affected --

daridrA + Nal daridrA + Am'' + Nal daridrAJMcakAra "he became poor"

This rule does not work in the veda. So the liT of nonu (which is nu + yaGluk) would be nonavAJMcakAra according to this rule, but the veda has nonAva nevertheless, with liTidhA.

See also kRJcA.

See also spelling of Am'' verbs .

KAZIKA kAsR zabdakutsAyAm, tataH pratyayAntebhyazca dhAtubhyaH Am pratyayo bhavati liTi parato 'mantraviSaye. kAsAJcakre. pratyayAntebhyaH lolUyAJ cakre. amantre iti kim? kRSNo nonAva. kAsyanekAcaH iti vaktavyam culumpAdyartham. cakAsAJcakAra. daridrAJcakAra. culumpAjcakAra. Amo 'mitvam adantatvAdaguNatvaM vides tathA. AskAsorAM vidhAnAc ca pararUpaM katantavat.

Note. This rule just turns cori + Nal into cori + Am'' + Nal. Afterwards other rules will work. hardsoft and ecoya turn cori + Am + Nal into corayAm + Nal, AmaH deletes the Nal, and then kRJcA turns that deleted Nal into one of cakAra, babhUva or Asa (you choose which one) and plugs it after the corayAm. So you may say --

corayAJMcakAra "he stole"

corayAmMbabhUva "he stole"

corayAmAsa "he stole"

The logic here is that in times of yore corayAm might have been a noun meaning "a stealing", and that people used to say corayAJM cakAra "he did a stealing" to mean "he stole". But nowadays corayAJMcakAra must be considered as a single verb, and it cannot be split into two pieces.

Yet some Western grammarians like to spell it with a space in the middle, as corayAJM cakAra, and call it a "periphrastic perfect", to emphasize the idea that it was supposely two words long ago. You will find that spelling in the indology epics files, but inria reader chokes on it. Please do not use that space when yu are writing in devanAgarI or other Indian alphabets.

ijAdezca gurumato 'n-RcchaH ONPANINI 31036
Roots that start with a heavy ic get Am'' (before liT), except Rcch and UrNu.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 245

Examples. The roots Ih Uh IkS start with heavy ik vowels, so they get Am'' --

IkS + liT ta → IkS + ez IkS + Am'' + ez →AmaH IkS + Am'' IkSAJMcakre "he saw"

Counterexamples. The roots iS iN' zIG don't start with a heavy ic, so they get liTidhA normally --

iyeSa "he wanted"

iyAya "he went"

zizye "he lay down"

Two exceptions. The roots Rcch and UrNu start with a heavy ic, but this rule doesn't work on them --

Rcch + Nal →RcchatyRRtAm arcch + a →liTidhA a + arcch + a →ata_AdeH A + arcch + a →tasmAnnuDdvihalaH An + arcch + a → Anarccha "he went"

pra + UrNu + Nal prorNunAva "he covered"

Back to Which roots get Am'' .

KAZIKA ij-Adir yo dhAtur gurumAn Rcchati-varjitaH, tasmAc ca liTi parata Am pratyayo bhavati. Iha ceSTAyAm. Uha vitarke. IhAJcakre. UhAJcakre. ij-AdeH iti kim? tatakSa. rarakSa. gurumataH iti kim? iyaja. uvapa. anRcchaH iti kim? Anarccha, AnarcchatuH, AnarcchauH. UrNotez ca pratiSedho vaktavyaH. prorNunAva. atha vA vAcya UrNorNuvadbhAvo yaGprasiddhiH prayojanam. Amaz ca pratiSedhArtham ekAcaz ceD upagrahAt.

day';.Ay';Asaz ca ONPANINI 31037
day ay As too (get Am'').mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 246

So we say --

day + liT ta dayAJMcakre "had pity on"

palAyAJMcakre "fleed"

AsAJMcakre "sat"

Back to which roots get Am'' .

KAZIKA daya dAna-gati-rakSaNeSu, aya gatau, Asa upaveSane, etebhyazca liTi parata Am pratyayo bhavati. dayaJcakre. palAyAJ cakre. AsAJ cakre.

uSa;vida;jAgRbhyo 'nyatarasyAm ONPANINI 31038
uS vid jAgR (get Am'') optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 247

So, with Am'', these make --

uS + Nal uS + Am'' + Nal oSAmAsa "burnt"

vidAmAsa "knew"

jAgarAmAsa "woke up"

alternatively, there is liTidhA as usual --

uS + Nal →liTidhA u + uS + Nal uvoSa "burnt"

viveda "knew"

jajAgAra "woke up"

Notice that vid is special. It doesn't get puganta before Am'', but gets it before liT.

This rule only works on the vid root that means "know". Other vid roots make viveda only.

Back to Which roots get Am'' .

KAZIKA uSa dAhe, vida jJAne, jagR nidrAkSaye, etebhyo liTi parato 'nyatarasyAm Am pratyayo bhavati. oSAJcakAra, uvoSa. vidAJcakAra, viveda. jAgarAJcakAra, jajAgAra. vider ad-anta-tva-pratijJAnAd Ami guNo na bhavati.

bhI;hrI;bhR;huvAM zlu-vac ca ONPANINI 31039
bhI hrI bhR hu get zlu-like ( Am'' optionally).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 248

So, these four roots reduplicate before Am'' as if zlau had worked (and NOT as if liTidhA had worked) --

bhI + Am'' bibhI + Am →hardsoft bibhe + Am →ecoya bibhayAm

hrI + Am'' jihrI + Am →hardsoft jihre + Am →ecoya jihrayAm

bhR + Am'' bibhR + Am →hardsoft bibharAm

hu + Am'' juhu + Am →hardsoft juho + Am →ecoya juhavAm

The difference between reduplicating zluvat (" zlu-wise") and reduplicating liT-wise is in the root bhR. Reduplicating bhR with zlau makes bibhR, with bi, while reduplicating it with liTidhA makes babhR, with ba. So we say bibharAmAsa, not baharAmAsa.

KAZIKA JibhI bhaye, hrI lajjAyAm, DubhRJ dhAraNapoSaNayoH, hu dAnAdAnayoH, etebhyo liTi parataH Am pratyayo bhavati anyatarasyAm, zlAv iva ca asmin kAryaM bhavati. kiM punas tat? dvitvam ittvaM ca. bibhayAJcakAra, vibhAya. jihrayAJcakAra, jihrAya. bibharAJcakAra, babhAra. juhavAJcakAra, juhAva.

kRJ c/Anuprayujyate liTi ONPANINI 31040
(After Am''-ender,) add also kR plus liT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 249

When we add a liT affix after one of the roots mentioned in kAspratyayA ff, the root gets Am'' added, by kAspratyayA, and the liT affix is removed, by AmaH. This rule says that after doing that, we must also add a verb made by joining kR and the liT we just removed.

Example.

kAs + liT ta → kAs + ez → kAs + Am'' + ez →AmaH kAsAm

Now, because of this rule, we must first put kR before the ez that AmaH deleted. This makes cakre --

kR + ez →liTidhA cakR + e →ikoya cakre "he did"

And then we must add that cakre after the kAsAm --

kAs + liT ta kAsAm kAsAm + cakre →monusvA kAsAMcakre →anusvA kAsAJMcakre "he coughed"

Some people say that the verb cakre is converted into an affix before adding it to kAsAm. If you subscribe to that view (I don't, but I might be wrong), you end up saying kAsAJcakre anyway, but the CRAZY SPELLING RULE demands a different spelling --

kAsAm kAsAm + cakre →nazcA kAsAMcakre →anusvA kAsAJcakre "he coughed"

Another example --

cori "steal" + Nal corayAm corayAm + ( kR + Nal ) → corayAm + cakAra → corayAJMcakAra "he stole"

Back to Am'' summary .

KAZIKA Ampratyayasya pazcAt kRJanuprayujyate liTi parataH. kRJiti pratyAhAreNa kRbhvastayo gRhyante, tat sAmarthyAd aster bhUr bhAvaH na bhavati. pAcayAJcakAra. pAcayAmbabhUva. pAcayAmAsa.

Even though the rule says that we must use the kR root, actually we may use any of the three roots kR, bhU, asti. So when AmaH deletes Nal, we may add any of these three --

kR + Nal cakAra

bhU + Nal babhUva

as + Nal Asa

(When we use the root as inside this rule, it is unaffected by asterbhU)

So we may choose any of --

corayAJMcakAra "he stole"

corayAmMbabhUva "he stole"

corayAmAsa "he stole"

See also Ampratyaya.

cli luGi ONPANINI 31043
Roots get cli before luG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 250

All luG make the root take cli.

This cli prevents the root from getting yak, zap, zlu, za etc.

cli will always be replaced with one of the affixes mentioned in the list of aorist types -- usually with sic, sometimes with caG or aG or ksa. Sometimes sic is added, and then removed.

In inria and Western grammars, the different affixes that replace cli are represented with numbers. I'll show some examples. Typing into inria reader alAviSam abhUd adrAkSId adikSad apIpacad adudruvat, we get to this page --

abhUd adrAkSId apIpacad adudruvad alAviSam adikSat

The number that inria shows after " aor" tells us what affix replaced cli --

abhUt "he was" -- aor [1] -- got luk

adrAkSIt "he saw" -- aor [4] -- got sic

apIpacat "he made others cook" -- aor [3] -- got caG

adudruvat "he ran" -- aor [3] -- got caG

alAviSam "I reaped" -- aor [5] -- got iSic

adikSat "he pointed or appointed" -- aor [7] -- got ksa

Inria is a bit confused about apIpacat, because it says that it is an aorist of root pac, while actually it is the aorist of pAci, the causative of pac.

cleH sic ONPANINI 31044
cli to s(ic).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 251

The cli made by the previous rule will be replaced with s(ic) unless an exception says otherwise.

Examples with an aniT root, kR "make". These are "aor [4]" or s-aorist --

kR + luG mip → kR + cli + mip kR + sic + mip → kR + s + am''' →luGlaG akR + s + am →sicivRddhiH akAr + s + am →kric akArSam "I made"

kR + luG tip → kR + cli + tip kR + sic + tip →luGlaG akR + s + tip → akR + s + t''' →sicivRddhiH akArs + t →asti;sico akArs + It →kric akArSIt "he made"

Example with a seT root, lU "reap". These are "aor [5]" or is-aorist --

lU + luG mip → lU + cli + mip →luGlaG alU + cli + mip alU + sic + mip →ArdhadhAtukasyeD alU + iSic + mip → alU + iS + am''' →sicivRddhiH alau + iS + am →ecoya alAviSam "I reaped"

Back to aorist types .

KAZIKA cleH sij-Adezo bhavati. ikAra uccAraN%ArthaH, cakAraH svarArthaH. akArSIt. ahArSIt. AgamAnudAttatvaM hi pratyayasvaram iva citsvaram api badheta iti sthAniny Adeze ca dvizcakAro 'nubadhyate. spRza-mRza-kRSa-tRpa-dRpAM sij vA vaktavyaH. asprAkSIt, aspArkSIt, aspRkSat. amrAkSIt, amArkSIt, amRkSat. akArSIt, akrAkSIt, akRkSat. atrApsIt, AtArpsIt, atRpat. adrApsIt, adArpsIt, adRpat.

zala:: ig-upadhAd aniTaH ksaH ONPANINI 31045
( cli to) (k)sa after ikzal-ender aniT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 252 luG

Exception to clessic.

An ikzal-ender is root that ends in ik plus zal. For instance, diz dih lih guh dviS viz duh are ikzal.

The ikzal that are aniT (like the seven above) get (k)sa instead of sic.

The label k of (k)sa prevents puganta. The zal of the root always combines with the sa to make kSa.

Example with z --

diz + luG → diz + tip → diz + cli + tip diz + ksa + tip → diz + sa + t''' →luGlaG adiz + sa + t →vrazcabhrasja adiS + sat →SaDhoHkassi adikSat "he pointed out, he directed, he commanded"

Example with S --

dviS + luG tip a + dviS + sa + t''' →SaDhoHkassi advikSat "he hated"

Example with h --

lih + luG tip alih + sa + t →hoDhaH aliDh + sat →SaDhoHkassi alikSat "he licked"

If the root is a baz plus ik plus h, we get throwback --

dih + luG tip adih + sa + t →hoDhaH adiDh + sa + t →ekAcoba adhiDh + sa + t →SaDhoHkassi adhikSat "he increased, accumulated"

duh + luG tip adhukSat "he milked"

guh + luG tip aghukSat "he covered, hid"

Inria labels the above verbs as "aor [7]". You may also call them ksa-aorist, because they have kSa inside, or ksa-aorist, because they got affix ksa.

Of course, if the final is not a zal, or the nexttolast is not an ik, or the root is seT, this rule won't work --

chid + luG acchaiSIt "he split"

dah + luG adhAkSIt "he burnt"

kuS + luG akoSIt "he pinched"

Back to aorist types .

KAZIKA zal-anto yo dhAtur ig-upadhas tasmAt parasya cleH aniTaH kSa Adezo bhavati. duha adhukSat. liha alikSat. zalaH iti kim? abhaitsIt. acchaitsIt. igupadhAd iti kim? adhAkSIt. aniTaH iti kim? akoSIt. amoSIt.

Ni;zri;dru;srubhyaH kartari caG ONPANINI 31048
cli to caG after Ni-enders, zri dru sru kam before kartari.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 254 luG

This (c)a(G) affix is just an a. The G label triggers kGitica, the c label just tells this caG affix apart from the aG affix.

Inria flags the verbs that have caG with " aor [3] ", no matter their verb class. Some people call these verbs chang-aorist or reduplicated aorist.

Examples. rakSi is a Nic-ender root, and so is cinti. When we add luG after dru, rakSi, cinti, we get caG instead of sic --

dru + luG tip →luGlaG adru + tip → adru + t''' adru + caG + t → adudru + a + t →aciznu adudruvat

rakSi + luG tip →luGlaG arakSi + tip → arakSi + t''' arakSi + caG + t →NeraniTi arakS + a + t →caGi ararakSat

cinti + luG tip →luGlaG acinti + tip → acinti + t''' acinti + caG + t →NeraniTi acint + a + t →caGi acicintat

As you can see, adding the caG affix erased the Nic and reduplicated the root.

Because of several rules, that i will explain later, most of the caG verbs end up having a heavy root syllable after a light stammer --

pAci + luG tip apIpacat "he made (them) cook"

cori + luG tip acUcurat "he stole"

hR + Nic + luG tip → hAri + luG tip ajIharat "he made them take"

You will notice that in these examples the i of pAci cori hAri disappeared, and there was reduplication, just like earlier. But then the vowel of pAc cor hAr was shortened into pac cur har (by NaucaGyupa). When reduplicating pac har, the papac hahar turned into pipac hijar (from sanyataH, which works here because sanvalla says so). Then the stammers of pipac cucur hihar lengthened their vowel by dIrgholaghoH. If any of this is unclear, do not worry. Tomorrow you may look at the examples in rules NaucaGyupa, sanyataH, sanvalla, dIrgholaghoH. Do not do that today, lest your brain explodes.

KAZIKA sij-apavAdaz caG vidhIyate. Ny-antebhyo dhAtubhyaH, zri dru sru ity etebhyaz ca parasya cleH caGAdezo bhavati kartavAcini luGi parataH. GakAro guNa-vRddhi-pratiSedh%ArthaH, cakAraH caGIti vizeSaNArthaH. acIkarat. ajIharat. azizriyat. adudruvat. asusruvat. kartari iti kim? akArayiSAtAM kaTau devadattena. kamer upasaGkhyAnam. AyAdaya:: ArdhadhAtuke vA iti yadA NiG nAsti tadA etad upasaGkhyAnam. acakamata. NiGpakSe sanvadbhAvaH. acIkamata. nAkamiSTasukhaM yAnti suyuktair vaDavArathaiH. atha patkaSiNo yAnti ye 'cIkamata bhASiNaH.

This rule won't work before the extremely uncommon non- kartari luG endings. For instance, in akArayiSAtAGM kaTau devadattena "John ordered two mats to be made", the kR + Nic got sic, not caG, because it is before an AtAm that means the object. I took that example from the kAzikA, as I never saw any in the wild.

asyati;vakti;khyAtibhyo 'G ONPANINI 31052
After asyati vac khyA. ( cli to) aG (before kartari).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 255

Exception to cleHsic. The roots mentioned here, as well as those mentioned in the next four rules ( lipisicihvazca puSAdidyu sartti;zAsty;a iritovA), get a(G) instead of the usual sic. This a(G) affix is also called ang-aorist, a-aorist, or, in inria, " aor [2]" (see aorist types ).

Examples --

pari + as' + kartari luG ta pari + as + aG + ta →AD-aj-AdInAm pari + AT + as + aG + ta →asyatesthuk pari + Asth + aG + ta →ikoyaNaci paryAsthata "he threw all around"

vac + kartari luG tip →luGlaG avac + tip → avac + t''' avac + aG + t''' →vaca::um avoc + aG + t''' → avocat "he said"

AG + khyA + aG + t''' →Atolopa A + khy + a + t → Akhyat "he said"

Before akartari, these get sic as usual --

paryAsiSAtAGM gAvau vatsena "the cows were separated by the calf"

( The akartari luG is found once in a blue moon. Except ciN, that is always akartari. )

KAZIKA asu kSepane, vaca paribhASaNe brUJ-Adezo vA, khyA prakathane cakSiG-Adezo vA, ebhyaH parasya cler aG-Adezo bhavati kartR-vAcini luGi parataH. asyateH puSAdi-pAThAdevAGi siddhe punar grahaNam AtmanepadArtham. paryAsthata, paryAsthetAm, paryAsthanta. vakti avocat, avocatAm, avocan. khyAti Akhyat, AkhyatAm, Akhyan. kartarIiti kim? paryAsiSAtAM gAvau vatsena.

lipi;sici;hvaz ca ONPANINI 31053
lip sic' hve (get aG)mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 256

Examples --

lip + luG tip lip + aG + tip alipat "he smeared"

sic' + luG tip sic + aG + tip asicat "he sprinkled"

AG + hve + luG tip Ahvat "he called"

Next rule is an exception.

KAZIKA lipa upadehe Sica kSarane, hveJ spardhAyAm, etebhyazca parasya cleH aG-Adezo bhavati. alipat. asicat. Ahvat. pRthag-yoga uttarArthaH.

These three were not included in the previous rule so that only these three trickle down to the next rule.

AtmanepadeSv anyatarasyAm x ONPANINI 31054
(lip sic' hve get aG) optionally before bents.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 257 luG

So, before luG, these three can get aG instead of the usual sic --

lip + luG ta lip + aG + ta →luGlaG alipata "he smeared"

sic' + luG ta → sic + aG + ta →luGlaG asicata "he sprinkled, consecrated with holy water"

alternatively, they get sic --

lip + luG ta a + lip + sic + ta →jhalojhali alipta "he smeared"

Here lip got no puganta because liGsicAvAtmanepadeSu made sic be kit.

a + sic' + sic + ta →jhalojhali asicta →coHkuH asikta "he sprinkled"

KAZIKA AtmanepadeSv anyatarasyAm pUrveNa prApte vibhaSA Arabhyate. lipi-sici-hva:: AtmanepadeSu parataH cleH aG-Adezo bhavaty anyatarasyAm. svarita-JitaH kartr-abhiprAye kriyAphala ity Atmanepadam. alipata, alipta. asicata, asikta. ahvata, ahvAsta.

puSAdi;dyutAdy;LditaH parasmaipadeSu ONPANINI 31055
puS-class dyut-class and the Ldit (get aG) before flatmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 258

After puS --

puS + luG tip →luGlaG apuS + tip apus + aG + tip → apuS + aG + t''' → apuSat

dyut + luG tip adyutat

After gam zak Ap, which are Ldit roots --

gamL + luG tip agamat

zakL + luG tip azakat

ApL + luG mip Apam

This rule won't work before bent --

vi + dyut + luG ta vi + adyut + sic + ta vyadyotiSTa

KAZIKA dyutAdibhyaz ca dhAtubhyaH parasya cleH parasmaipadeSu parataH aG-Adezo bhavati. puSAdir divAdy-antargaNo gRhyate, na bhvAdi-kryAdy-antargaNaH. puSa apuSat. dyutAdi adyutat. azvitat. LdidbhyaH gamL agamat. zakL azakat. parasmaipadesu iti kim? vyadyotiSTa. aloTiSTa.

sartti;zAsty;artibhyazca ONPANINI 31056
sR zAs R (get aG before bent and flat).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 259 luG

Examples --

sR + luG → sR + t''' →luGlaG asR + t → asarat

zAs + luG tip → azAs + tip → azAs + t''' azAs + aG + t →zAsa::idaG;haloH azis + a + t →zAsi;vasi;ghasInAMca aziSat

R + luG → R + t''' →AD-aj-AdInAm Ar + t Ar + aG + t → Arat "he went"

KAZIKA sR gatau, zAsu anuziSTau R gatau ity etebhyaH parasya cleH aGAdezo bhavati. asarat. aziSat. Arat. pRthag-yoga-karaNam AtmanepadArtham. samaranta. cakAraH parasmaipadeSu ityanukarSaNArthaH taccottaratropayogaM yAsyati.

ir-ito vA ONPANINI 31057
The irit optionally (get aG before flat).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 260 luG

Exception to clessic. Roots labelled with (ir) in the dhAtupATha may get aG instead of the usual sic. But only before flat.

For instance, ad 07.0002 bhid bhidi~r vidAraNe and ad 01.1143 dRz dRzi~r prekSaNe have label ir, so they may get aG --

bhid + luG tip bhid + aG + tip abhidat "he broke"

dRz + luG tip dRz + aG + tip →RdRzoGi darz + aG + tip adarzat "he saw"

If we don't apply this rule, these get sic as usual --

bhid + luG tip bhid + sic + tip →luGlaG abhid + s + tip → abhid + s + t''' → abhid + s + It''' →vada;vraja abhaid + sIt →kharica abhaitsIt "he broke"

dRz + luG tip dRz + sic + tip adrAkSIt "he saw"

KAZIKA irito dhAtoH parasya cleH aG-Adezo vA bhavati. bhidir abhidat, abhaitsIt. chidir acchidat, acchaitsIt. parasmaipadeSu ity eva, abhitta. acchitta.

ciN bhAva-karmaNoH ONPANINI 31066
Optionally (replace cli with ) ciN when ta does not mean the doer.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 261

Exception to clessic.

This (c)i(N) can be added to all roots, but only before ta.

Some examples when ta means nothing --

azAyi kaTe "lying down happened on a mat"

azAyi kaTe tena "he lay down on a mat"

Some examples when ta means the object. The object must be singular and third person. --

akAri kaTaH "a mat was made"

akAri kaTo mayA "a mat was made by me, I made a mat"

See also aorist types .

KAZIKA dhAtoH parasya cleH ciNAdezo bhavati bhAve karmaNi tazabde parataH. bhAve tAvat azAyi bhavatA. karmaNi khalvapi akAri kaTo devadattena. ahAri bhAro yajJadattena. ciNgrahaNaM vispaSTArtham.

Some small details --

kR + akartari luG ta →luGlaG akR + ta → akR + cli + ta akR + ciN + ta →ciNoluk akR + ciN →acoJNiti akAri "it was made"