aci znu;dhAtu;bhruvAM y;vor iyaG;uvaGau ONPANINI 64077
yu roots, znu, bhrU- to iy(aG) uv(aG) before vowel.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 655

Exception to ikoyaNaci, akassa, and amipUrvaH --

' before all vowel affixes, the yu roots, the affix znu, and bhrU- "eyebrow", replace --

final u U with uv

final i I with iy. '

The y;u roots are those that end in i I u U, such as bhI or plu.

(The label G in iyaG uvaG makes Gicca work, and the a is padding.)

Examples with y;u roots --

dhi + laT tip → dhi + za + ti dhiyati "holds"

nU + laT tip → nU + za + ti nuvati "praises"

zru + liT jhi → zru + us →liTidhA zuzru + us zuzruvus "they heard"

Notice that rule hardsoft works before this one, so not here --

ji + zap + tip →hardsoft je + zap + ti →ecoya jayati "wins"

Examples with znu-enders --

Ap + laT jhi → Ap + znu + jhi → Apnu + anti''' Apnuvanti "they get"

zak + zatR → zak + znu + at → zaknuvat- "that can"

Example with bhrU- "eyebrow", which is not a root --

bhrU + os bhruvos "two eyebrows"

Most of the nounbases that consist of one or more consonants followed by I or U are also rootnouns. Therefore they are y;u roots, and are affected by this rule --

dhI- + am dhiyam "smartness"

bhU- + Gi bhuvi "on earth"

The rootnouns dhI- "smartness", bhU- "earth", zrI- "glory, good luck, prosperity" come from the roots dhI "think", bhU "exist", zrI "shine".

When a root turns into a nounbase by adding kvip, this nounbase is still a root (by kvibantA), so this rule still applies --

grAma + nI + kvip + TA → grAmanI- + A grAmaniyA →Natvam grAmaNiyA "by the mayor"

The nounbase strI-, not being a rootnoun, is unaffected by this rule, but it gets iyaG before vowels anyway, by rule striyAH.

lakSmI-, not being a nadI, is also unaffected.

(See also exception hu;znuvossA, and the exception to that exception, eranekA.)

KAZIKA znu-pratyay%Antasya aGgasya dhAtoH ivarN%ovarN%Antasya bhrU ity etasya ca iyaG-uvaG-ity etAv Adezau bhavato 'jAdau pratyaye parataH. Apnuvanti. rAdhnuvanti. zaknuvanti. dhAtoH - cikSiyatuH. cikSiyuH. luluvatuH. luluvuH. niyau. niyaH. luvau. luvaH. bhruvau. bhruvaH. aci iti kim? ApnuyAt. zaknuyAt. rAdhnuyAt. znu-dhAtu-bhruvAm iti kim? lakSmyau. vadhvai. yvoH iti kim? cakratuH. cakruH. iyaG-uvaG-bhyAM guNa-vRddhI bhavato vipratiSedhena. cayanam. cAyakaH. lavanam. lAvakaH. iyaG-uvaG-prakaraNe tanvAdInAM chandasi bahulam upasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam.

abhyAsasy' .A-savarNe ONPANINI 64078
(i u) of stammer to (iy uv) before non- similar.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 656

Exception to ikoyaNaci. This turns i + e into iye, and u + o into uvo.

Examples --

iS + liT tip → iS + Nal →puganta eS + Nal →liTidhA e + eS + Nal →hrasvaH i + eS + a iyeSa "he wanted"

uS + Nal u + oS + Nal uvoSa "he burnt"

Before similar, akassa works normally --

iS + liT jhi i + iS + us →akassa ISus "they wanted"

vac + liT tas → vac + atus →vacisvapi uc + atus →liTidhA u + uc + atus →akassa Ucatus "both said"

uS + us u + uS + us → USus "they burnt"

When the root starts with a, we get A by ata::AdeH.

KAZIKA abhyAsasya ivarNovarNAntasya avasarNe 'ci parataH iyaGuvaGityetAvAdezau bhavataH. iyeSa. uvoSa. iyarti. asavarNe iti kim? ISatuH. ISuH. USatuH. USuH. aci ityeva, iyAja. uvApa.

striyAH ONPANINI 64079
strI- to ( iyaG before vowels).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 657

As in --

strI- + Gas →ANnadyAH strI- + As striy + As → striyAs "woman's"

Now, you might be wondering why pANini made this a separate rule, instead of just adding strI to the list znu-dhAtu-bhruvAm of rule aciznu.

That's because rules vAmi and Gitihrasvazca say that the nounbases mentioned in aciznu sometimes are nadI and sometimes not. strI- was placed here so that it is always nadI.

vA 'm;zasoH ONPANINI 64080
But optionally before am zas.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 658

Exception to striyAH above. Only examples --

strI- + am →amipUrvaH strIm "woman"

strI- + zas →prathamayo strIs "women"

If we don't take the option, rule striyAH works normally --

strI- + am →striyAH striyam "woman"

strI- + zas →striyAH striyas "women"

KAZIKA ami zasi parataH striyAM vA iyaGAdezo bhavati. strIM pazya, striyaM pazya. strIH pazya, striyaH pazya.

iNo yaN ONPANINI 64081
iN' to y (before vowel).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 659

Exception to aciznu, that would have replaced iN' with iy.

iN' + laT jhi → i + anti''' y + anti → yanti "they go"

i + laG jhi → AT + i + jh''' → AT + i + ant''' AT + y + ant''' → Ayan "they went"

i + zatR yat- "that goes"

By the talkaround madhye 'pavAdAH pUrvAn vidhIn bAdhante "exceptions in the middle debar previous rules only", this rule is weaker than acoJNiti and hardsoft, downriver. Therefore there is no i-to-y change here --

i + Nvul → i + Nakal →acoJNiti ai + aka →ecoya Ayaka- m "goer"

i + lyuT → i + lanaT →hardsoft e + ana →ecoya ayana- n "a going"

KAZIKA iNo 'Ggasya yaNAdezo bhavati aci parataH. yanti. yantu. Ayan. iyaGAdezApavado 'yam. madhye 'pavadAH pUrvAn vidhIn bAdhante iti guNavRddhibhyAM paratvAdayaM bAdhyate. ayanam. AyakaH.

er an-ekAco 'saMyoga-pUrvasya ONPANINI 64082
i I of an- ekAc root to y (before vowel), unless it follows a cluster.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 660

Examples with a root proper before liT affixes --

nI + atus →liTidhA ninI + atus niny + atus ninyatus "both led"

ninI- + us niny + us ninyus "they led"

These are exceptions to aciznu, that would have replaced with iy.

Example with a rootnoun before au --

pradhI- mf + au → pradhyau

This rule won't work when the I i follows a cluster, such as the kr here --

yava- + krI + au →aciznu yavakriyau "two barley-buyers"

KAZIKA dhAtoH iti vartate, tena saMyogo vizeSyate. dhAtoravayavaH saMyogaH pUrvo yasmAdivarNAna bhavati asAvasaMyogapUrvaH, tadantasya aGgasya anekAco 'ci parato yaNAdezo bhavati. ninyatuH. ninyuH. unnyau. unnyaH. grAmaNyau. grAmaNyaH. eH iti kim? asaMyogapUrvagrahaNam ivarNavizeSaNaM yathA syAt, aGgavizeSaNaM mA bhUtiti. luluvatuH, luluvuH ityetat tu oH supIti niyamAd api sidhyati. anekAcaH iti kim? niyau. niyaH. asaMyogapUrvasya iti kim? yavakriyau. yavakriyaH. dhAtunA saMyogavizeSaNam kim? iha api syAdunnyau, unnyaH iti. gatikArakAbhyAm anyapUrvasya neSyate, paramaniyau, paramaniyaH iti.

Oopsie sorry. Now that I notice, the ninyatus line above is incorrect. I should have made this rule work first, and liTidhA later. One of these days I'll fix that.

hu;znuvoH sArvadhAtuke ONPANINI 64087
hu and (clusterless non- ekAc) znu to (v) before vowel hard.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 663

Exception to aciznu, that would have turned u into uv.

So, juhu becomes juhv --

hu + laT jhi → juhu + ati''' juhvati "they pour"

hu + znu + zatR → juhu + at juhvat- "pouring"

and zRNu becomes zRNv --

zru + laT jhi → zRNu + anti''' zRNvanti "they hear"

zru + znu + zatR → zRNu + at zRNvat- "that hear"

KAZIKA hu ity etasya aGgasya znu-pratyay%Antasya anekAcaH a-saMyoga-pUrvasya ajAdau sArvadhAtuke parato yaN-Adezo bhavati. juhvati. juhvatu. juhvat. sunvanti. sunvantu. asunvan. huznuvoH iti kim? yoyuvati. roruvati. idam eva huznugrahaNaM jJApakaM bhASAyAm api yaGlugasti iti. chandasi 64086 chandasy ubhayathety ArdhadhAtuka-tvAd eva yaN-Adezasya aprasaGgaH. naca yaGlukantAdayat pratyudAharaNam uvarN%Antam anekAca-saMyoga-pUrvaM sArvadhAtuke vidyate. sArvadhAtuke iti kim? juhuvatuH. juhuvuH. asaMyogapUrvasya ityeva, Apnuvanti. rAdhnuvanti.

This rule will not work before liT affixes, as they are soft by liTca --

hu + laT jhi → hu + us → juhu + us →aciznu juhuvus "they poured"

This rule will not work when the u follows a cluster. For instance, Ap + znu makes Apnu, where the u follows the cluster pn. Therefore this exception won't work and we get aciznu as usual --

Ap + laT jhi Apnu + anti''' →aciznu Apnuvanti "they reach"

bhuvo vug luG;liToH ONPANINI 64088
bhU gets v(uk) before ( vowel) luG and liT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 664

Exception to aciznu, that would have made bhU into bhuv.

Examples before the luG vowel affixes am''' ant''' --

bhU + luG mip → bhU + sic + mip →gAtisthA bhU + mip bhUv + mip →luGlaG abhUv + mip → abhUv + am''' → abhUvam "I was"

bhU + luG jhi → bhU + sic + jhi →gAtisthA bhU + jhi bhUv + jhi →luGlaG abhUv + jhi →AtaH abhUvan "they were"

Examples before liT --

bhU + us bhUv + us →liTidhA bubhUv + us →bhavateraH babhUvus "they were"

babhUvatus "both were"

babhUva "he was"

KAZIKA bhuvo vug-Agamo bhavati luGi liTi ca ajAdau parataH. abhUvan. abhUvam liT babhUva, babhUvatuH, babhavuH.

mitAM hrasvaH ONPANINI 64092
Some roots shorten A before Nic.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 665

Some roots, called mit roots, shorten the A that they get because of Nic. The shortening may be compulsory or optional.

Examples.

kram + Nic is affected by this rule --

kram + Nic →ata::upa krAmi krami "set in motion, make (others) advance"

krami + laT kramayati "makes (them) walk"

This shortening also happens in some roots that have an original A, not coming from a --

jJA + Nic →arttihrI jJAp + Nic jJapi "inform, make others know"

jJapi + laT jJapayati "lets (them) know"

zamayati "he soothes, alleviates"

janayati "begets"

ghaTayati

vyathayati

rajayati

How do we know which roots get this shortening? The rule says that the affected roots are those that have m label in the dhAtupATha, but that is useless to us, because we have no way of figuring out which roots have that label. Instead, look for zam root into a dictionary such as mmw or Apte's. It will say that the causative is zamayati.

KAZIKA mito dhAtavaH ghaTAdayo mitaH ityevam Adayo ye pratipAditAH, teSAm upadhAyA hrasvo bhavati Nau parataH. ghaTayati. vyathayati. janayati. rajayati. zamayati. jJapayati. kecid atra vA ity anuvartayanti. sA ca vyavasthita-vibhASA. tena utkrAmayati, saMkrAmayati ityevam Adi siddhaM bhavati.

gama;hana;jana;khana;ghasAM lopaH kGity an-aGi ONPANINI 64098
( nexttolast) of gam han jan khan ghas to lopa before ( vowel) kGit that is not aG.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 667

Example. us is kit here, by asaMyogAlliTkit --

gam + liT jhi → gam + us gm + us →liTidhA gagmus →kuhozcuH jagmus "they went"

And here anti''' is Git by hard apit is Git --

han + anti''' hn + anti →hohante ghnanti "they kill"

KAZIKA gama hana jana khA ghasa ityeteSAm aGgAnAm upadhAyA lopo bhavatyajAdau pratyaye kGiti anaGi parataH. jagmatuH. jagmuH. jaghnatuH. jaghnuH. jajJe, jajJAte, jajJire. cakhnatuH. cakhnuH. jakSatuH. jakSuH. akSan pitaro 'momadanta pitaraH. kGiti iti kim? gamanam. hananam. anaGi iti kim? agamat. aghasat. aci ity eva, gamyate. hanyate.

hu;jhalbhyo her dhiH ONPANINI 64101
(iTless) hi''' to dhi after hu and serious.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 668

Examples after hu --

hu + loT sip → juhu + sip → juhu + hi''' juhudhi "pour!"

After dh, S, d, all serious --

rudh + loT sip → rundh + hi rundh + dhi →jhalAJjazjhazi runddhi "obstruct!"

dviS + loT sip → dviS + hi''' dviS + dhi →STunA dviS + Dhi →jhalAJjazjhazi dviDDhi "hate!"

bhid + loT sip → bhid + hi''' → bhind + hi ( like above ) →hujhal bhinddhi "split!"

This rule trickles (" when hi''' starts with a consonant ") from 64100 ghasi-bhasor hali ca , a vedic rule. Therefore, this rule does not work on the ihi made by rudAdibhya --

rud + loT sip → rud + hi''' →rudAdibhya rudihi "cry!"

svap + loT sip → svap + hi''' → svapihi "sleep!"

Spelling warning. Even though runddhi and bhinddhi are correct forms, you will often find all nddh words spelled with ndh -- rundhi, bhindhi.

KAZIKA hu ity etasmAj jhalantebhyas ca uttarasya halAdeH heH sthAne dhir-Adezo bhavati. juhudhi. jhalantebhyaH bhindhi. chindhi. hujhalbhyaH iti kim? krINIhi. prINIhi. her iti kim? juhutAm. hali ityeva, rudihi. svapihi. iha juhutAt, bhintAt tvam iti paratvAt tAtaGi kRte sakRdgatau vipratiSedhena yad badhitaM tad bAdhitam eva iti punaH dhibhAvo na bhavati. bhindhaki, chindhaki ityatra paratvAd dhibhAve kRte punaH prasaGgavijJAnAdakac kriyate.

ciNo luk ONPANINI 64104
ta to luk after ciNmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 669

As in --

kR + akartari luG ta →luGlaG akR + ta → akR + cli + ta → akR + ciN + ta akR + ciN →acoJNiti akAri "it was made"

Even though pANini does not bother to say so, no other tiG but ta can be used after ciN. So the object of akAri must always be third person singular, as in akAri kaTaH "a mat was made".

KAZIKA ciNa uttarasya pratyayasya lug bhavati. akAri. ahAri. alAvi. apAci. akAritarAm, ahAritamAm ityatra talopasya asiddhatvAt taraptamapor na lug bhavati. ciNo lukityetad viSayabhedAd bhidyate.

ato heH ONPANINI 64105
After a, hi''' to ( luk).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 670

Examples --

dRz + zap + loT sip → dRz + zap + hi''' → pazya + hi pazya "look!"

nRtya + hi''' nRtya "dance!"

kSipa + hi''' kSipa "shoot!"

coraya "steal!"

hi''' can also get luked by next rule, utazca.

KAZIKA akArAntAdaGgAduttarasya heH lug bhavati. paca. paTha. gaccha. dhAba. ataH iti kim? yuhi. ruhi. taparakaraNaM kim? lunIhi. punIhi. Itvasya asiddhatvAdakAra eva bhavati.

utaz ca pratyayAd a-saMyoga-pUrvAt ONPANINI 64106
( hi''' to luk) after an u that is not after cluster and belongs to an affix.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 671

The affix will be either u or znu.

Example with the u of affix u --

kR + loT sip → kR + hi''' → kuru + hi''' kuru "make!"

Example with the u of znu --

zru + znu + hi''' → zRNu + hi zRNu "listen!"

This rule will not work when the u belongs to a root --

juhu + hi''' →hujhal juhudhi "sacrifice!"

nor when the u follows a cluster, that is to say, when znu follows a consonant --

Ap + hi''' → Ap + znu + hi → Apnuhi "get!"

KAZIKA ukAro yo 'saMyogapUrvaH tadantAt pratyayAduttarasya herluk bhavati. cinu. sunu. kuru. utaH iti kim? lunIhi. punIhi. pratyayAtiti kim? yuhi. ruhi. asaMyogapUrvAtiti kim? prApnuhi. rAdhnuhi. takSNuhi. utazca pratyayAc chandovAvacanam. utazca pratyayAdityatra chandasi vA iti vaktavyam. Atanuhi yAtudhAnAn. dhinuhi yajJapatim. tena mA bhaginaM kRNu.

lopaz c' .Asy' .AnyatarasyAM mvoH ONPANINI 64107
( u znu that does not follow a cluster to) lopa before m v optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 672

Examples --

zru + znu + laT mas → zRNu + mas → zRNumas "we hear" zRNmas "we hear"

tan + u + laT mas → tanumas tanmas "we spread"

If we don't take this option, the u stays --

zRNumas "we hear"

tanumas "we spread"

The u must always stay after a cluster --

Apnumas "we get"

zaknumas "we can"

See exception nityaGkaroteH below.

KAZIKA ukAro yo 'saMyogapUrvaH tadantAt pratyayAduttarasya herluk bhavati. cinu. sunu. kuru. utaH iti kim? lunIhi. punIhi. pratyayAtiti kim? yuhi. ruhi. asaMyogapUrvAtiti kim? prApnuhi. rAdhnuhi. takSNuhi. utazca pratyayAc chandovAvacanam. utazca pratyayAdityatra chandasi vA iti vaktavyam. Atanuhi yAtudhAnAn. dhinuhi yajJapatim. tena mA bhaginaM kRNu.

nityaM karoteH ONPANINI 64108
( chop) kuru compulsorily (before v m).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 673

kuru always loses its final before v m of a Git --

kR + u + laT mas → kuru + mas → kurumas kurmas "we do"

See also yeca below.

KAZIKA karoteH uttarasya ukArapratyayasya vakAramakArAdau pratyaye parataH nityaM lopo bhavati. kurvaH. kurmaH. ukAralopasya dIrghavidhau asthAnivadbhAvAd hali ca iti dIrghatvaM prAptam, na bha-kur-churAm iti pratiSidhyate.

Here halica did not work, because of exception nabhakurchu.

ye ca ONPANINI 64109
( chop kuru ) before y.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 674

Replace kuru with kur before any tiG that starts with y.

Example --

kR + @hard liG tip → kR + yAt''' → kuru + yAt kuryAt "he would do"

The tiG that start with y are the nine flat hard liG (no other y-starters ever appear after kuru). So this rule has exactly nine examples --

kuryAt kuryAtAm kuryus

kuryAs kuryAtam kuryata

kuryAm kuryAva kuryAma

See also kR with u .

KAZIKA yakArAdau ca pratyaye parataH karoteH uttarasya ukArapratyayasya nityaM lopo bhavati. kuryAt, kuryAtAm, kuryuH.

ata:: ut sArvadhAtuke ONPANINI 64110
karu to kuru before hard ( kGit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 675

Examples --

kR + laT tas → karu + tas kuru + tas → kurutas "the two of them do"

kR + laT mas → karu + mas kuru + mas →nityaMkaroteH kurmas "we do"

See also kR with u .

KAZIKA ukAra-pratyay%Antasya karoteH akArasya sthAne ukAraH Adezo bhavati sArvadhAtuke kGiti parataH. kurutaH. kurvanti. sArvadhAtuka-grahaNaM kim? bhUtapUrve 'pi sArvadhAtuke yathA syAt, kuru. tapara-karaNaM laghUpadhasya guNa-nivRtty-artham. kGiti ityeva, karoti. karoSi. karomi.

zn;asor al-lopaH ONPANINI 64111
a of znam and as to lopa (before kGit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 676

Replacing na with n --

yuj + znam + anti''' →midaco yunaj + anti yunjanti yuJjanti "they join"

bhuj + znam + te''' →midaco bhunaj + te bhunjte bhuGkte "eats"

rudh + anti''' →midaco runadh + anti rundh + anti rundhanti "they obstruct"

Replacing as with s --

as + anti''' s + anti → santi "there are"

vi + ati + as + laT iT' → vyati + as + e''' vyati + s + e''' →ha::eti vyatihe "I do someone else's job"

When the tiG is not Git, the a stays, as in --

yunakSi "you join"

ruNaddhi "obstructs"

asti "there is"

KAZIKA znasya astezca akArasya lopo bhavati sArvadhAtuke kGiti parataH. rundhaH. rundhanti. bhintaH. bhindanti. asteH staH. santi. kGiti ityeva bhinatti. asti. znasoH iti AkArasya pararUpatvaM zakandhvAdisu draSTavyam.

It is sort of weird that the rule has znasos to mean "replace znam and as". I swear that I did not misspell znamasos.

znA;'bhyastayor AtaH ONPANINI 64112
(Before kGit hard), A of znA and stammered to ( lopa).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 677

In the examples, we use the hard affixes anti''', ati'''. These are Git because of hard apit is Git , and start with vowels.

Example with znA --

krI + laT jhi → krI + znA + jhi → krI + nA + anti''' krI + n + anti''' →Natvam krINanti "they buy"

krI + laT jha → krI + znA + jha → krI + nA + ate''' krI + n + ate →Natvam krINate "they buy"

krI + laT iT' → krI + znA + iT' →Tita krI + nA + e''' krI + n + e →Natvam krINe "I buy"

Examples with a stammered --

dA + laT jhi → dA + zlu + jhi →zlau dAdA + jhi →hrasvaH dadA + jhi →adabhyastAt dadA + ati''' dadati "they give"

dhA + loT thAs → dhA + zlu + thAs →zlau dhAdhA + jhi dadhA + thAs → dadhA + sva''' dadh + sva →throwback dhadh + sva →kharica dhatsva "set!"

daridrA has no zlu, but is a stammered by jakSityAdayaSSaT --

daridrA + laT jhi →adabhyastAt daridrA + ati''' daridrati "they are poor"

This rule also works before consonant affixes, but only after a ghu root --

dA + laT tas dadA + tas dad + tas →kharica dattas "both give"

dA + laG tas adadA + tAm''' adad + tAm →kharica adattAm "both gave"

Because after the non- ghu, exception Ihalyagho below gets in the way.

See also laT of dA and dhA .

KAZIKA znA ity etasya abhyastAnAM ca aGgAnAm AkArasya lopo bhavati sArvadhAtuke kGiti parataH. lunate. lunatAm. alunata. abhyastAnAm mimate. mimatAm. amimata. saMjihate. saMjihatAm. samajihata. znAbhyas tayoH iti kim? yAnti. vAnti. AtaH iti kim? bibhrati. kGiti ityeva, alunAt. ajahAt. AdgrahaNaM spaSTArtham.

I haly aghoH ONPANINI 64113
But to I before consonant, except the A of a ghu.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 678

Exception to znAbhyasta. If the kGit hard starts with a consonant, we replace A with I, not with nothing.

Examples of A to I before consonants --

krI + laT tas → krI + znA + tas krInItas →Natvam krINItas "both buy"

krI + laT te''' → krI + znA + ta → krInA + te''' krInI + te →Natvam krINIte "buys"

krI + laG tas akrInA + tAm''' akrInI + tAm →Natvam akrINItAm "both bought"

mimA + laT te''' mimIte "he measures"

If the kGit hard starts with a vowel, we still erase the A, by the previous rule --

jahA + laT jhi → jahA + ati''' →znAbhya jahati "they abandon"

jahA + laG jhi → jahA + jus →znAbhya ajahus "they abandoned"

And if the hard is not kGit, the A stays, because no rule replaces it --

jahA + laT tip → jahAti "he abandons"

As this rule won't work on the ghu roots, their A becomes lopa by the previous rule before all kGit, no matter if they start with a consonant or not --

dA + laT ta → dadA + te''' →znAbhyasta dad + te →kharica datte "he gives"

dA + laT jha → dadA + ate''' →znAbhyasta dad + ate →kharica dadate "they give"

KAZIKA znAntAnAm aGgAnAm abhyastAnAM ca ghuvarjitAnAm AtaH IkArAdezo bhavati halAdau sArvadhAtuke kGiti parataH. lunItaH. punItaH. lunIthaH. punIthaH. lunIte. punIte. abhyastAnAm mimIte. mimISe. mimIdhve. saMjihIte. saMjihISe. saMjihIdhve. hali iti kim? lunanti. mimate. aghoH iti kim? dattaH. dhattaH. kGiti ityeva, lunAti. jahAti.

ghv;asor ed @dhAv abhyAsa-lopaz ca ONPANINI 64119
ghu and as to e before hi''', and delete the stammer.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 679

Example with a ghu --

dA + loT sip → dadA + sip → dadA- + hi''' dehi "give!"

Only example with as --

as + loT sip →serhyapicca as + hi''' →znasorallopaH s + hi''' →hujhal s + dhi edhi "be!"

This edhi is a rarity. Where it would belong, you'll almost always hear bhava instead, from root bhU --

sthiro bhava "be firm!"

KAZIKA ghusaMjJakAnAmaGgAnAmastezca ekArAdezo bhavati hau parataH abhyAsalopazca. dehi. dhehi. asteH znasor al-lopa] ity akAra-lopaH, edhi. zidayam lopaH, tena sarvasyAbhyAsasya bhavati.

ata:: eka-hal-madhye 'n-AdezAder liTi ONPANINI 64120
Before vowel ( kit ) liT, replace "PaPaC" with "PeC".mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 680

This rule affects roots made of consonant plus a plus consonant, such as

pac pat sad ram man.

before all liT, rule liTidhA turns those into --

papac papat sasad raram maman

now, because of this rule, if the liT affix is kit (see asaMyogAlliTkit), then the stammer disappears and the a of the root turns into e, making --

pec pet sed rem men.

Examples --

pac + us →liTidhA papac + us pecus "they cooked"

pat + us →liTidhA papat + us petus "they fell"

sad + us sedus "they sat"

ram + ez →liTidhA raram + ez reme "he had fun"

man + ez mene "he thought"

man + irec menire "they thought"

Counterexample with Nal, whis is akit --

pac + Nal →liTidhA papac + us → papAca "he cooked"

This rule will not work if --

(A) the liT affix is akit --

pac + Nal papAca

pac + thal papAktha

(But see the exception thali ca seTi below.)

(B) The root is not made of one consonant + a + one consonant.

viz + us vivizus "they entered"

rakS + us rarakSus "they protected"

zram + us zazramus

(C) The first consonant of the stammer changes (by abhyAsecarca, kuhozcuH, etc) --

bhaN + us →liTidhA bha + bhaN + us →abhyAsecarca ba + bhaN + us → babhaNus

kaN + us →liTidhA ka + kaN + us →kuhozcuH ca + kaN + us → cakaNus

KAZIKA liTi parata AdezaH Adir yasya aGgasya na asti tasya ekahalmadhye asahAyayor halor madhye yo 'kAras tasya ekArAdezo bhavati, abhyAsalopaH ca liTi kGiti parataH. reNatuH. reNuH. yematuH. yemuH. pecatuH. pecuH. dematuH. demuH. ataH iti kim? didivatuH. didivuH. taparakaraNaM kim? rarAse, rarAsAte, rarAsire. ekahalmadhye iti kim? zazramatuH. zazramuH. tatsaratuH. tatsaruH. anAdezAdeH iti kim? cakaNatuH. cakaNuH. jagaNatuH. jagaNuH. babhaNatuH. babhaNuH. liTaH AdezavizeSaNaM kim? iha api yathA syAt, nematuH. nemuH. sehe, sehAte, sehire. anaimittike natvasatve, tadAdir liTi AdezAdirna bhavati. iha abhyAsa-jaztva-cartvayor asiddhatvaM nAsti, tena tadAdir apy AdezAdir bhavati. tathA ca phalibhajoretvaM vidhIyate. rUpAbhede cAdezAdir na azrIyate iti zasidadyoH pratiSedhavacanaM jJApakam. anyathA hi pecatuH, pecuH, dematuH, demuH ityevam AdInAm api prakRtijazcarAdInAm etvaM na syAt. kGiti ityeva, ahaM papaca. ahaM papaTha. dambheretvaM vaktavyam. debhatuH. debhuH. nalopasya asiddhatvAn na prApnoti. nazimanyoraliTyetvaM vaktavyam. anezam. menakA. anezam iti nazeH luGi puSAditvAdaG. menakA iti maneH AziSi ca 31150 iti vun. kSipakAdiSu prakSepAditvaM na kriyate. chandasyamipacorapyaliTyetvaM vaktavyam. vyemAnam. amervipUrvasya cAnazi muk na kriyate. liGi peciran. paceranityetasya chAndasaM hrasvatvam. yajivapyozca. Ayeje. Avepe. laGi iTi chandasy api dRzyate 64073 iti anajAderapi iD-AgamaH.

My translation of this rule, "replace papac with pec", is very imprecise. The original rule, however, says exactly when the rule must work. It says --

' Before liT, replace with e the a that is between two lone consonants, and delete the stammer. But not if the stammer consonant was replaced. '

I use exact translations mostly everywhere, but here I went for a rough translation, because here the exact translation is a bit too long for my students to remember. Sorry.

thali ca seTi ONPANINI 64121
Before ithal too.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 681

thal is akit, therefore, ordinarily it does not trigger pecus --

pac + liT sip → pac + thal →liTidhA papac + tha →coHkuH papaktha "thou cooked"

But because of this exception, when thal turns into ithal, it does trigger pecus anyway --

pac + liT sip → pac + thal →kRsRbhRvR pac + ithal →liTidhA papac + itha →pecus pecitha "thou cooked"

Rule upadezetvataH says that, after pac, thal can turn into ithal or not. So, both papaktha and pecitha are kosher.

KAZIKA thali ca seTi parato 'nAdezA'-deH aGgasya eka-hal-madhya-gatasya ataH sthAne ekAra Adezo bhavati, abhyAsa-lopaz ca. pecitha. zekitha. seTi iti kim? papaktha. thal-grahaNaM vispaST%Artham. akGidartham etad vacanam iti anyasy / eTo 'sambhavAt. ataH ity eva, didevitha. eka-hal-madhya-gatasya ityeva, tatakSitha. rarakSitha. anAdezAder ityeva, cakaNitha. babhaNitha.