kartari kRt ONPANINI 34067
kRt affixes mean the doer.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 381

This rule uses the word kartari "means the doer" in two slightly different senses --

First sense. A kRt affix, such as for instance kvin or tRc, will mean the doer of the action it is attached to, unless some rule says otherwise. Therefore yuj + kvin means "a joiner", and so does yuj + tRc. But yuj + tumun does not mean "a joiner", because rule tumunNvulau says otherwise.

Second sense. The affixes that make verblikes, such as ktavatu, will mean the doer. But the kRtya do not mean the doer, because rule tayoreva says otherwise.

laH karmaNi ca bhAve c%AkarmakebhyaH ONPANINI 34069
Tenses mean the object too. After objectless, they mean nothing too.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 382

We are trickling "means the doer". So this rule teaches that --

tense replacers, after an objectful root, may mean the doer or mean the object. Choose freely.

tense replacers, after an objectless root, may mean the doer or mean nothing. Choose freely.

Example after kSip "shoot", an objectful root --

Suppose we want to say "the two brothers shoot arrows", with root kSip and tense laT.

Here the doer is "the two brothers", third person dual, and the object is "arrows", third person plural.

Rule lasya says that in kSip + laT, we must replace the laT affix with some tiG affix. But, which one?

This rule says that we have two choices. Either we use a tiG that represents the doer, or a tiG that represents the object.

(option 1, represent the doer) As the doer is third person dual, our tiG must be third person, and dual. So it will be either tas or AtAm. It will be flat because root kSip usually takes flat affixes. So it must be the affix tas.

kSip + kartari laT tas → kSip + za + tas → kSipatas "both shoot"

and we say

bhrAtarau zarAn kSipataH "the two brothers shoot arrows"

(option 2, represent the object) Our object is third person plural, so we need a third person plural tiG. That means it will be either jhi or jha. But because of rule bhAvakarmaNoH, it must be jha. So --

kSip + karmaNi laT jha → kSip + yak + jha → kSipya + ante''' → kSipyante "they are shot"

and we say

bhrAtRbhyaM zarAH kSipyante "the two brothers shoot arrows"

Now with an objectless root (like As "sit" or svap "sleep", that never take any object), we have an option between choosing an affix that means the doer, like here --

As + kartari laG jha → As + ata''' → Asata "they sat"

As in --

Asata kaTe biDalAH "cats sat on mat"

or an affix that means nothing, namely ta --

As + bhAve laG ta → As + ta → As + yak + ta → Asyata "sitting happened"

As in --

Asyata kaTe biDalaiH "cats sat on mat"

KAZIKA lakArAH karmaNi kArake bhavanti, cakArAt kartari ca akarmakebhyo dhAtubhyo bhAve bhavanti, punaz cakArAt kartari ca. gamyate grAmo devadattena. gacchati grAmaM devadattaH. akarmakebhyaH Asyate devadattena. Aste devadattaH. sakarmakebhyo bhAve na bhavanti.

NOTE In the examples above, biDAlais and bhrAtRbhyAm got third, and zarAn got second. That's because of rules kartRkara and karmaNidvi.

tayor eva kRtya;kta;khal-arthAH ONPANINI 34070
kRtya kta khalartha only ( mean the object or mean nothing).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 383

The kRtya kta khal-artha nounbases never mean the doer of their root. So if the root is objectful, these mean the object, an if it is objectless, they mean nothing.

Examples.

(1) We add kta after kR, getting kRta-. Because of rule niSThA, this means that an action of making happened in the past. Because of this rule, the nounbase kRta- gets the gender, number and case from its object (whatever was made), and not from the maker --

tvayA kaTaH kRtaz cAruH "you made a pretty mat, a pretty mat was made by you"

(tvayA got third from kartRkaraNa because kRtas does not mean the doer)

(kaTas did not get the second from karmaNidvi because kRtas means the object)

(2) Joining the root kR "make" and the kRtya affix, tavya, we get kartavya-. Because of this rule, here the nounbase kartavya- copied the gender, number and case of kaTau, the object of kR --

kartavyau bhavatA kaTau "two mats must be made by you, you must make two mats"

KAZIKA tayor eva bhAva-karmaNoH kRtya-saMjJAkAH kta-khalarthAz ca pratyayA$ bhavanti. evakAraH kartur apakarzaN%ArthaH. kRtyAH karmaNi kartavyaH kaTo bhavatA. bhoktavya odano bhavatA. bhAve AsitavyaM bhavatA. zayitavyaM bhavatA. ktaH karmaNi kRtaH kaTo bhavatA. bhukta odano bhavatA. bhAve AsitaM bhavatA. zayitaM bhavatA. khalarthAH karmaNi ISatkaraH kaTo bhavatA. sukaraH. duSkaraH. bhAve ISadADhyaMbhavaM bhavatA. svADhyaMbhavaM bhavatA. bhAvo cAkramakebhyaH ityanuvRtteH sakarmakebhyo bhAve na bhavanti.

This rule always applies to the words formed with kRtya affixes and khalartha affixes. However, after certain roots, some kta enders can mean the doer sometimes, by the optional exceptions AdikarmaNi, gatyarthA. Example -- zliSTas can mean either "he was hugged" by this rule, or "he hugged" by gatyarthA.

Adi-karmaNi ktaH kartari ca ONPANINI 34071
When meaning initial action, kta optionally means the doer.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 384

Usually, kta-enders do not mean the doer, by tayoreva above. So we may say ---

prakRtaH kaTo devadattena "John started to make a mat"

But according to this optional exception, we may also say make prakRta- mean the doer --

prakRtaH kaTam devadattaH "John started to make a mat"

Example with an objectless, pra + svap "start to sleep" --

prasuptamM mayA "I fell asleep"

prasupto 'ham "I fell asleep"

KAZIKA AdikarmaNi yaH kto vihitaH sa kartari bhavati. cakArAd yathAprAptaM bhAvakarmaNoH. AdibhUtaH kriyAkSaNa Adikarma, tasminnAdikarmaNi bhUtatvena vivakSite yaH kto vihitaH, tasya ayam arthanirdezaH. prakRtaH kaTaM devadattaH, prakRtaH kaTo devadattena, prakRtam devadattena. prabhukta odanaM devadattaH, prabhukta odano devadattena, prabhuktaM devadattena.

gaty-arth%Akarmaka-zliSa;zIG;sthA;''sa;vasa;jana;ruha;jIryatibhyaz ca ONPANINI 34072
After movement, objectless, zliS, zIG, sthA, As, vas', jan, ruh, jR ( kta optionally means the doer).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 385

After these roots, kta may mean the doer or not.

Example with a gati (movement root). A gati is any root that has gatau written after it in the dhAtupATha. Like plu pluG gatau 01.1112, and gam gamL gatau. So, according to the previous rule, anugata- cannot mean the doer and we can only say --

sItayA 'nugato rAmaH "sItA followed rAma"

But this rule says that anugata- can mean the doer too --

sItA 'py anugatA rAmam "sItA too followed rAma"

Example with objectless glai + kta "weary" --

glAno bhavAn

glAnamM bhavatA

Examples with zliS "hug" --

upazliSTo gurumM bhavAn "you hugged the teacher"

upazliSTo gurur bhavatA "you hugged the teacher"

This root can be objectless too, so we can use it bhAve --

upazliSTamM bhavatA "you did some hugging"

As is not objectful, but upa + As "sit near" is. So we say usually --

upAsito gurur sItayA "sItA sat near the teacher"

But when this rule works --

upAsitA guruM sItA "sItA sat near the teacher"

KAZIKA gatyarthabhyo dhAtubhyo 'karmakebhya zliSAdibhyazca yaH ktaH, sa kartari bhavati. cakArAd yathAprAptaM ca bhAvakarmaNoH. gato devadatto grAmam, gato devadattena grAman, gato devadattena grAmaH, gataM devadattena. akarmakebhyaH glAno bhavAn, glAnaM bhavatA. Asito bhavAn, AsitaM bhavatA. zliSa upazliSTo guruM bhavAn, upazliSTo gururbhavatA, upazliSTaM bhavatA. zIG upazayito guruM bhavAn, upazayito gururbhavatA, upazayitaM bhavatA. sthA upasthito guruM bhavAn, upasthito gururbhavatA, upasthitaM bhavatA. Asa upAsito guruM bhavAn, upAsito gururbhavatA, upAsitaM bhavatA. vasa anUSito guruM bhavAn, anUSito gururbhavatA, anUSitaM bhavatA. jana anujAto mANavako mANa vikAm, anujAtA mANavakena mANavikA, anujAtaM mANavakena. ruha ArUDho vRkSaM bhavAn, ArUDho vRkSo bhavatA, ArUDhaM bhavatA. jIryati anujIrNo vRSalIM devadattaH, anujIrNA vRpalI devadattena, anujIrNaM devadattena. zliSAdayaH sopasargAH sakarmakA bhavanti, tadartham eSAm upAdAnam.

lasya ONPANINI 34077
tense to tiG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 388

In more detail --

"after adding a tense to a root, we must always replace the tense with a tiG".

Example.

To mean "you throw", in a sentence like "you throw stones", we may join kSip + laT, because rule vartamAnelaT says so.

Now, because of this rule, we must inmediately replace laT with one of the eighteen tiG. Because of other rules ( laHkarmaNi and many others), in this case we can use either sip or jha as replacement.

If we choose sip --

kSip + laT kSip + kartari sip → kSip + za + sip → kSipasi "you throw"

and our sentence will be

zilAH kSipasi "you throw stones"

But if we choose jha --

kSip + laT kSip + karmaNi jha → kSip + yak + jha → kSip + ya + ante''' → kSipyante "they are being thrown"

and our sentence will be

zilAH kSipyante tvayA "you throw stones, stones are thrown by you"

KAZIKA lasya tib-Adya AdezA bhavanti. tipsipmipAM pakAraH svarArthaH. iTaSTakAraH iTod iti vizeSaNArthaH, tibAdibhirAdezais tulyatvAn na dezavidhyarthaH. mahiGo GakAraH tiGiti pratyAhAragrahaNArthaH. pacati, pacataH, pacanti. pacasi, pacathaH, pacatha. pacAmi, pacAvaH, pacAmaH. pacate, pacete, pacante. pacase, pacethe, pacadhve. pace, pacAvahe, pacAmahe. evam anyeSvapi lakareSu udAhAryam.

These are some of the rules that teach which ones of the eighteen tiG affixes will replace a tense. Do not read all in one sitting, lest your head should fall off --

laHkarmaNi

dvyeka

tiGastrINi

tAnyeka

anudAttaGi

bhAvakarmaNoH.

Most of the time, two of the tiG affixes are allowed, because rule laHkarmaNi allows us to choose freely between two options, and once we have made that choice, usually all the other rules work automatically with no more options allowed. There are exceptions to that; for instance, after the root plu or other bendy roots, only one tiG is allowed.

VERY IMPORTANT WARNING. This rule works every single time we make a verb. This is why, instead of typing --

kSip + laT →lasya kSip + kartari sip → kSip + za + sip → kSipasi "you throw"

, like I did above, I will sometimes type --

kSip + laT sip → kSip + za + sip → kSipasi "you throw"

, in order to save space. This "kSip + laT sip" thingie means that first we add laT after the root kSip, and then we replace laT with sip by rule lasya . This laT sip NEVER EVER means that we first add laT and then add sip after it. laT or other tenses never get anything added after them, they are always replaced with something else. No exceptions.

tip;tas;jhi sip;thas;tha mib;vas;mas tAtAJ;jha thAs;AthAn;dhvam iD;vahi;mahiG ONPANINI 34078
tiG are tiptasjhi sipthastha mibvasmas tAtAJjha thAsAthAndhvam iDvahimahiG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 389 tiG

LISTENTO https://youtu.be/hgufLwRkIuA?t=4166

The tiG are eighteen affixes divided in six groups of three.

They always replace a tense.

See also:

tiGastrINi,

tAnyeka,

flat,

bent.

KAZIKA lasya tibAdya AdezA bhavanti. tipsipmipAM pakAraH svarArthaH. iTaSTakAraH iTo 'd iti vizeSaNArthaH, tibAdibhirAdezais tulyatvAn na dezavidhyarthaH. mahiGo GakAraH tiGiti pratyAhAragrahaNArthaH. pacati, pacataH, pacanti. pacasi, pacathaH, pacatha. pacAmi, pacAvaH, pacAmaH. pacate, pacete, pacante. pacase, pacethe, pacadhve. pace, pacAvahe, pacAmahe. evam anyeSvapi lakareSu udAhAryam.

The last affix is mahi, not mahiG. This G is added at the end of the whole list so that, by rule Adirantyena, the term tiG will mean "the affixes from tip to mahi", and taG will mean "affixes from ta to mahi". See Adirantyena and taG;AnAv Atmanepadam.

Also, the T in the iT' affix is just a tellaparter. It does not trigger Tita.

Tita:: AtmanepadAnAM Ter e ONPANINI 34079
tail of Tit bent to e.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 390

Example. When in plu + laT dhvam, the dhvam is a bent tiG replaces laT, a Tit tense. The tail of dhvam is am. Replacing the tail with e makes dhvam become dhve --

plu + laT → plu + dhvam → plava + dhvam plava + dhve''' → plavadhve "y'all jump"

This rule replaces eight of the nine bent tiG , and the next rule thAsasse replaces the ninth. So, in Tit tenses, the bent turn into --

te''' Ate''' jhe'''

se''' Athe''' dhve'''

e''' vahe''' mahe'''

Of course, jhe''' will turn into ante''' or ate''', by jhontaH or its exceptions.

KAZIKA Tito lakArasya sthAne yAnyAtmanepadAni teSAm TeH ekArA'dezo bhavati. tathA ca eva udAhRtam. iha kasmAn na bhavati pacamAnaH, yajamAnaH? prakRtais tibAdibhiH AtmanepadAni vizeSyante.

thAsaH se ONPANINI 34080
Replace thAs with se''' (in the Tit tenses).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 391

Exception to Tita.

Examples --

plava + laT thAs plava + se''' → plavase "you jump"

plava + loT thAs plava + se''' →savAbhyAMvAmau plava + sva''' → plavasva "jump!"

This se''' is one of the laT replacements and of the liT replacements , and appears in the list of luT replacements as tAse.

KAZIKA TitaH ityeva. Tito lakArasya yaH thAs tasya sezabda Adezo bhavati. pacase. peciSe. paktAse. pakSyase.

liTas ta;jhayor ez;irec ONPANINI 34081
liT's ta jha to e(z) ire(c).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 392

Replace liT ta with e(z) --

kR + liT ta kR + ez → cakR + e →ikoyaNaci cakre "he made; it was made"

Replace liT jha with ire(c) --

kR + liT jha kR + irec → cakR + ire →ikoyaNaci cakrire "they made; they were made"

The other seven bent liT just get Tita or thAsasse, same as the laT --

kR + liT AtAm →Tita kR + Ate''' → cakR + Ate →ikoyaNaci cakrAte "both made; both were made"

KAZIKA liDAdezayoH tajhayoH yathAsaGkhyam ezirecityetAvAdezau bhavataH. zakAraH sarvAdezArthaH. cakAraH svarArthaH. pece, pecAte, pecire. lebhe, lebhAte, lebhire.

For the flats, see Nalatusus below.

parasmaipadAnAM Nal;atus;us; thal;athus;a; Nal;va;mAH ONPANINI 34082
Flat ( liT) to Nalatusus thalathusa Nalvama.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 393

When the nine flat tiG --

tip tas jhi

sip thas tha

mip vas mas

replace liT, they turn into --

(N)a(l) atus us

tha(l) athus a

(N)a(l) va ma.

The l labels trigger liti and the N labels acoJNiti or ata_upa.

Examples:

kR + liT tip kR + Nal →acoJNiti kAr + Nal →liTidhA kA + kAr + Nal →hrasvaH ka + kAr + Nal →kuhozcuH cakAra "he made"

kR + liT tas kR + atus → cakR + atus →ikoyaNaci cakratus "both made"

kR + liT jhi kR + us → cakR + us →ikoyaNaci cakrus "they made"

KAZIKA liTaH ity eva. liD-AdezAnAM parasmaipada-saMjJAkAnAM yathA-saGkhyaM tib-AdInAM Nal-Adayo nava AdezA bhavanti. lakAraH svar%ArthaH. NakAro vRddhy-arthaH. papAca, pecatuH, pecuH. pecitha, papaktha, pecathuH, peca. papAca, papaca, peciva, pecima.

For the bent replacers of liT, see liTas ta;jhayor ez;irec above.

vido laTo vA ONPANINI 34083
After vid, optionally laT to ( Nalatusus etc).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 394

After the root vid that means "know, get to know" we may replace flat laT affixes with the Nalatusus etc affixes mentioned in the previous rule --

vid + laT → vid + tip vid + Nal →puganta veda "knows"

vid + laT mip vid + Nal →puganta veda "I know"

vid + laT tas vidatus "both know"

vid + laT jhi vidus "they know"

vid + laT sip vid + thal →puganta vedtha →kharica vettha "you know"

If we don't take this option --

vid + laT tip →puganta vedti →kharica vetti "knows"

vittas "both know"

vidanti "they know"

KAZIKA parasmaipadAnAm ityeva. vida jJAne, asmAd dhAtoH pareSAM laDAdezAnAM parasmaipadAnAM NalAdayo nava vikalpena AdezA bhavanti. veda, vidatuH, viduH. vettha, vidathuH, vida. veda, vidva, vidma. na ca bhavati. vetti, vittaH, vidanti. vetsi, vitthaH, vittha. vedmi, vidvaH, vidmaH.

In the examples veda etc above rule liTidhA did not work. That one only works before affixes that replaced liT, and this Nal replaced laT. When the Nal replaces liT, liTidhA works normally --

vid + liT → vid + tip → tip →Nalatusus vid + Nal →liTidhA viveda "he knew"

Unless of course we apply the optional rule uSavida --

vid + liT tip →uSavida vidAJcakAra "he knew"

bruvaH paJcAnAm Adita$ Aho bruvaH ONPANINI 34084
brU to Ah optionally before the first five.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 395

The first five are Nalatusus thal athus, the first five affixes of the nine mentioned in the previous rule.

This rule boils down to saying that we may, if we like, replace bravIti brUtaH bruvanti bravISi brUThas with --

Aha "says"

Ahatus "they two say"

Ahus "they say"

Attha "you say"

Ahathus "you2 say"

respectively.

This Ah is not a true root; it is just a replacement of brU root that is only used to make these five words.

If we take pANini seriously, we are trickling laT from the previous rule, so those five words can only mean the present and not the past. Yet, ignore that. They have been used to mean the present or the past since forever. For instance in the bhg we can hear --

hRSIkezanM tadA vAkyam idam Aha mahIpate "then kRSNa said"

KAZIKA parasmaipadAnAm ity eva, laTo vA iti ca. bruvaH parasya laTaH parasmaipadAnAM paJcAnAma adibhUtAnAM paJcaiva NalAdaya AdezA bhavanti, tat-sanniyogena ca bruva Aha-zabda Adezo bhavati. Aha, AhatuH, AhuH. Attha, AhathuH. na ca bhavati. bravIti, brUtaH, bruvanti. bravISi, brUthaH. paJcAnAm iti kim? brUtha. bravImi, brUvaH, brUmaH. AditaH iti kim? pareSAM mA bhUt. bruvaH iti punar vacanaM sthAnyartham, parasmaipadAnAm eva hi syAt.

For the formation of Attha, see Ahas thaH.

loTo laGvat ONPANINI 34085
Replace loT as if it were laG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 396

After loT is replaced with one of these five --

tas thas tha vas mas

the rules that replace laG (namely tasthastha, nityaGGitaH) work on them, and turn them into --

tAm''' tam''' ta''' va''' ma'''

and then ADutta will turn the last two into Ava''' Ama'''.

Examples --

gaccha + loT tas gaccha + tAm''' → gacchatAm "let both go"

gaccha + loT thas gaccha + tam''' → gacchatam "go! (the two of you)"

gaccha + loT tha gaccha + ta''' → gacchata "go! (y'all)"

gaccha + loT vas gaccha + va''' →ADutta gaccha + Ava''' → gacchAva "let's go (the two of us)"

gaccha + loT mas gaccha + ma''' →ADutta gaccha + Ama''' → gacchAma "let's go"

Notice that the rule says " loT replacers work LIKE laG replacers", but it does NOT replace loT with laG. The substitutes are still loT, and that's why we got no luGlaG in the above examples.

This rule does not work on the other thirteen loT replacers because of the exceptions merniH serhyapicca savAbhyAM vAmau eruH eta::ai AmetaH.

KAZIKA atidezo 'yam. loTo laGvat kAryaM bhavati. tAmAdayaH, salopazca. pacatAm. pacatam. pacata. pacAva. pacAma. aDATau kasmAn na bhavataH, tathA jher jusAdezaH laGaH zAkaTAyanasya eva 34111 iti vAntu, yAntu ityato vAgrahaNam anuvartate, sA ca vyavasthitavibhASA bhaviSyati.

To mean "let's go", you may always use the laT forms, gacchAvas and gacchAmas. This is allowed by vartamAnasAmIpye.

er uH ONPANINI 34086
replace i with u in loT replacersmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 397

This rule turns tip jhi into tu''' jhu''' in the loT. The jhu''' will turn into antu''' or atu''' by jhontaH ff.

Examples:

bhU + loT tip bhU + tu''' → bhava + tu → bhavatu "may he be"

as in sukhI bhavatu "may he be happy"

bhU + loT jhi bhU + jhu''' → bhava + jhu →jhontaH bhavantu "may they be"

as in sarve bhavantu sukhinaH "may all be happy"

dviS + loT tip dviS + tu''' →puganta dveStu →STunA dveSTu "may he hate"

dviS + loT jhi dviS + jhu →jhontaH dviSantu "may they hate"

This rule does not work on sip (see hi''') nor on mip (see Ani''').

See also loT replacements .

KAZIKA loTaH ity eva. loD-AdezAnAm ikArasya ukAr'-Adezo bhavati. pacatu. pacantu. hinyorutva-pratiSedho vaktavyaH. na vA uccAraNa-sAmarthyAt. atha vA vA iti vartate, sA ca vyavazita-vibhASA.

ser hy apic ca ONPANINI 34087
( loT) sip to apit hi'''.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 398

Exception to eruH. The sip that replaces loT must be replaced with a hi that has no p label. Example --

brU + loT sip brU + hi''' → brUhi "tell!"

This hi''' has no p label because the rule says it doesn't; otherwise it would have inherited the p of sip.

hi''' being apit, rule hard apit is Git works on it, and it has label G.

This G explains why rule hardsoft did not work on brU before hi(G).

The hi''' will disappear, or turn into dhi, when rules atoheH utazca hujha say so.

Back to loT replacements .

KAZIKA loTaH ity eva. loD Adezasya ser hi ityayam Adezo bhavati, apic ca bhavati. sthAnivadbhAvAt pittvaM prAptaM pratiSidhyate. lunIhi. punIhi. rAdhnuhi. takSNuhi.

mer niH ONPANINI 34089
( loT) mip to ni.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 399

After this rule replaces loT mip with ni, this ni always turns into Ani''' (which is a pit affix) by ADutta --

loT mip ni →ADutta Ani(p)

This Ani''' affix means "let me" or "I shall" --

Example --

kR + loT mip kR + Ani''' → kR + u + Ani →hardsoft kar + u + Ani →hardsoft karo + Ani →ecoya karavAni →Natvam karavANi "i shall do"

As in --

bhagavan svAgatanM te 'stu kim ahaGM karavANi te "welcome, your holiness! what shall I do for you?"

This Ani''' is rarely used, as the sense of "let me" is usually conveyed by the laT --

bhagavan kiGM karomi te "what do I do for you?, what can I do for you?"

KAZIKA loTaH ityeva. loDAdezasya meH niH Adezo bhavati. utvalopayor apavAdaH. pacAni. paThAni.

Am etaH ONPANINI 34090
e (of the loT) to Am.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 400

When loT is replaced with one of --

ta AtAm AthAm jha

rule Tita works on them and makes --

te''' Ate''' Athe''' jhe'''

and then this Am etaH rule replaces that e with Am --

tAm'''' AtAm'''' AthAm'''' jhAm''''

After this, rule jhontaH and its two exceptions will change the jhAm'''' into antAm'''' or atAm''''.

Example --

plu + zap + loT jha → plava + jha →Tita plava + jhe plava + jhAm →jhontaH plava + antAm'''' →atoguNe plavantAm "let them jump, make them jump"

Back to loT replacements .

KAZIKA loTaH ityeva. loT sambadhinaH ekArasya Am ityayam Adezo bhavati. pacatAm, pacetAm, pacantAm.

sa;vAbhyAM v';.Amau ONPANINI 34091
(In the loT,) thAs dhvam to sva''' dhvam''''.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 401

Examples --

yudh + loT thAs → yudh + zyan + thAs yudhya + sva''' → yudhyasva "fight!"

yudh + loT dhvam → yudh + zyan + dhvam yudhya + dhvam'''' → yudhyadhvam "fight! (y'all)"

Back to loT replacements .

KAZIKA loTa ityeva. sakAravakArAbhyAm uttarasya loTsambandhina ekArasya yathAsaGkhyaM va am ityetAvAdezau bhavataH. Amo'pavAdaH. pacasva. pacadhvam.

The "replace dvam with dhvam" in the rule appears to be useless at first sight. But if it wweren't there, then Tita would work.

AD uttamasya pic ca ONPANINI 34092
first person loT gets AT and becomes pit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 402

When loT is replaced with the six first person tiG affixes --

mip vas mas iT' vahi mahi

then the rules merni loTolaGvat eta::ai replace them with

ni va''' ma''' ai vahai mahai

and then this rule adds an A in front of them and makes them pit. So we get --

Ani''' Ava''' Ama''' ai''' Avahai''' Amahai'''

all of which have p label. The p label stops rule hard apit is Git , so that none of these have label G.

The forms made with these affixes mean "let me" or "let us". They are seldom used, because the "let's" sense is usually conveyed by the laT. You will find both laT and loT in the epics in this sense --

te vayanM tatra gacchAmaH praSTuGM kurupitAmaham | praNamya zirasA cainamM mantramM pRcchAma mAdhava || "we go ask Grampa, let's ask him humbly for advice"

Back to loT replacements .

eta:: ai ONPANINI 34093
e (of the first person loT) to ai.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 403

So iT' vahi mahi first turn into e''' vahe''' mahe''' by Tita, then into ai vahai mahai by this rule, and then get AT by the previous rule, making ai''', Avahai''', Amahai''', which are pit --

edh + loT iT' → edh + e''' edh + ai →ADutta edh + ai''' → edhai "let me increase"

edh + loT vahi → edh + vahe''' edh + vahai →ADutta edh + Avahai''' → edhAvahai "let the two of us increase"

edh + loT mahi → edh + mahe''' edh + mahai →ADutta edh + Amahai''' → edhAmahai "let us increase"

Don't worry much about these forms -- if you ever think you need to use one, use the laT or the liG instead, works fine.