sArvadhAtuke yak ONPANINI 31067
( root gets) ya(k) before hard nondoer.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 270 vikaraNa

The root that is right before a hard nondoer affix gets yak added.

Examples --

Example with a ta affix that means the object --

pac + karmaNi laT ta → pac + te''' pacyate "it is being cooked"

as in

odananM dAsena pacyate "the servant is cooking the rice"

Example with a ta affix that means nothing --

As + bhAve laT ta → As + te''' Asyate "sitting is ongoing"

as in

Asyate bhavatA "you are sitting"

This rule won't work when the nondoer affix is soft, or when affixes tAs, sya, cli come in between, making the root not be right before the nondoer. Therefore, this rule only works when the nondoer affix replaced laT, laG, loT, or hard liG.

See also root changes before yak and soft liG .

KAZIKA bhAva-karma-vAcini sArvadhAtuke parato dhatoH yak pratyayo bhavati. Asyate bhavatA. zayyate bhavatA. karmaNi kriyate kaTaH. gamyate grAmaH. kakAro guNa-vRddhi-pratiSedhArthaH. yagvidhAne karmakrtaryupasaGkhyAnam. vipratiSedhAd dhi yakaH zapo valIyastvam. kriyate kaTaH svayam eva. pacyate odanaH svayam eva.

The rule just says " yak before hard". Yet, this rule only works before hard nondoer, because the rules mentioned in page verb classes , such as kartarizap, override this rule before doer affixes.

kartari zap ONPANINI 31068
zap before ( hard) doermmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 271 vikaraNa

Add (z)a(p) after the root that is right before a hard doer affix.

Examples with the hard doer affixes tip ta --

pac + laT tip pac + zap + tip → pacati "cooks"

vRt + laT ta vRt + zap + ta → vRt + zap + te''' →puganta vartate "happens"

zuc + laT tip zuc + zap + tip → zoca + ti → zocati "mourns"

cinti + laT tip cinti + zap + tip → cintaya + ti → cintayati "thinks"

This rule will only work when the nondoer affix replaces a zabyak tense.

See also When kartarizap won't work .

Back to verb classes .

div'-AdibhyaH zyan ONPANINI 31069
Some roots get zyan (before hard doer).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 272

Exception to kartarizap. Some roots get (z)ya(n) instead of zap when they are before a hard doer affix.

Such roots are called divAdi roots, zyanclass roots, or class four roots (see verb classes ).

As zyan is Git by hard apit is Git , it causes no puganta.

Examples --

div "gamble" + laT tip div + zyan + tip →halica dIv + ya + ti → dIvyati "gambles"

nRt "dance" + laT tip nRt + zyan + tip → nRtyati "dances"

yudh "fight" + laT ta yudh + zyan + ta → yudh + zyan + te''' → yudhyate "fights"

siv "sew" + laT tip siv + zyan + ti →halica sIvyati "sews"

In all of those, the accent is on the root, because zyan is nit

Note. With bent affixes like ta, the kartari and the akartari are spelled the same way --

yudh "fight" + kartari laT ta yudhyate "fights"

yudh "fight" + bhAve laT ta yudhyate "fighting is ongoing"

But the kartari gets the accent on yu, while the akartari gets the accent on yak.

Back to verb classes .

KAZIKA div ity evam AdibhyaH dhAtubhyaH zyan-pratyayo bhavati. zapo 'pavAdaH. nakAraH svarArthaH. zakAraH sArvadhAtukArthaH. dIvyati. sIvyati.

svAdibhyaH znuH ONPANINI 31073
su etc get znu (before hard doer).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 273 vikaraNa

Exception to kartarizap. Some roots get znu whenever ordinary roots would get zap, that is, before a hard doer affix.

These are some such roots --

su "squeeze" 05.0001,

zru "hear" 01.1092,

zak "be able to" 05.0017,

Ap "get" 05.0016.

These are called znuclass roots, class five roots, or svAdi roots (see verb classes ).

Examples --

su + laT mas su + znu + mas → sunumas "we squeeze"

zak + laT tip zak + znu + tip →hardsoft zakno + ti → zaknoti "he can"

Back to verb classes .

KAZIKA SUJ abhiSave, ity evam Adibhyo dhAtubhyaH znupratyayo bhavati. zapo 'pavAdaH. sunoti. sinoti.

(If the link to zru 01.1092 is broken now, that means that the other website finally fixed the mistake that placed zru inside the zapclass. Just look up zru in there.)

zruvaH zR ca ONPANINI 31074
zru to zR (before znu).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 274

This rule makes zru "hear" plus znu into zRNu --

zru ( before hard doer ) → zru + znu zR + nu →Natvam zRNu

As in --

zru + laT tip → zRNu + tip →hardsoft zRNoti "hears"

zru + laT jhi → zRNu + jhi → zRNu + anti''' →huznuvo zRNvanti "they hear"

zru + laG jhi → zRNu + jhi → zRNu + ant''' →luGlaG azRNu + ant →huznuvo azRNvant →saMyogA azRNvan "they heard"

zru + liG mas → zRNu + mas → zRNu + yAma''' → zRNuyAma "we would hear"

zru + zatR → zRNu + at →huznuvo zRNvat- "hearing"

KAZIKA zruvaH znupratyayo bhavati, tatsaMniyogena zruvaH zR ityayam Adezo bhavati. zRNoti, zRNutaH, zRNvanti.

tud'-AdibhyaH zaH ONPANINI 31077
tud etc get (z)a (before hard doer).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 275 vikaraNa

Exception to kartarizap --

" Some roots get (z)a when a normal root would get zap, that is to say, when they are before a hard doer affix. "

Such roots are called "class six roots", " zaclass roots", or "tudAdi roots". Examples --

tud + laT tip tud + za + tip → tudati "hits, bullies"

kSip + laT tip kSip + za + tip → kSipati "throws"

iS + laT tip iS + za + tip → iccha + ti → icchati "wants"

This za always has label G (from hard apit is Git ). That's why puganta did not work in the examples above.

When a zaclass root that ends in R is before za, the R turns into riy, by riGzayagliGkSu. There are four such roots pR 06.0138 mR 06.0139 dR 06.0147 and dhR 06.0148 --

mR + laT ta mR + za + ta →riGzayagliGkSu mriy + a + ta →Tita mriyate "dies"

priyate "is busy"

driyate "respects"

dhriyati "is steady"

Back to verb classes .

KAZIKA tuda vyathane ityevam Adibhyo dhAtubhyaH zapratyayo bhavati. zapo 'pavAdaH. zakAraH sArvadhAtukasaMjJArthaH. tudati. nudati.

rudhAdibhyaH znam ONPANINI 31078
rudh etc. get znam.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 276

Exception to kartarizap. Some roots (for instance rudh), before hard doer affixes, get (z)na(m) instead of the usual zap. Those roots are called znamclass, rudhAdi, or "verb class seven". See verb classes .

Example --

yuj + laT mip yuj + znam + mi →midaco yunajmi "I join"

The z label of (z)na(m) made znam get label G by hard apit is Git , and that G kept yuj from turning into yoj by puganta. The m label of (z)na(m) made midaco work, so the na was added after the u of yuj, not after the j as usual.

More examples --

rudh + laT tip rudh + znam + tip → runadh + ti →jhaSasta;thordho'dhaH runadh + dhi →jhalAJjazjhazi runad + dhi →Natvam ruNaddhi "obstructs, stops"

chid + laT tip chid + znam + tip →midaco chinad + ti →kharica chinatti "cuts"

tRh + laT tip tRnahti →tRNaha::im tRnehti →hoDhaH tRneDhti →jhaSastatho tRneDhdhi →STunA tRneDhDhi →DhoDhelopaH tRneDhi →Natvam tRNeDhi "crushes"

rudh + laT jhi rudh + znam + jhi → runadh + jhi → runadh + anti''' →znasora rundhanti →nazcA ruMdhaMti →anusvA rundhanti "they obstruct, stop"

KAZIKA rudhir AvaraNe ity evam Adibhyo dhAtubhyaH znam pratyayo bhavati. zapo 'pavAdaH. ma-kAro deza-vidhy-arthaH. zakAraH znAn nalopa iti vizeSaNArthaH. ruNaddhi. bhinatti.

tanAdi;kRJbhya:: uH ONPANINI 31079
tan etc, and kR, get u (instead of zap).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 277 vikaraNa

Exception to kartarizap. Some roots get u instead of zap when before a hard doer affix.

There are ten such roots. The nine tanAdi (a.k.a. uclass) --

tan san kSaN kSiN RN tRN ghRN van man

and the very common root kR (Du)kR(J) karoti 08.0010 "do, make", which has no verb class, but gets u anyway.

As the tanAdi all end in n or N, after they get u they look like a znuclass --

tan + laT tip tan + u + tip →hardsoft tanoti "extends"

tan + laT jhi tan + u + jhi → tanu + anti''' → tanvanti "they extend"

tan + loT sip tan + u + sip → tan + u + hi''' →utazca tanu "extend!"

The kR root however does some strange things -- see kR with u .

Back to verb classes

KAZIKA tanu vistAre ityevam Adibhyo dhAtubhyaH kRJazca upratyayo bhavati. zapo 'pavAdaH. tanoti. sanoti. kSaNoti. kRJaH khalvapi karoti. tanAdipAThAdeva upratyaye siddhe karoterupAdAnaM niyamArtham, anyat tanAdikAryaM mA bhUtiti. tanAdibhyas tathAsoH iti vibhASA sico lug na bhavati. akRta. akRthAH.

kry..-AdibhyaH znA ONPANINI 31081
krI and others get (z)nA (before hard doer)mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 278

Exception to kartarizap. Certain roots, for instance krI "buy", when they are before a hard doer affix, get (z)nA instead of zap.

Such roots are called kryAdi roots, znaclass roots, or "class nine roots". inria reader labels the verbs that have znA inside with [9].

This znA affix keeps its A before aGit affixes ( tip sip mip ) --

krI + laT tip krI + znA + ti →Natvam krINAti "buys"

Before consonant Git affixes, the A becomes I by IhalyaghoH --

krI + laT mas krI + nA + mas →sArvadhAtukamapit krI + nA + mas(G) →IhalyaghoH krinImas →Natvam krINImas "we buy"

Before vowel Git affixes, the A disappears by znAbhya --

krI + laT jhi krI + nA + jhi → krI + nA + anti''' →znAbhya krIn + anti →Natvam krINanti "they buy"

Back to verb classes

KAZIKA DukrIJ dravyavinimaye ityevam AdibhyaH dhAtubhyaH znA pratyayo bhavati. zapo 'pavAdaH. zakAraH sArvadhAtukasaMjJArthaH. krINAti. prINAti.

See znA examples for more examples.

halaH znaH zAnaj @jhau ONPANINI 31083
After consonant, znA to zAnac before hi'''.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 280

That hi''', being after Ana, will always be luked by atoheH. The zAnac affix gets G label by hard apit is Git , and that G makes grahijyA work and puganta not work in these examples --

grah + loT sip → grah + znA + hi''' grah + zAnac + hi →atoheH grah + Ana →sArvadhAtukamapit grah + Ana(G) →grahijyA gRh + Ana →Natvam gRhANa "take!"

muSANa "steal!"

puSANa "prosper!"

(All of these have accent on the na, see citaH.)

This rule won't work after roots that end in vowels --

krI + znA + hi''' krINIhi "buy!"

or before tiG affixes other than hi''' --

muS + laT tip muSNAti "steals"

KAZIKA hala uttarasya znApratyayasya zanaj-Adezo bhavati hau parataH. muSANa. puSANa. halaH iti kim? krINIhi. hau iti kim? muSNAti. znaH iti sthAni-nirdezaH Adeza-sampratyayArthaH. itarathA hi pratyayAntaram eva sarvaviSayaM vijJAyeta.