Words that mean the doer ( kartari).mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1372

A word that " means the doer" is a word, built from a root, that copies the number from the doer of its root. There are kartari verbs and kartari nouns.

A kartari verb will change its tiG depending on the person and number of its doer.

Example. pazyati "sees" is a kartari verb. pazyati comes from dRz + laT, and the laT changed into tip. tip is a third person singular affix, so pazyati can only be used when the doer of dRz is third person and singular, like here --

pazyaty azvaH kapim "horse sees monkey"

If the doer is third person plural we can't use tip, we use jhi, which is third person plural --

pazyanty azvAH kapim "horses see monkey"

If the doer is first person plural we must use mas, first person plural --

pazyAmaH kapim "we see monkey"

A kartari noun will change its gender and its sup depending on the gender, number and case of its doer.

Example. In the sentence

dRSTavAn azvaH kapim "horse saw monkey"

The word dRSTavAn "saw" is a kartari noun. It comes from dRz + ktavatu + su. This word is masculine because the doer "horse" is masculine, and got a su affix because the doer has first case and is singular.

If the doer is plural and has jas, then so will the dRSTavat-

dRSTavantaH kapim azvAH "horses saw monkey"

If the doer is feminine and has su, then so will the dRSTavat-

dRSTavatI kapim azvA "mare saw monkey"

Words that mean the object ( karmaNi).mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1373

A word that " means the object", or karmaNi word, is a word, built from a root, that copies the number from the object of its root. There are karmaNi verbs and karmaNi nouns.

A karmaNi verb will change its tiG depending on the person and number of its doer. The tiG will alway be bent.

Example: dRzyate "is being seen" is a karmaNi verb. It has ending ta, but it can only be used when the object of seeing is singular and third person --

dRzyate kapir azvena "horse sees monkey"

If the object has some other number or person, another bent tiG will be used --

dRzyante 'zvena kapayaH "horse sees monkeys"

dRzye 'zvena "horse sees me"

A karmaNi noun will change its gender and its sup depending on the gender, number and case of its object.

Example: dRSTas "was seen" is a karmaNi noun. It has is masculine and has su, and can only be used when the object seen is singular, masculine, and has first ending--

dRSTaH kapir azvena "horse saw monkey"

If the object has some other number or case, another sup will be used --

azvena kapayo dRSTAH "horse saw monkeys"

dRSTo 'zvena "horse saw me (male speaking)"

And if the object is f, then dRSTas too becomes f --

azvena kukkuTyo dRSTAH "horse saw hens"

dRSTA 'zvena "horse saw me (female speaking)"

Words that mean nothing ( bhAve).mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1374

A word that " means nothing", or bhAve word, is a word, built from a root, that always sounds the same, no matter its doer. These never have any object. There are bhAve verbs and bhAve nouns.

The bhAve verbs all have ta --

svap + bhAve laT ta supyate

supyate "sleeping is ongoing"

supyate mayA "I'm sleeping"

turaGgair eva supyate "only the horses are sleeping"

The bhAve nouns all are neuter and have am --

svap + kta @n + am suptam

suptam "sleeping was ongoing"

suptam mayA "I was sleeping"

Doer affixes and nondoer affixes.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1375

All verbs have either a doer affix ( kartari) or a nondoer affix ( karmaNi or bhAve).

A doer affix changes when the doer of the verb changes, but a nondoer affix doesn't.

Examples of doer affixes --

The verb nayati "he carries" is formed from the root nI and the affix tip --

nI + laT → nI + tip → nI + zap + tip nayati "he carries"

This tip is a doer affix, because we can only use tip when the doer of the action is singular and third person. Otherwise, other doer affixes must be used --

nI + laT → nI + mip nayAmi "I carry"

nI + laT → nI + jhi nayanti "they carry"

Similarly, plavate "he jumps" is built with the affix ta --

plu + laT → plu + ta → plu + zap + ta → plu + zap + te''' plavate "he jumps"

This ta too is a doer affix too, because it can only be used when the doer of the action is singular and third person. Otherwise we must use other doer affixes, like iT' or jha --

plu + laT iT' → plave "I jump"

plu + laT jha → plavante "they jump"

Examples of nondoer affixes --

The verb dRzyate, like plavate above, contains the affix ta --

dRz + karmaNi laT ta → dRz + yak + ta → dRz + yak + te''' → dRzyate "it is being seen"

However, this ta is a nondoer affix, because when the doer of the root dRz changes, this ta affix does not change --

dRzyate mayA "it is being seen by me; I see it"

dRzyate taiH "it is being seen by them; they see it"

This ta must be used when the object of the root is singular and third person, and does not show who the doer is.

Now the verb supyate also contains the affix ta --

svap + bhAve laT ta →sArvadhAtukeyak svap + yak + ta → svap + yak + te''' →vacisvapi sup + yak + te''' → supyate "sleep is happening"

and this ta is a nondoer affix, because it does not change no matter who the doer is --

supyate tena "he is sleeping"

supyate siMhaiH "the lions are sleeping"

svap is an objectless verb, so the root has no object at all, and when the affix is a nondoer affix, it is always ta.

See also using parsers to split verbs into root plus affix. .

Using parsers to split verbs into root plus affix.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1376

All verbs are made of a root plus a tense. The tense is always replaced by one of the eighteen tiptas affixes.

For instance, the verb carati "he moves" comes from the root car "move", with the tense laT added. The laT was replaced with one of the tiptas affixes, namely with tip --

car + laT → car + tip →kartarizap cara + tip → carati "moves"

As there are many rules that can change the root or the affix, finding out which affix was added can be very tricky for the beginner. For instance, the verb plavase was made by adding the affix thAs after the root plu, this way --

plu + laT → plu + thAs → plava + thAs →thAsasse plava + se''' → plavase "you jump"

So, before you learn that there is a rule that changes thAs into se''', you can guess easily that carati has tip, but there is no way you'll guess that plavase has thAs.

Also, if you don't yet know that the rules hardsoft and ecoya exists, you can see easily that carati comes from the root car, but seeing that the root of plavate is plu is way harder.

To avoid pain to the students, some enlightened sages have made machines called "parsers" or "morphological analizers". The idea of those is that you type carati or plavase into them, and they tell you the root, the tense, and the affix that replaced the tense. They may also tell you if the affix is a doer affix or a nondoer affix.

For examples of how to use these, please see --

finding root and tiG with inria reader

finding root and tiG with hyderabad tools

Of these two, hyderabad is more accurate, but inria is easier to use, so I tell my students to try inria first and to go to hyderabad when inria fails.

Doer affixes.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1380

A doer affix is an affix that replaces a tense and copies its number and person from ( agrees with) the doer of its root.

Examples:

The words pazyanti and plavante of these sentences --

pazyanti kapayasH siMham "monkeys see lion"

plavante kapayaH "monkeys jump"

were made with the doer affixes jhi and jha, which are plural and third person because the doers of the roots dRz plu are plural and third person. If the doer changes, the affixes change --

pazyati kapisH siMham "monkey sees lion"

plavete kapI "two monkeys jump"

plave "I jump"

Counterexample:

In the sentence

dRzyate kapibhisH siMhaH "monkeys see lion"

The word dRzyante does NOT have a doer affix, because no matter who the doer is, the word dRzyate always has ta ---

dRzyate kapinA siMhaH "monkey sees lion"

dRzyate mayA siMhaH "I see lion"

The flat affixes tip to jhi, and zatR, and the very uncommon kvasu, are always doer affixes.

The bent affixes ta to mahi, and zAnac, and the very uncommon kAnac, sometimes are and sometimes aren't.