gAG;kuTAdibhyo '-JNin@ Git ONPANINI 12001
After gAG and kuTAdi what is not JNit is Git.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 67

gAG is the replacement of iG "study" made by gAGliTi ff. Example. Here sic becomes (G)s(ic), and the G label makes ghumA work --

adhi + gAG + sic + ta adhi + gAg + (G)sic + ta →ghumA adhi + gI + sta →luGlaG adhyagIsta →kric adhyagISta →STunA adhyagISTa "he studied"

The kuTAdi are the zaclass roots from 06.0093 kuT "act crookedly" to 06.0136 kuG "groan". Example. Here tRc becomes (G)itR(c), and the G label makes puganta not work --

kuT + tRc →ArdhadhAtukasyeD kuT + itR kuT + (G)itR → kuTitR- "a crook" ( with no puganta )

By a vArttika, the root ad 06.0013 vyac "deceive" works as if it were a kuTAdi. Here tA gets a G label that makes grahijyA work --

vyac + luT tip → vyac + tA →ArdhadhAtukasyeD vyac + itA vyac + (G)itA →grahijyA vicitA "he will deceive"

This rule won't work on JNit affix. For instance, Nic is JNit, so it gets no G, and therefore puganta works here --

kuT + Nic + laT tip utkoTayati "it bends upwards"

KAZIKA atidezo 'yam. gAGiti iGAdezo rhyate, na gAG gatau iti, Ga-kArasya ananyArthatvAt. kuTAdayo 'pi kuTa kauTilye ityeta dArabhya yAvat kuG zabde iti. egyo gAG-kuTAdibhyaH pare aJNitaH pratyayA Gito bhavanti Gidvad bhavanti ity arthaH. gAGaH adhyagISTa. adhyagISAtAm. adhyagISata. kuTAdibhyaHkuTitA. kuTitum. kuTitavyam. utpuTitA utpuTitum. utpuTitavyam. aJNititi kim? utkoTayati. uccukoTa. utkoTakaH. utkoTo vatate. vyaceH kuTAditvam anasIti vaktavyam. vicitA. vicitum. vicitavyam. anasi iti kim? uruvyacAH.

sArvadhAtukam apit ONPANINI 12004
hard apit (is Git).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 68

All hard apit affixes have G label.

Examples:

za zyan znu znA always have G label, because of this rule.

tas jhi thas tha vas mas AtAm jha get G label from this rule, but only when they are hard (that is, when neither liTca nor liGAziSi worked).

Counterexamples:

zap is never Git -- as it is hard but pit, it never gets G from this rule, and it happens that it never gets G from any other rules

hard tip sip mip are hard, but also pit. So they do not get G label from this rule (they might still get G from yAsuTpa).

atus us are apit, but they are soft by liTca. So they are not Git (yet they are often kit by asaMyogAlliTkit).

Nal and lyap are neither hard nor apit. So they are aGit. The lyap has k label because it always replaces ktvA (see sthAnivad). But Nal never gets any k from anywhere.

KAZIKA sArvadhAtukaM yad apit tan@ Gidvad bhavati. kurutaH. kurvanti. cinutaH. cinvanti. sArvadhatukam iti kim? kartA. kartum. kartavyam. apid iti kim? karoti. karoSi. karomi.

asaMyogAl liT kit ONPANINI 12005
( apit) liT is kit after non- cluster.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 69

The effects of this k label are --

it stops puganta hardsoft ata::upa etc by kGitica,

it causes stretching by vacisvapi or grahijyA,

it makes aniditA work.

Example of no puganta --

kSip + atus kSip + (k)atus →liTidhA cikSipatus "both shot"

kSip + a kSip + (k)a →liTidhA cikSipa "y'all shot"

Example of no hardsoft --

kR + ma kR + (k)ma → cakR + ma → cakRma "we made"

Example of stretching --

vac + atus vac + (k)atus →vacisvapi uc + atus →liTidhA u + uc + atus →akassa Ucatus "both said"

Example of aniditA not working. Usually, sraMs will become sras before kGit affixes by aniditA, as in --

sraMs + kta → srasta- "broken"

But that M will stay before all liT affixes, because, as sraMs ends in a cluster, this rule will not work and they won't get k label --

sraMs + ez → sasraMse "it fell asunder"

sraMs + liT AtAm →Tita sraMs + Ate''' →liTidhA sra + sraMs + Ate →halAdizze sasraMsAte "both fell asunder"

sraMs + irec → sasraMsire "they fell asunder"

See the kAzikA for more examples.

This rule won't work on the pit affixes Nal thal, so they cause acoJNiti, puganta, hardsoft, ata::upa normally --

kR + Nal →acoJNiti kAr + Nal →liTidhA kA + kAr + Nal →hrasvaH ka + kAr + Nal →kuhozcuH cakAra "made"

bhid + Nal →puganta bhed + Nal →liTidhA bibheda "he broke, he split"

See also summary of k G labels in tiG .

KAZIKA apid iti vartate. asaMyogAntAd dhAtoH paro liT pratyayaH apit kid bhavati. bidhidatuH. bibhiduH. cicchidatuH. cicchiduH. IjatuH. IjuH. asaMyogAtiti kim? saMsrase. dadhvaMse. apid ity eva. bibheda.

ruda;vida; muSa;grahi; svapi;pracchaH saMz ca ONPANINI 12008
( ktvA) and san (are kit) after rud vid muS grah svap pracch.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 70

Example: these do not get puganta because itvA is kit here --

rud + ktvA → rud + itvA (wich is akit) rud + i(k)tvA → ruditvA "after crying" ( no puganta here )

viditvA "after knowing"

muSitvA "after stealing"

rud + san + laT tip →sanyaGoH rurud + sa + ti rurudiSati "wants to cry"

vividizati "wants to know"

mumuSiSati "wants to steal"

and here the k label makes grahijyA work --

grah + san jighRkSa

pracch + san →kirazcapaJcabhyaH pracch + iSan pracch + (k)iSa →grahijyA pRcch + (k)iSa →sanyaGoH pRpRcchiSa →sanyataH pipRcchiSa "want to ask"

and vacisvapi here --

svap + san svap + sa(k) →vacisvapi sup + sa →sanyaGoH su + supsa →kric suSupsa "want to sleep"

KAZIKA ruda vida muSa grahi svapi praccha ityetebhyaH saMzca ktvA ca kitau bhavataH. rudavidamuSINAM ralo vyupadhAddhalAdeH saMzceti vikalpe prApte nityArthaM grahaNam. graher vidhyartham eva. svapipracchyoH sannarthaM grahaNam. kideva hi itvA. ruditvA, rurudiSati. viditvA, vividizati. muSitvA, mumuSiSati. gRhItva, jighRkSati. suptvA, suSupsati. pRSTvA, pipRcchiSati. grahA'dInAM kittvAt samprasAraNaM bhavati. kiraz ca paJcabhya iti praccher iD-AgamaH.

The kAzikA mentions gRhItvA as an example. Here are the small details just in case you are curious --

grah + ktvA →ArdhadhAtukasyeD grah + itvA grah + (k)itvA →grahijyA gRhitvA →graholiTi gRhItvA "after grabbing"

iko jhal ONPANINI 12009
iT-less ( san is kit) after ikmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 71

And that's why there's no hardsoft in --

cicISati "wants to collect"

tuSTUSati "wants to praise"

cikIrSati "wants to make"

(lengthening from ajjhanagamAMsani)

This rule works on ik ender roots. For ik-plus-consonant enders, see next rule, halantAcca.

hal-antAc ca ONPANINI 12010
After ik-plus- hal, ( iT-less san is kit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 72

The k label makes kGitica work, so there is no puganta in --

yudh "fight" + san →sanyaGoH yu + yudh + sa yu + yudh + (k)sa →kharica yuyutsa "be about to fight, want to fight"

Even though the rule just says "roots that end in ik plus consonant", we in fact also get kitness after roots that end in ik plus cluster, such as dimbh or tRMh.

KAZIKA halantAdiko jhal kititi vartate. saniti nivRttam. igantadiksamIpAddhalaH parau jhalAdI.

That dimbh (or dambh) isalso metioned in dambha_icca.

KAZIKA halantAd iko jhal kid iti vartate. san iti nivRttam. igantadiksamIpAddhalaH parau jhalAdI.

liG;sicAv AtmanepadeSu ONPANINI 12011
bent soft liG and sic before bent, (when iT-less, are kit after ik-plus- hal roots).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 73

The root bhid ends in ik plus hal and is aniT.

Therefore, after bhid, the bent soft liG affixes (such as sISTa'''), when iT-less, are kit and don't cause puganta --

bhid + sISTa''' bhid + sISTa(k) →kharica bhitsISTa "may he split, may he break"

and sic too, when iT-less, is kit, but only before a bent, such as ta. So no puganta here either --

bhid + luG ta a + bhid + sic + ta a + bhid + s(k) + ta →jhalojhali abhidta "he broke" →kharica abhitta

See also uzca below.

KAZIKA parataH kitau bhavataH. bhitsISTa, bhutsISTa. sici khalvapiabhitta, abuddha. ikaH ityeva. yakSISTa, ayaSTa. samprasAraNaM hi syAt. AtmanepadeSu iti kim? asrAkSit. adrAkSIt. sRjidRzor jhaly am akitIty am-Agamo na syAt. halantAd ity eva. ceSISTa, aceSTa. guNo na syAt. jhal ity eva vartiSISTa, avartiSTa. guNo na syAt. liG-sicau iti kim? dveSTA dvekSyati.

uz ca ONPANINI 12012
Same after R RR.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 74

Therefore, iT-less bent soft liG is kit after R RR --

kR + @soft liG ta → kR + sISTa''' kR + sISTa(k) →kric kRSISTa "may it be made; may he make"

And so is the iT-less sic that is before bent --

kR + luG ta → kR + sic + ta kR + (k)s(ic) + ta →luGlaG akR + s + ta →hrasvAdaGgAt akRta "he made"

KAZIKA R-varN%AntAd dhAtoH parau liG-sicau AtmanepadeSu jhal-AdI kitau bhavataH. kRSISTa. hRSISTa. sicaH khalv api akRta. ahRta. jhal ity eva. variSISTa. avariSTa. vRRtovA avarISTa.

hanaH sic ONPANINI 12014
After han, sic (is kit before bent).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 75

This k label makes anudAtto work. Therefore, this rule can be reworded as --

" han loses n before sic before bent"

han is flatty most of the time, but it becomes bendy after AG.

Example before serious --

AG + han + luG ta Ahan + sic + ta Ahan + (k)sic + ta →anudAtto Aha + s + ta →hrasvAdaGgAt Ahata "he hit"

So that luG ends up looking like the laG (see han before tiG ) --

AG + han + laG ta → Ahan + ta →anudAtto Ahata "he hit"

Examples before non- serious --

Ahan + luG jha Ahasata "they hit"

Ahan + luG AtAm AhasAtAm "both hit"

Ahan + luG mahi Ahasmahi "we hit"

KAZIKA hanter dhAtoH paraH sic kid bhavati. Ahata, AhasAtAm, Ahasata. sicaH kittvAdanunAsikalopaH. sijgrahaNaM liGnivRttyartham. uttaratrAnuvRttir mA bhUt. atmanepadagrahaNam uttarArtham anuvartate. iha tu parasmaipade hanter vadhabhAvasya nityatvAt kittvasya prayojanaM na asti.

na ktvA seT ONPANINI 12018
itvA is not ( kit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 76

" itvA" is ktvA with iT added.

This rule says that itvA has no k label, notwithstanding sthAnivad. That's why there's no kGitica here --

div + ktvA → div + itvA →puganta devitvA "gambled and; shone and"

vRt + ktvA → vRt + itvA →puganta vartitvA "became and"

See also exception n'-.opadhAt tha;ph'-.AntAd vA.

KAZIKA ktvA pratyayaH seN na kid bhavati. devitvA. vartitvA. seTiti kim? iRtvA ' gutvA ' ktvAgrahaNaM kim? nigRhItiH. upasnihitiH. nikucitiH. na seDiti kRte 'kittve niSThAyAm avadhAraNAt. jJApakAnna prokSAyAM sani jhalgrahaNaM viduH. ittvaM kitvaMnihogena reNa tulyaM sudhIvani. vasvarthaM kidatIdezAnni gRhItiH prayojanam.

n'-.opadhAt tha;ph'-.AntAd vA ONPANINI 12023
itvA is optionally kit after nth mph-endersmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 78

Optional exception to naktvAseT, that makes itvA compulsorily akit.

If we take this option and make itvA into a kit, then the nexttolast nasal goes --

granth + itvA granth + (k)itvA →aniditA grathitvA "composed and"

gumph + itvA gumph + (k)itvA → guphitvA

alternatively, itvA is akit and the nasal stays --

granth + itvA → granthitvA "composed and"

gumph + itvA → gumphitvA

KAZIKA niSThA iti nivRttam. nikAraupadhAd dhAtoH thakArAntAt phakarAntAc ca paraH ktvA pratyayaH seD va na kid bhavati. grathitvA, granthitva. zrathitvA, zranthitvA. guphitvA, gumphitvA. naupadhAd iti kim? rephitvA. gophitvA. thaphAntAtiti kim? sraMsitva. dhvaMsitvA.

ralo v;y-upadhAd @dhal-AdeH saMz ca ONPANINI 12026
( itvA) and iSan (are optionally kit after) a root hal-y;u- ral root.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 79

A hal-yu- ral root is any root that begins with a hal and ends in i u I U plus ral. For instance, dyut and likh.

When any other rule makes the ktvA san after these roots get iT, the resulting itvA and iSan can either be kit --

dyutitvA "shone and"

likhitvA "wrote and"

didyutiSate "wants to shine"

lilikhiSati "wants to write"

Or not --

dyotitvA

lekhitvA

didyotiSate

lilekhiSati

When the ktvA gets no iT, it will be kit compulsorily, because (k)tvA has k and rule itvA is not (kit) does not remove it. So with the aniT root bhuj --

bhuj + tvA bhuktvA

When san gets no iT, rule after ik-plus-hal, iT-less san is kit makes it kit compulsorily --

bhuj + san → bhuj + (k)san bubhukSate

When the nexttolast is not i I u U, this rule does not work. Therefore, after vRt --

Therefore, itvA is compulsorily akit, because itvA is not (kit) removed its k --

vRt + itvA →puganta vartitvA

and iSan is compulsorily akit, because after ik-plus-hal, iT-less san is kit did not work and iSan got no k --

vi + vRt + iSan →puganta vivartiSa

KAZIKA vA iti vartate seD iti ca. uzca izca vI. vI upadheyasya sa vyaupadhaH. ukAraupadhAdikAraupadhac ca dhAto ralantAd dhal-AdeH paraH saMz ca ktvA ca seTau va kitau bhavataH. dyutitvA, dyotitvA. didyutiSate, didyotiSate. likhitvA, lekhitvA. lilikhiSati, lilekhiSati. ralaH iti kim? devitvA, dideviSati. vyupadhAtiti kim? vartitvA, vivartiSate. halAdeH iti kim? eSitva, eSiSiSti. seTityeva. bhuktvA, bubhukSate.