mRjer vRddhiH ONPANINI 72114
mRj to mArj (before root affix).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 795

Exception to puganta, that would have made marj.

mRj is a lukclass root and means cleansing.

mRj + laT tip mArj + tip →vrazca mArSTi "cleanses"

mRj + Nyat →cajoHku mRg + ya mArgya- "to be cleansed"

mRj + tumun mArj + tum mArSTum "to cleanse"

mRj + tavya mArSTavya- "must be cleansed"

aco J;Niti ONPANINI 72115
Vowel to ( vRddhi) before JNit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 796

The JNit affixes replace the last vowel of their stem with vRddhi.

Examples of roots getting vRddhi before Nic ciN Nal Nyat --

nI + Nic + laT → nai + Nic + laT nai + i + laT nAyayati "makes someone lead"

zIG + luT ta azI + ciN + ta azai + ciN + ta →ecoya azAy + i + ta →ciNoluk azAyi "sleep happened"

nI + Nal nai + Nal →liTidhA nai + nai + Nal →hrasvaH ni + nai + a →ecoya ninAya "led"

lU + Nyat lau + ya →vAntoyi lAvya- "reapable"

Examples of nounbases getting vRddhi before a sup that became Nit --

sakhi- + jas →sakhyura sakhi- + jasN sakhai + as →ecoya sakhAyas "friends"

go- + su →gotoNit go- + suN gaus "cow"

This rule won't work before a JNit taddhita (such as aN), because of exception taddhiteSva below.

See ata_upa next.

ata:: upadhAyAH ONPANINI 72116
Nexttolast a to ( vRddhi before JNit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 797

Example with the kRt affix (N)i(c) --

vad + Nic vAd + Nic → vAdi @root

Example with the tiG affix (N)a(l) --

pac + liT tip → pac + Nal pAc + a →liTidhA papAca "he cooked"

Before a JNit affix, final vowels turn into vRddhi by previous rule, and nextolast a turns into A by this rule. Any other nexttolast short will turn into guNa by puganta. So, the last vowel of the root will end up heavy mostly always.

See also exception nodAttopadezasya.

taddhiteSv acAm AdeH ONPANINI 72117
Before ( JNit) taddhita, first of the vowels to ( vRddhi).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 798

Exception to acoJNiti and ata_upa. The FIRST of the vowels of whatever a JNit taddhita is added to, must be replaced with vRddhi.

Example. iJ is a taddhita and is Jit. So when we add it to dazaratha- we get --

apatyanM dazarathasya → dazaratha- + iJ dAzaratha- + iJ →yasyetica dAzarathi- "son of dazaratha"

Example before aN --

ziva- + aN → zaiva- "relating or belonging or sacred to the god ziva"

kiti ca ONPANINI 72118
(Replace the first vowel of the stem with vRddhi) before a kit ( taddhita).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 799

Example with Thak --

aksAs "dice" + Thak →ThasyekaH aksAs "dice" + ikak →supodhA akSa + ikak AkSa + ika →yasyetica AkSika- "gambler"

This won't work on what starts with vi before vowel, like vyAkAraNa-. See nayvA below.

hanas to '-ciN;NaloH ONPANINI 73032
Replace han with t (before JNit), except ciN and Nal.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 802

As in --

han + Nic + tip hat + Nic + ti →hohante ghat + Nic + ti →ata_upa ghAt + i + ti →kartarizap ghAti + zap + tip →hardsoft ghAte + tip →ecoya ghAtayati "makes (them) kill"

han + Nvul hat + Nvul →hohante ghat + Nvul ghAtaka-

han + ciN + ta →ciNoluk han + i →luGlaG a + han + i →hohante aghAni "was killed"

han + Nal jaghAna "he killed"

vRtrahan- + aN vArtraghna- "son of indra"

This is ghna got a-deletion from gamahana, and gh from hohante.

Ato yuk ciN-kRtoH ONPANINI 73033
A-enders get y(uk) before ciN and ( JNit) kRt.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 803

Example with ciN --

dA + ciN + ta →luGlaG adA + i + ta →ciNoluk adA + i adAyi "it was given"

Example with Nvul, which is a JNit kRt --

dA + Nvul →yuvoranAkau dA + aka dAyaka- "giver"

dA + Nal dadau "gave"

n/odAtt%opadezasya mAntasy/An-AcameH ONPANINI 73034
Some !am-ender roots do not get ata_upa.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 804

This affects some roots such as zam cam tam dam --

zam + ciN →luGlaG azami

cam + ciN →luGlaG acami

atami

adami

But will not affect some others --

yam + Nvul →ata_upa yAmaka-

and will not affect cam when it follows AG --

AG + cam + ciN →ata_upa A + cAm + i →luGlaG A + acAm + i →akassa AcAmi

artti;hrI;vlI;rI;knUyI;kSmAyy;AtAM puG@ Nau ONPANINI 73036
R hrI vlI rI knUy kSmAy and A-enders get puk before Ni.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 805

"These get p(uk)" means "add p after these" (see Adyantau).

Examples:

sthA + Nic + laT tip sthAp + Nic + tip → sthApi + zap + tip →hardsoft sthApe + ati →ecoya sthApayati "makes (it) stop"

kSmAy + Nic + laT tip kSmayp + Ni + tip →lopovyo kSmAp + Ni + tip kSmApayati "makes it shake"

Of course puganta will work before Nic as usual --

R + Nic + laT tip Rp + i + zap + tip →puganta arpi + zap + tip arpayati "throws"

But rule puganta also works work on puk-enders like vlIp knUp, even though their nexttolast is long --

hrI + Nic hrIp + i →puganta hrep + i hrepayati "puts to shame"

vlI + Nic vlIp + i →puganta vlep + i vlepayati "makes it fall"

rI + Nic rIp repayati "makes it fall"

knUy + Nic knUypi →lopovyo knUpi →puganta knopi knopayati "wettens"

ruhaH po 'nyatarasyAm ONPANINI 73043
ruh to p optionally (before Ni).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 807

Example --

vrIhIn rohayati vrIhIn ropayati "he grows rice plants"