mRjer vRddhiH ONPANINI 72114
mRj to vRddhi before root affix.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 853

Exception to puganta, that would have made marj.

This mRj is the root mRj(U) 02.0061 "cleanse". This rule replaces mRj with mArj (because of ikoguNavRddhI and other rules). So we say --

mRj + laT tip mArj + tip →vrazca mArSTi "cleanses"

mRj + Nyat →cajoHku mRg + ya mArgya- "to be cleansed"

mRj + tumun mArj + tum mArSTum "to cleanse"

mRj + tavya mArSTavya- "must be cleansed"

As this is one of the rules that replaces with vRddhi, rule kGitica will stop it. So before kta, which is a kit affix, we say --

mRj + kta mRSTa- "was cleansed"

Why do I say "before root affix"? Because this rule won't work when the rootnoun mRj is before nounbase affixes, as svarUpagrahaNe prevents that.

KAZIKA vibhaktau iti nivRttam. mRjer aGgasya iko vRddhir bhavati. mArSTA. mArSTum. mArSTavyam. mRjer iti dhAtu-grahaNam idam, dhAtoz ca kAryam ucyamAnaM dhAtu-pratyaya eva veditavyam ( svarUpagrahaNe). tena kiMsa-parimRDbhyAM, kaMsa-parimRDbhir ity atra na bhavati.

aco J;Niti ONPANINI 72115
vowel to ( vRddhi) before JNit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 854

The JNit affixes replace the last vowel of their stem with vRddhi.

Examples of roots getting vRddhi before Nic ciN Nal Nyat --

nI + Nic + laT nai + Nic + laT nAyayati "makes someone lead"

zIG + luT ta azI + ciN + ta azai + ciN + ta →ecoya azAy + i + ta →ciNoluk azAyi "sleep happened"

nI + Nal nai + Nal →liTidhA nai + nai + Nal →hrasvaH ni + nai + a →ecoya ninAya "led"

lU + Nyat lau + ya →vAntoyi lAvya- "reapable"

Examples of nounbases getting vRddhi before a sup that became Nit --

sakhi- + jas →sakhyura sakhi- + jasN sakhai + as →ecoya sakhAyas "friends"

go- + su →gotoNit go- + suN gaus "cow"

This rule won't work before a JNit taddhita (such as aN), because of exception taddhiteSva below.

See ata_upa next.

KAZIKA ajantasya aGgasya Jiti Niti ca pratyaye vRddhir bhavati. Jiti ekastaNDulanizcAyaH. dvau zUrpaniSpAvau. kAraH. hAraH. Niti gauH, gAvau, gAvaH. sakhAyau, sakhAyaH. jaitram. yautram. cyautnaH. jayater yautezca uNAdayo bahulam 33001 iti STran pratyayaH. cyavaterapi tnaN.

ata:: upadhAyAH ONPANINI 72116
nexttolast a to ( vRddhi before JNit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 855

Example with the kRt affix (N)i(c) --

vad + Nic vAd + Nic → vAdi "make something sound"

as in

vAdi + laT tip → vAdi + zap + tip vAdayati "he plays (a musical instrument)"

Example with the tiG affix (N)a(l) --

pac + liT tip → pac + Nal pAc + a →liTidhA papAca "he cooked"

Example with a sup affix --

go- + su →gotoNit go + s(uN) gaus "cow"

See also exception nodAttopadezasya.

KAZIKA aGgopadhAyA akArasya sthAne Jiti Niti ca pratyaye vRddhir bhavati. pAkaH. tyAgaH. yAgaH. pAcayati. pAcakaH. pAThayati. pAThakaH. ataH iti kim? bhedayati. bhedakaH. upadhAyAH iti kim? cakAsayati takSakaH.

taddhiteSv acAm AdeH ONPANINI 72117
Before ( JNit) taddhita, first of the vowels to ( vRddhi).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 856

Exception to acoJNiti and ata_upa. The FIRST of the vowels of whatever a JNit taddhita is added to, must be replaced with vRddhi.

Example. iJ is a taddhita and is Jit. So when we add it to dazaratha- we get --

apatyanM dazarathasya → dazaratha- + iJ dAzaratha- + iJ →yasyetica dAzarathi- "son of dazaratha"

Example before aN --

ziva- + aN → zaiva- "relating or belonging or sacred to the god ziva"

KAZIKA taddhite Jiti Niti ca pratyaye parato 'Ggasya acAm AdeH acaH sthAne vRddhir bhavati. gArgyaH. vAtsyaH. dAkSiH. plAkSiH. Niti aupagavaH. kApaTavaH. tvASTraH, jAgataH ity atra acAm Ader vRddhir antyopadhA-lakSaNAM vRddhiM bAdhate.

kiti ca ONPANINI 72118
(Replace the first vowel of the stem with vRddhi) before a kit ( taddhita).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 857

Example with Thak --

aksAs "dice" + Thak →ThasyekaH aksAs "dice" + ikak →supodhA akSa + ikak AkSa + ika →yasyetica AkSika- "gambler"

This won't work on what starts with vi before vowel, like vyAkAraNa-. See nayvA below.

KAZIKA kiti ca taddhite parato 'GgasyAcAm AdeH acaH sthAne vRddhir bhavati. naDAdibhyaH phak nADAyanaH. cArAyaNaH prAg vahateS Thag AkSikaH. zAlAkikaH. iti yAM vRttau saptamAdhyAyasya dvitIyaH pAdaH. saptamAdhyAyasya tRtIyaH pAdaH.

Careful. Only the k label of a taddhita has this effect. The k label of a root affix triggers kGitica, and the k of an augment makes Adyantau work, but they cause no vRddhi of the first vowel. The k gets to do several jobs because pANini ran out of letters that can be used as labels.

na y;vAbhyAM padAntAbhyAM pUrvau tu tAbhyAm aic ONPANINI 73003
But if there is a wordfinal y v before that first vowel, add ai au before the y v instead.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 858

According to taddhiteSva and kitica, we must replace with vRddhi the first vowel of the stem of a Jit Nit kit taddhita.

But this exception says that when the stem is a compound, and the first vowel of the compound follows a wordfinal y v, we do not replace the vowel with vRddhi, and we add ai au before the y v.

Examples with the compounds vyAkaraNa- "grammar" (from vi + AkaraNa) and svazva- ( pn, from su' + azva-) before aN, which is a Nit taddhita --

vyAkAraNa- + aN vaiy + AkaraNa + aN →yasyetica vaiyAkaraNa- "grammarian"

svazva- + aN sauv + azva + aN →yasyetica sauvazva- "son of svazva"

KAZIKA yakAra-vakArAbhyAm uttarasya acAm AdeH acaH sthAne vRddhir na bhavati, tAbhyAM tu yakAra-vakArAbhyAM pUrvam aij-Agamau bhavataH Jiti, Niti, kiti ca taddhite parataH. yakArAtaikAraH, vakArAtaukAraH. vyasane bhavam vaiyasanam. vyAkaraNam adhIte vaiyAkaraNaH. svazvasya apatyaM sauvazvaH. yvAbhyAm iti kim? nrarthasya apatyam nrArthiH. padAntAbhyAm iti kim? yaSTiH praharaNam asya yASTIkaH yataH chAtrAH yAtAH. pratiSedhavacanam aicor viSaya pra-kLpty-artham. iha mA bhUt, dAdhyazviH, mAdhvazviH iti. nahyatra yvAbhyAm uttarasya vRddhiprasaGgo 'sti. vRddher abhAvAt pratiSedho 'pi na asti ity aprasaGgaH. uttarapada-vRddher apy ayaM pratiSedha iSyate. pUrvatryalinde bhavaH pUrvatraiyalindaH. yatra tu uttarapadasambandhI yaN na bhavati tatra na iSyate pratiSedhaH. dve azItI bhRto bhUto bhAvI vA dvyAzItikaH.

hanas to '-ciN;NaloH ONPANINI 73032
han to ghat before (a JNit) that is not ciN nor Nal.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 860

Actually this rule just replaces han with hat, but hohanter will always work, so hat becomes ghat. Examples --

han + Nic + tip hat + Nic + ti →hohante ghat + Nic + ti →ata_upa ghAt + i + ti →kartarizap ghAti + zap + tip →hardsoft ghAte + tip →ecoya ghAtayati "makes (them) kill"

han + Nvul hat + Nvul →hohante ghat + Nvul →yuvoranAkau ghat + (N)aka(l) →ata_upa ghAtaka- "killer"

Before ciN or Nal this rule does not work, but hohante still works --

han + karmaNi luG ta han + ciN →hohante ghan + ciN aghAni "was killed"

han + liT tip → han + Nal →hohante ghan + Nal jaghAna "he killed"

KAZIKA taddhiteSu iti nivRttam, tatsambaddhaM kiti ityapi. JNiti iti vartate. hanaH takArodezo bhavati Jiti, Niti pratyaye parataH ciNNalau varjayitvA. ghAtayati. ghAtakaH. sAdhughAtI. ghAtaMghAtam. ghAto vartate. aciNNaloH iti kim? aghAni. jaghAna. dhAto kAryam ucyamAnaM dhAtoH pratyaye vijJAyate. iha na bhavati, vArtraghnam itarat iti.

This rule won't work before JNit taddhita affixes, as in vRtrahan- + aN. Because rules that mention root affixes explicitly, here ciN and Nal, don't work before noun affixes. So a son of indra is vArtraghna-.

vRtrahan- + aN →taddhiteSva vArtrahan + aN →gamahana vArtrahna →hohante vArtraghna- "son of indra; son of a soldier"

This ghn did not get Natvam from ekAju because ghn is not an ekAc.

Ato yuk ciN-kRtoH ONPANINI 73033
A-enders get y(uk) before ciN and ( JNit) kRt.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 861

Example with ciN --

dA + ciN + ta →luGlaG adA + i + ta →ciNoluk adA + i adAyi "it was given"

Examples with Nvul and Na, which are JNit kRt --

dA + Nvul →yuvoranAkau dA + (N)aka(l) dAyaka- "giver"

dA + Na dAya- "inheritance"

KAZIKA AkArAntasya aGgasya ciNi kRti JNiti yugAgamo bhavati. adAyi. adhAyi. kRti dAyaH. dAyakaH. dhAyaH. dhAyakaH. ciNkRtoH iti kim? dadau. dadhau. cauDiH, bAlAkiH, bAhvAditvAtiJ. jJA devatA asya jJaH.

n/odAtt%opadezasya mAntasy/An-AcameH ONPANINI 73034
Some am-ender roots do not get ata_upa.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 862

This affects zam cam tam dam and some other roots that end in am, when they are before kRt affixes hat are JNit --

zam + ciN →luGlaG azami

cam + ciN →luGlaG acami

atami

adami

But will not affect some others --

yam + Nvul →ata_upa yAmaka-

and will not affect cam when it follows AG --

AG + cam + ciN →ata_upa A + cAm + i →luGlaG A + acAm + i →akassa AcAmi

KAZIKA nodAttopadezasya mAntasyAn-AcameH 73034. udAtopadezasya mAntasya aGgasya Acamivarjitasya ciNi kRti ca JNiti yaduktaM tan na bhavati. kiM ca uktam? ata upadhAyAH 72116 iti vRddhiH. azami. atami. adami. kRti khalvapi zamakaH. tamakaH. damakaH. zamaH. tamaH. damaH. udAttopadezasya iti kim? yAmakaH. rAmakaH. katham udyamoparamau? aDa udyame, yama uparame iti nipAtanAdanugantavyau. upadezagrahaNam kim? zamI, damI, tamI ityatra yathA syAt, iha mA bhUt, yAmakaH, rAmakaH iti. mAntasya iti kim? cArakaH. pAThakaH. anAcameH iti kim? AcAmakaH. anAcamikamivamInAm iti vaktavyam. AcAmaH. kAmaH. vAmaH. AmaH iti caurAdikasya Nici vRddhau satyAM bhavati. tatra hi mittvaM na asti na anye mito 'hetau iti. sUryavizrAmA bhUmiH ity evam AdikaM prayogamanyAyyam eva manyante. ciN-kRtoH ityeva, zazAma. tatAma.

artti;hrI;vlI;rI;knUyI;kSmAyy..;AtAM puG@ Nau ONPANINI 73036
R hrI vlI rI knUy kSmAy and A-enders get puk before Ni.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 863

Add p after R hrI vlI rI knUy kSmAy and

The A-ender roots such as dA and sthA, as well as R hrI vlI rI knUy kSmAy, get the augment p(uk) when they are before Nic. Examples --

dA + Nic + laT tip dApayati "makes others give, demands"

jJA + Nic + laT tip jJApayati "makes known, reports, informs"

Notice: because of mitAMhrasvaH, we can also say jJapayati.

sthA + Nic + laT tip sthAp + Nic + tip → sthApi + zap + tip →hardsoft sthApe + ati →ecoya sthApayati "makes (it) stop"

kSmAy + Nic + laT tip kSmayp + Ni + tip →lopovyo kSmAp + Ni + tip kSmApayati "makes it shake"

R + Nic + laT tip Rp + i + zap + tip →puganta arpi + zap + tip arpayati "throws"

Rule puganta works on the puk-ender roots hrIp vlIp rIp knUpi, even though their nexttolast ik is long --

hrI + Nic hrIp + i →puganta hrep + i hrepayati "puts to shame"

vlI + Nic vlIp + i →puganta vlep + i vlepayati "makes it fall"

rI + Nic rIp repayati "makes it fall"

knUy + Nic knUypi →lopovyo knUpi →puganta knopi knopayati "wettens"

KAZIKA sarvaM nivRttam, aGgasya iti vartate. arti hrI vlI rI knUyI kSmAyI ity eteSAm aGgAnAm AkArAntAnAM ca pug-Agamo bhavati Nau parataH. arti arpayati. hrI hrepayati. vlI vlepayati. rI repayati. knUyI knopayati. kSmAyI kSmApyati. AkArAntAnAm dApayati. dhApayati. arti iti R gatiprApaNayoH, R gatau iti dvayor api dhAtvor grahaNam. rI ityapi rI gatireSaNayoH, rIG zravaNe iti. pukaH pUrvAntakaraNam adIdapad ity atra upadhA-hrasvo yathA syAd iti.

bhiyo hetu-bhaye Suk ONPANINI 73040
bhI gets S(uk) (before Nic) when meaning frightening.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 864

Example --

bhI + Nic + zap + tip bhIS + i + zap + ti →hardsoft bhISe + ati →ecoya bhISayati "frightens"

There are other words that also mean "frightens", such as bhApayate. This bhISayate is special because it can only be used when the reason for the fear is the doer in itself. For instance, you can use this bhISayati to mean "the lion frightened us", but not to mean "the soldier frightened us with a sword", In the latter case we need to say bhApayete or bhAyayati, because the cause of fear is more the sword than the soldier.

KAZIKA bhI ityetasya hetubhaye 'rthe SugAgamo bhavati Nau parataH. muNDo bhISayate. jaTilo bhISayate. atra api bhI I iti IkAraprazleSaH kRtAtvasya pugnivRttyarthaH. muNDo bhApayate ity evaM hi tatra bhavati. hetubhaye iti kim? kuJcikayA enaM bhAyayati. na atra hetuH prayojako bhayakAraNam, kiM tarhi, kuJcikA.

zader a-gatau taH ONPANINI 73042
zad to t (before Ni) unless meaning movement.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 865

The root zad can mean "fall" or "go". This rule works when zad + Nic means making something fall --

zad + Nic + laT tip →ata_upa zAd + i + tip zAt + i + tip → zAt + i + zap + tip →hardsoft zAte + zap + tip →ecoya zAtayati "he causes to fall"

as in --

puSpANi zAtayati "he makes flowers fall"

but does not work when it means to make something move --

gAzH zAdayati gopAlakaH "the herdsman herds the cattle"

KAZIKA zadeH aGgasya agatau arthe vartamAnasya takArAdezo bhavati Nau parataH. puSpANi zAtayati. agatau iti kim? gAH zAdayati gopAlakaH.

ruhaH po 'nyatarasyAm ONPANINI 73043
ruh to p optionally (before Ni).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 866

Example --

vrIhIn rohayati vrIhIn ropayati "he grows rice plants"

KAZIKA ruheH aGgasya anyatarasyAM pakAr'-Adezo bhavati Nau parataH. vrIhIn ropayati, vrIhIn rohayati.

pratyaya-sthAt kAt pUrvasy' .Ata id Apy a-supaH ONPANINI 73044
a to i before the k of an affix that got Ap, unless after longhorn.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 867

In less words --

" -akA- to -ikA- ".

This affects several affixes that have ka inside, for instance Nvul (a.k.a. (N)aka(l)) --

pac + Nvul f →yuvoranAkau pac + (N)aka(l) →acoJNiti pAcaka →ajAdyataSTAp pAcakA pAcikA- "female cook"

The asupas in the rule stands for "unless after noun". For reasons that are long to explain, this boils down to saying that the longhorn-final affix kap that carries Ap won't trigger this rule. So, there is no ikA- in --

bahu-parivrAja-kA mathurA "there are many parivraja (wandering mendicants) in mathurA"

KAZIKA pratyayasthAt kakArAt pUrvasya akArasya ikArAdezo bhavati Api parataH, sa cedAp supaH paro na bhavati. jaTilikA. muNDikA. kArikA. hArikA. etikAz caranti. pratyaya-grahaNaM kim? zaknoti iti zakA. sthagrahaNam vispaStArtham. kakAramAtraM pratyayo na asti iti sAmarthyAt pratyayasthasya grahaNam zakyate vijJAtum. kAtiti kim? maNDanA. ramaNA. pUrvasya iti kim? parasya mA bhUt, paTukA. mRdukA. ataH iti kim? gokA. naukA. taparakaraNaM kim? rAkA. dhAkA. Api iti kim? kArakaH. dhArakaH. atha Api ityanena kim? viziSyate? kakAraH. yadyevam, kArikA ityatra api na prApnoti, akAreNa vyavahitatvAt? ekAdeze kRte na asti vyavadhAnam. ekAdezaH pUrvavidhau sthAnivadbhavati iti vyavadhAnam eva? vacanAd vyavadhAnamIdRzaM yat sthAnivadbhAvakRtam ekena varNena tadAzrIyate. rathakaTyAdiSu tu zrutikRtam anekena varNena vyavadhAnam iti itvaM na bhavati. asupaH iti kim? bahavaH parivrAjakA asyAM mathurAyAm bahuparivrAjakA mathurA. subantAdayaM bahu-parivrAjaka-zabdAt paraH Apiti pratiSedho bhavati. prasajyapratiSedhazcAyam, na paryudAsaH. paryudAse hi sati samudAyAdasubantAt parataH Apiti itvam atra syAdeva. avidyamAnaH sup yasmin so 'yam asupiti? evam api nAzIyate. tathA hi sati bahucarmikA ityatra api na syAt. mAmakanarakayorupasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam apratyayasthatvAt. mama iyaM mAmikA narikA. aNi mamakAdezaH. kevalamAmaka iti niyamAt saMjJA-chandasoH IkAro nAsty atra, tena aN-pratyayAntAd api TAp bhavati, narAn kAyati iti narikA. Ato 'nupasarge kaH 32003 iti kaH pratyayaH. pratyayaniSedhe tyaktyapozca upasaGkhyAnam. udIcAmAtaH sthAne yakpUrvAyAH 73046 iti vikalpo mA bhUtiti. dIkSiNAtyikA. ihatyikA.

This rule won't work when Ap is added to a whole longhorn whose latter ends in an ak affix, like the hatanAyaka- meaning hatA nAyakAs tasyAH --

naSTa-candrA yathA rAtrisH seneyaM hata-nAyakA "this army whose leaders have been killed is like a night without a moon"