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vRddhir Ad;aic

वृद्धिरादैच् ONPANINI 11001

The vowels A आ ai ऐ au औ are called /vRddhi.

This means that when a rule says "replace this with /vRddhi", we have to replace it with one of A आ ai ऐ au औ.

Example. Rule taddhiteSvac... says that sometimes we have to replace the first vowel of yuddha- युद्धॱ with /vRddhi. That means that we have to replace it with one of A आ ai ऐ au औ.

With which one?

Rule sthAnentarat... teaches: "with the one that is most alike in tongue position". Therefore the vowels that have a raised tongue turn into ai ऐ —

i इ I ई e ए ai ऐ → ai ऐ

The ones that close the lips turn into au औ —

u उ U ऊ o ओ au औ → au औ

Ad everything else into A आ —

a अ A आ → A आ
R ऋ RR ॠ → A आ by this rule → Ar आर् by uraNraparaH
L ऌ → A आ by this rule → Al आल् by uraNraparaH