34067
34069 Tenses mean the object too. After objectless mean nothing too.
34070
34071 When meaning initial action,
34072 Also after roots that mean movement, objectless,
34073
34076 After staying, moving and consuming,
34077 tense to
34078
34079 Tail of
34080 Replace
34081
34082 Flat to
34083 After
34084
34085 Replace
34086 replace
34087
34089
34090
34091
34092 first person
34093
This rule uses the word kartari "means the doer" in two slightly different senses --
First sense. A kRt affix, such as for instance kvin or tRc, will mean the doer of the action it is attached to, unless some rule says otherwise. Therefore
Second sense. The affixes that make verblikes, such as ktavatu, will mean the doer. But the kRtya do not mean the doer, because rule tayoreva says otherwise.
We are trickling "means the doer". So this rule teaches that --
tense replacers, after an objectful root, may mean the doer or mean the object. Choose freely.
tense replacers, after an objectless root, may mean the doer or mean nothing. Choose freely.
Example after
To say "the two brothers shoot arrows", we start with
If we choose doer, we must use tas, dual, because there are two doers --
As in --
If we choose object, we need jha, plural, because the objects are many --
As in --
Example after
To say "the cats sat on the mat", with As + laG --
If we choose laG to mean the doer, we replace laG with jha (because root As is bendy) --
But if we choose laG to mean nothing, we replace laG with ta --
Another objectless root, svap --
KAZIKA lakArAH karmaNi kArake bhavanti, cakArAt kartari ca akarmakebhyo dhAtubhyo bhAve bhavanti, punaz cakArAt kartari ca. gamyate grAmo devadattena. gacchati grAmaM devadattaH. akarmakebhyaH Asyate devadattena. Aste devadattaH. sakarmakebhyo bhAve na bhavanti.
The kRtya kta
Examples.
(1) We add kta after kR, getting
(2) Joining the root kR "make" and the kRtya affix, tavya, we get
KAZIKA tayoreva bhAvakarmaNoH kRtyasaMjJAkAH ktakhalarthAzca pratyayA bhavanti. evakAraH kartur apakarzaN%ArthaH. kRtyAH karmaNi kartavyaH kaTo bhavatA. bhoktavya odano bhavatA. bhAve AsitavyaM bhavatA. zayitavyaM bhavatA. ktaH karmaNi kRtaH kaTo bhavatA. bhukta odano bhavatA. bhAve AsitaM bhavatA. zayitaM bhavatA. khalarthAH karmaNi ISatkaraH kaTo bhavatA. sukaraH. duSkaraH. bhAve ISadADhyaMbhavaM bhavatA. svADhyaMbhavaM bhavatA. bhAvo cAkramakebhyaH ityanuvRtteH sakarmakebhyo bhAve na bhavanti.
Why did the doers
Because rule kartRkaraNa says so.
Why did rule karmaNidvitIyA not work in the examples above, making
That rule does not work here because
In
This rule is sometimes optional on kta-enders (see AdikarmaNi, gatyarthA). No exceptions affect the kRtya-enders and the
What is a
The khal-enders are compound nounbases (such as
The
Can you show an example with an objectless root?
Root svap has no object, so svap + tavya "sleeping must happen" means nothing --
Usually, kta-enders do not mean the doer, by tayoreva above. So we may say ---
But according to this optional exception, we may also say make
Example with an objectless, pra + svap "start to sleep" --
KAZIKA AdikarmaNi yaH kto vihitaH sa kartari bhavati. cakArAd yathAprAptaM bhAvakarmaNoH. AdibhUtaH kriyAkSaNa Adikarma, tasminnAdikarmaNi bhUtatvena vivakSite yaH kto vihitaH, tasya ayam arthanirdezaH. prakRtaH kaTaM devadattaH, prakRtaH kaTo devadattena, prakRtam devadattena. prabhukta odanaM devadattaH, prabhukta odano devadattena, prabhuktaM devadattena.
May I translate the first of your two examples as "the mat started to be made by John"?
Why just thefirst one? Both examples mean the exact same thing, so technically you may translate BOTH that way. Yet, your translation, even though grammatical, is likely to be bad English style.
After these roots, kta may mean the doer or not.
Example with a movement root,
( Here kartRkaraNa worked because
Yet, this rule says that
( Here karmaNidvi worked because
Example with objectless
Examples with
This root can be objectless too, so we can use it bhAve --
KAZIKA gatyarthabhyo dhAtubhyo 'karmakebhya zliSAdibhyazca yaH ktaH, sa kartari bhavati. cakArAd yathAprAptaM ca bhAvakarmaNoH. gato devadatto grAmam, gato devadattena grAman, gato devadattena grAmaH, gataM devadattena. akarmakebhyaH glAno bhavAn, glAnaM bhavatA. Asito bhavAn, AsitaM bhavatA. zliSa upazliSTo guruM bhavAn, upazliSTo gururbhavatA, upazliSTaM bhavatA. zIG upazayito guruM bhavAn, upazayito gururbhavatA, upazayitaM bhavatA. sthA upasthito guruM bhavAn, upasthito gururbhavatA, upasthitaM bhavatA. Asa upAsito guruM bhavAn, upAsito gururbhavatA, upAsitaM bhavatA. vasa anUSito guruM bhavAn, anUSito gururbhavatA, anUSitaM bhavatA. jana anujAto mANavako mANa vikAm, anujAtA mANavakena mANavikA, anujAtaM mANavakena. ruha ArUDho vRkSaM bhavAn, ArUDho vRkSo bhavatA, ArUDhaM bhavatA. jIryati anujIrNo vRSalIM devadattaH, anujIrNA vRpalI devadattena, anujIrNaM devadattena. zliSAdayaH sopasargAH sakarmakA bhavanti, tadartham eSAm upAdAnam.
How can I know if a root is a movement root or not? Is plu a movement root?
Look up your root in the dhAtupATha. The movement roots have
As is an objectless root, so why does the sUtra bother to mention it?
because As may be objectful sometimes
These two words are exceptions to kartarikRt, that would have made
According to this rule,
This rule also states that the word
There is another word
Some say that in ancient India there was a custom of killing cattle for very honored guests. Same as in the story of the prodigal son, "And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry".
Others say that in ancient India no one ever even THOUGHT of killing cattle. If any of these are among your students, you may skip the explanation of
KAZIKA dAzagoghnau zabdau saMpradAne kArake nipAtyete. dAzR dAne, tataH pacAdyac. sa kRtsaMjJakatvAt kartari prAptaH, sampradAne nipAtyate. dAzanti tasmai iti dAzaH. AgatAya tasmai dAtuM gAM hanti iti goghnaH, arghArho 'tithiH. Tagatra nipAtyate. nipAtanasAmarthyAdeva goghnaH RtvigAdirucyate, na tu caNDAlAdiH. asatyapi ca gohanane tasya yogyatayA goghnaH ityabhidhIyate.
Example with root of staying --
As + kta may mean the place where someone sits
moving --
consuming --
pA + kta may mean the place where someone drinks
The rule says "too". Therefore, these kta-enders do not have to mean the location, and they can still mean the object --
or mean nothing --
when other rules allow them to.
KAZIKA drauvyArthAH akarmakAH, pratyavasAnArthAH abhyavahArArthAH iti svanikAya-prasiddhiH. dhrauvyAgatipratyavasAnArthebhyaH yaH kto vihitaH so 'dhikaraNe bhavati. ca-kArAd yathAprAptaM ca. dhrauvyArthebhyaH kartR-bhAvAdhikaraNeSu, gaty-arthebhyaH kartR-karmabhAv%AdhikaraneSu, pratyavasAnArthebhyaH karmabhAvAdhikaraNesu. bhrauvyArthebhyaH tAvat Asito devadattaH, AsitaM tena, idam eSAm Asitam. gaty-arthebhyaH yAto devadatto grAmam, yAto devadattena grAmaH, yAtaM devadattena, idam eSAM yAtam. pratyavasAnArthebhyaH bhuktaH odano devadattena, devadattena bhuktam, idam eSAM bhuktam. kathaM bhuktA brAhmaNAH, pItA gAvaH iti. akAro matvarthIyaH, bhuktam eSAm asti, pItam eSAm astIti.
In more detail --
"after adding a tense to a root, we must always replace the tense with a tiG".
Example.
To mean "you throw", in a sentence like "you throw stones", we may join
Now, because of this rule, we must inmediately replace laT with one of the eighteen tiG. Because of other rules ( laHkarmaNi and many others), in this case we can use either sip or jha as replacement.
If we choose sip --
and our sentence will be
But if we choose jha --
and our sentence will be
KAZIKA lasya tib-Adya AdezA bhavanti. tipsipmipAM pakAraH svarArthaH. iTaSTakAraH iTod iti vizeSaNArthaH, tibAdibhirAdezais tulyatvAn na dezavidhyarthaH. mahiGo GakAraH tiGiti pratyAhAragrahaNArthaH. pacati, pacataH, pacanti. pacasi, pacathaH, pacatha. pacAmi, pacAvaH, pacAmaH. pacate, pacete, pacante. pacase, pacethe, pacadhve. pace, pacAvahe, pacAmahe. evam anyeSvapi lakareSu udAhAryam.
These are some of the rules that teach which ones of the eighteen tiG affixes will replace a tense. Do not read all in one sitting, lest your head should fall off --
Most of the time, two of the tiG affixes are allowed, because rule laHkarmaNi allows us to choose freely between two options, and once we have made that choice, usually all the other rules work automatically with no more options allowed. There are exceptions to that; for instance, after the root
VERY IMPORTANT WARNING. This rule works every single time we make a verb. This is why, instead of typing --
, like I did above, I will sometimes type --
, in order to save space. This "
LISTENTO https://youtu.be/hgufLwRkIuA?t=4166
The tiG are eighteen affixes divided in six groups of three.
They always replace a tense.
See also:
flat,
bent.
KAZIKA lasya tibAdya AdezA bhavanti. tipsipmipAM pakAraH svarArthaH. iTaSTakAraH iTo 'd iti vizeSaNArthaH, tibAdibhirAdezais tulyatvAn na dezavidhyarthaH. mahiGo GakAraH tiGiti pratyAhAragrahaNArthaH. pacati, pacataH, pacanti. pacasi, pacathaH, pacatha. pacAmi, pacAvaH, pacAmaH. pacate, pacete, pacante. pacase, pacethe, pacadhve. pace, pacAvahe, pacAmahe. evam anyeSvapi lakareSu udAhAryam.
Does that
No. The last affix is mahi, not
Does that iT' affix have
No. This
Example. When in
This rule replaces eight of the nine bent
Of course, jhe''' will turn into ante''' or ate''', by jhontaH or its exceptions.
Exception to Tita.
Examples --
plava +
This se''' is one of the
Why do we say "in the Tit tenses"?
thAs stays unchanged when it replaces a Git tense --
kR + liT ta
Replace liT jha with
The other seven bent liT just get Tita, same as the laT --
For the flats, see Nalatusus rule below.
KAZIKA liDAdezayoH tajhayoH yathAsaGkhyam ezirecityetAvAdezau bhavataH. zakAraH sarvAdezArthaH. cakAraH svarArthaH. pece, pecAte, pecire. lebhe, lebhAte, lebhire.
How come cakre can mean "it was made" as well as "he made"?
Rule laHkarmaNi allows that.
Why no yak in the
No. That rule only works
replace liT, replace them with --
, respectively.
Examples:
kR + liT tip
KAZIKA liTaH ityeva. liDAdezAnAM parasmaipadasaMjJAkAnAM yathAsaGkhyaM tib-AdInAM NalAdayo nava AdezA bhavanti. lakAraH svarArthaH. NakAro vRddhyarthaH. papAca, pecatuH, pecuH. pecitha, papaktha, pecathuH, peca. papAca, papaca, peciva, pecima.
What happens to the bent liTs?
See rule liTas ta;jhayor ez;irec right above.
After the root vid that means "know, get to know" we may replace flat laT affixes with the Nalatusus etc affixes mentioned in the previous rule --
If we don't take this option --
KAZIKA parasmaipadAnAm ityeva. vida jJAne, asmAd dhAtoH pareSAM laDAdezAnAM parasmaipadAnAM NalAdayo nava vikalpena AdezA bhavanti. veda, vidatuH, viduH. vettha, vidathuH, vida. veda, vidva, vidma. na ca bhavati. vetti, vittaH, vidanti. vetsi, vitthaH, vittha. vedmi, vidvaH, vidmaH.
Wait. Why does liTidhA not turn
Because liTidhA only works before affixes that replaced liT. The affixes in the examples above replaced laT.
Will the Nalatusus affixes replace liT after this root too?
Compulsorily so. And then, they will trigger liTidhA --
unless of course we choose to apply rule uSavida --
The first five are Nalatusus thal athus, the first five affixes of the nine mentioned in the previous rule.
This rule boils down to saying that we may, if we like, replace
respectively.
This Ah is not a true root; it is just a replacement of
KAZIKA parasmaipadAnAm ity eva, laTo vA iti ca. bruvaH parasya laTaH parasmaipadAnAM paJcAnAma adibhUtAnAM paJcaiva NalAdaya AdezA bhavanti, tat-sanniyogena ca bruva Aha-zabda Adezo bhavati. Aha, AhatuH, AhuH. Attha, AhathuH. na ca bhavati. bravIti, brUtaH, bruvanti. bravISi, brUthaH. paJcAnAm iti kim? brUtha. bravImi, brUvaH, brUmaH. AditaH iti kim? pareSAM mA bhUt. bruvaH iti punar vacanaM sthAnyartham, parasmaipadAnAm eva hi syAt.
In the verse
No. Technically speaking that is ungrammatical, because
When joining Ah + thal, rule hoDhaH says we must turn
After loT is replaced with one of these five --
this rule replaces them with --
tAm''' tam''' ta''' va''' ma'''
just as if they had replaced laG (see tasthastha, nityaGGitaH for the small details). And right after this, rule ADutta turns the last two into Ava''' Ama'''.
So we say --
gaccha + loT tas
gaccha + loT thas
gaccha + loT tha
gaccha + loT vas
gaccha + loT mas
Keep in mind that Ava''' and Ama''' are rarities, so in the sense of "let's go", expect to hear the laT forms instead --
gaccha + laT vas →
gaccha + laT mas →
These laT forms are allowed by vartamAnasAmIpye, as they describe the inmediate future.
The rule says that all of the loT is like laG. Why does this rule work on those five affixes only? Why not on the other thirteen?
Because of the exceptions merniH serhyapicca savAbhyAM vAmau eruH eta::ai AmetaH. Quod vide.
In other rules that have "
Because this rule is not
This rule turns tip jhi into tu''' jhu''' in the loT. The jhu''' will turn into antu''' or atu''' by jhontaH ff.
Examples:
as in
as in
This rule does not work on sip (see hi''') nor on mip (see Ani''').
See also
KAZIKA loTaH ity eva. loD-AdezAnAm ikArasya ukAr'-Adezo bhavati. pacatu. pacantu. hinyorutva-pratiSedho vaktavyaH. na vA uccAraNa-sAmarthyAt. atha vA vA iti vartate, sA ca vyavazita-vibhASA.
Exception to eruH. The sip that replaces loT must be replaced with a
Wait. Why no
Being apit, this hi''' is Git by hard
This hi''' will disappear after
and sometimes after u or znu --
Also, sometimes hi''' will turn into
Back to
Why wasn't the rule worded as
No. It would have worked the same way only for people like you and me, who don't care about getting the accents right.
bravIti ..
KAZIKA loTaH ityeva. loD Adezasya ser hi ityayam Adezo bhavati, apic ca bhavati. sthAnivadbhAvAt pittvaM prAptaM pratiSidhyate. lunIhi. punIhi. rAdhnuhi. takSNuhi.
After this rule replaces loT mip with
Example --
As in --
This Ani''' is rarely used, as the sense of "let me" is usually conveyed by the laT --
KAZIKA loTaH ityeva. loDAdezasya meH niH Adezo bhavati. utvalopayor apavAdaH. pacAni. paThAni.
When loT is replaced with one of
Tita works on them and makes
and then this rule replaces them with
tAm'''' AtAm'''' AthAm'''' jhAm''''
Of course, jhontaH and its two exceptions will change the jhAm'''' into antAm'''' or atAm''''.
Back to
Examples --
Back to
Looks like saying "replace
It is not useless; it is an exception to Tita, that would have made dhve'''.
Can you please show the literal translation of the rule?
Don't open that can of worms. Very ugly wording. Just believe that it boils down to "
When loT is replaced with the six first person tiG affixes --
then the rules merni loTolaGvat eta::ai replace them with
and then this rule adds an
Ani''' Ava''' Ama''' ai''' Avahai''' Amahai'''
all of which have
The forms made with these affixes mean "let me" or "let us". They are seldom used, because the "let's" sense is usually conveyed by the laT. You will find both laT and loT in the epics in this sense --
Back to
So iT' vahi mahi first turn into e''' vahe''' mahe''' by Tita, then into
Don't worry much about these forms -- if you ever think you need to use one, use the laT or the liG instead, works fine.