Words that mean the doer ( kartari).mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1345

A word that " means the doer" is a word, built from a root, that copies the number from the doer of its root. There are kartari verbs and kartari nouns.

A kartari verb will change its tiG depending on the person and number of its doer.

Example. pazyati "sees" is a kartari verb. pazyati comes from dRz + laT, and the laT changed into tip. tip is a third person singular affix, so pazyati can only be used when the doer of dRz is third person and singular, like here --

pazyaty azvaH kapim "horse sees monkey"

If the doer is third person plural we can't use tip, we use jhi, which is third person plural --

pazyanty azvAH kapim "horses see monkey"

If the doer is first person plural we must use mas, first person plural --

pazyAmaH kapim "we see monkey"

A kartari noun will change its gender and its sup depending on the gender, number and case of its doer.

Example. In the sentence

dRSTavAn azvaH kapim "horse saw monkey"

The word dRSTavAn "saw" is a kartari noun. It comes from dRz + ktavatu + su. This word is masculine because the doer "horse" is masculine, and got a su affix because the doer has first case and is singular.

If the doer is plural and has jas, then so will the dRSTavat-

dRSTavantaH kapim azvAH "horses saw monkey"

If the doer is feminine and has su, then so will the dRSTavat-

dRSTavatI kapim azvA "mare saw monkey"

Words that mean the object ( karmaNi).mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1346

A word that " means the object", or karmaNi word, is a word, built from a root, that copies the number from the object of its root. There are karmaNi verbs and karmaNi nouns.

A karmaNi verb will change its tiG depending on the person and number of its doer. The tiG will alway be bent.

Example: dRzyate "is being seen" is a karmaNi verb. It has ending ta, but it can only be used when the object of seeing is singular and third person --

dRzyate kapir azvena "horse sees monkey"

If the object has some other number or person, another bent tiG will be used --

dRzyante 'zvena kapayaH "horse sees monkeys"

dRzye 'zvena "horse sees me"

A karmaNi noun will change its gender and its sup depending on the gender, number and case of its object.

Example: dRSTas "was seen" is a karmaNi noun. It has is masculine and has su, and can only be used when the object seen is singular, masculine, and has first ending--

dRSTaH kapir azvena "horse saw monkey"

If the object has some other number or case, another sup will be used --

azvena kapayo dRSTAH "horse saw monkeys"

dRSTo 'zvena "horse saw me (male speaking)"

And if the object is f, then dRSTas too becomes f --

azvena kukkuTyo dRSTAH "horse saw hens"

dRSTA 'zvena "horse saw me (female speaking)"

Words that mean nothing ( bhAve).mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1347

A word that " means nothing", or bhAve word, is a word, built from a root, that always sounds the same, no matter its doer. These never have any object. There are bhAve verbs and bhAve nouns.

The bhAve verbs all have ta --

svap + bhAve laT ta supyate

supyate "sleeping is ongoing"

supyate mayA "I'm sleeping"

turaGgair eva supyate "only the horses are sleeping"

The bhAve nouns all are neuter and have am --

svap + kta @n + am suptam

suptam "sleeping was ongoing"

suptam mayA "I was sleeping"

Doer affixes and nondoer affixes.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1348

All verbs have either a doer affix ( kartari) or a nondoer affix ( karmaNi or bhAve).

See also using inria to split verbs into root plus affix .

Using inria to split verbs into root plus affix.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1349

A quick way of figuring out which doer affix or nondoer affix was used to make a verb irs typing it into inria reader. This is not a sure-fire way, but it works right at least ninety percent of the time, so it's worth a shot.

The idea is this. Type these into inria reader --

carati labhante labhyante

set the input convention to KH, and hit the Read button. Then click the RED rectangles. Inria will show the root, the tiG, and the tense it replaced.

Some examples for practice.

Type carati into inria reader and click the red. You get this --

car pr [1] ac sg 3

this means --

car is the root

pr means the root got laT

[1] means that kartarizap added zap (see verb classes),

and " ac sg 3" means that laT was replaced with tip, a flat doer affix.

Therefore, carati was built this way --

car + laT → car + kartari tip → car + zap + tip → carati

If you know your grammar you can work out from this that carati might mean "he moves".

Now type labhante --

labh pr [1] mo pl 3

Here, " mo pl 3" means jha, a bent doer affix --

labh + laT → labh + kartari jha → labh + zap + jha labhante

Here inria figured out that nte used to be jha but some rules changed it.

Therefore labhante might mean "they get".

Now type labhyante --

labh pr ps pl 3

Here we got no [1], because there is no zap. The " ps pl 3" means jha, a bent nondoer affix.

So the formation is --

labh + laT → labh + akartari jha → labh + yak + jha labhyante

inria figured out that this jha is a nondoer affix because nte follows the letters ya, from yak.

So labhyante might mean "they are being gotten".

In these three examples Inria got all right, as it does nine plus times of every ten. However, most students expect inria to get it right always, and get very confused when it doesn't. Hint: when inria seems to say nonsense, go back to your grammar book, and in extremely desperate cases, ask your teacher.

Some examples of inria screwing up --

If you type pazyati, it will tell you it comes from paz + zyan. That's wrong, as no paz root is listed in the zyanclass. The true root is dRz.

If you ask inria conjugation for the laT of dRz, it says darzati. There is no such word. You must say pazyati, see pAghrA.

inria is under the wrong impression that plu + yak + te''' makes pluyate. That's wrong, those add up to plUyate (see akRtsArva).

Doer affixes.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1351

A doer affix is an affix that replaces a tense and copies its number and person from ( agrees with) the doer of its root.

Examples:

The words pazyanti and plavante of these sentences --

pazyanti kapayasH siMham "monkeys see lion"

plavante kapayaH

were made with the doer affixes jhi and jha, which are plural and third person because the doers of the roots dRz plu are plural and third person. If the doer changes, the affixes change --

pazyati kapisH siMham "monkey sees lion"

plavete kapI "two monkeys jump"

plave "I jump"

Counterexample:

In the sentence

dRzyate kapibhisH siMhaH "monkeys see lion"

The word dRzyante does NOT have a doer affix, because no matter who the doer is, the word dRzyate always has ta ---

dRzyate kapinA siMhaH "monkey sees lion"

dRzyate mayA siMhaH "I see lion"

The flat affixes tip to jhi, and zatR, and the very uncommon kvasu, are always doer affixes.

The bent affixes ta to mahi, and zAnac, and the very uncommon kAnac, sometimes are and sometimes aren't.