mRjer vRddhiH ONPANINI 72114
mRj to vRddhi before root affix.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 801

Exception to puganta, that would have made marj.

This mRj is the root mRj(U) 02.0061 "cleanse". This rule replaces mRj with mArj (because of ikoguNavRddhI and other rules). So we say --

mRj + laT tip mArj + tip →vrazca mArSTi "cleanses"

mRj + Nyat →cajoHku mRg + ya mArgya- "to be cleansed"

mRj + tumun mArj + tum mArSTum "to cleanse"

mRj + tavya mArSTavya- "must be cleansed"

As this is one of the rules that replaces with vRddhi, rule kGitica will stop it. So before kta, which is a kit affix, we say --

mRj + kta mRSTa- "was cleansed"

Why do I say "before root affix"? Because this rule won't work when the rootnoun mRj is before nounbase affixes, as svarUpagrahaNe prevents that.

KAZIKA vibhaktau iti nivRttam. mRjer aGgasya iko vRddhir bhavati. mArSTA. mArSTum. mArSTavyam. mRjer iti dhAtu-grahaNam idam, dhAtoz ca kAryam ucyamAnaM dhAtu-pratyaya eva veditavyam ( svarUpagrahaNe). tena kiMsa-parimRDbhyAM, kaMsa-parimRDbhir ity atra na bhavati.

aco J;Niti ONPANINI 72115
vowel to ( vRddhi) before JNit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 802

The JNit affixes replace the last vowel of their stem with vRddhi.

Examples of roots getting vRddhi before Nic ciN Nal Nyat --

nI + Nic + laT → nai + Nic + laT nai + i + laT nAyayati "makes someone lead"

zIG + luT ta azI + ciN + ta azai + ciN + ta →ecoya azAy + i + ta →ciNoluk azAyi "sleep happened"

nI + Nal nai + Nal →liTidhA nai + nai + Nal →hrasvaH ni + nai + a →ecoya ninAya "led"

lU + Nyat lau + ya →vAntoyi lAvya- "reapable"

Examples of nounbases getting vRddhi before a sup that became Nit --

sakhi- + jas →sakhyura sakhi- + jasN sakhai + as →ecoya sakhAyas "friends"

go- + su →gotoNit go- + suN gaus "cow"

This rule won't work before a JNit taddhita (such as aN), because of exception taddhiteSva below.

See ata_upa next.

KAZIKA ajantasya aGgasya Jiti Niti ca pratyaye vRddhir bhavati. Jiti ekastaNDulanizcAyaH. dvau zUrpaniSpAvau. kAraH. hAraH. Niti gauH, gAvau, gAvaH. sakhAyau, sakhAyaH. jaitram. yautram. cyautnaH. jayater yautezca uNAdayo bahulam 33001 iti STran pratyayaH. cyavaterapi tnaN.

ata:: upadhAyAH ONPANINI 72116
nexttolast a to ( vRddhi before JNit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 803

Example with the kRt affix (N)i(c) --

vad + Nic vAd + Nic → vAdi @root

Example with the tiG affix (N)a(l) --

pac + liT tip → pac + Nal pAc + a →liTidhA papAca "he cooked"

Before a JNit affix, final vowels turn into vRddhi by previous rule, and nextolast a turns into A by this rule. Any other nexttolast short will turn into guNa by puganta. So, the last vowel of the root will end up heavy mostly always.

See also exception nodAttopadezasya.

KAZIKA aGgopadhAyA akArasya sthAne Jiti Niti ca pratyaye vRddhir bhavati. pAkaH. tyAgaH. yAgaH. pAcayati. pAcakaH. pAThayati. pAThakaH. ataH iti kim? bhedayati. bhedakaH. upadhAyAH iti kim? cakAsayati takSakaH.

taddhiteSv acAm AdeH ONPANINI 72117
Before ( JNit) taddhita, first of the vowels to ( vRddhi).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 804

Exception to acoJNiti and ata_upa. The FIRST of the vowels of whatever a JNit taddhita is added to, must be replaced with vRddhi.

Example. iJ is a taddhita and is Jit. So when we add it to dazaratha- we get --

apatyanM dazarathasya → dazaratha- + iJ dAzaratha- + iJ →yasyetica dAzarathi- "son of dazaratha"

Example before aN --

ziva- + aN → zaiva- "relating or belonging or sacred to the god ziva"

KAZIKA taddhite Jiti Niti ca pratyaye parato 'Ggasya acAm AdeH acaH sthAne vRddhir bhavati. gArgyaH. vAtsyaH. dAkSiH. plAkSiH. Niti aupagavaH. kApaTavaH. tvASTraH, jAgataH ity atra acAm Ader vRddhir antyopadhA-lakSaNAM vRddhiM bAdhate.

kiti ca ONPANINI 72118
(Replace the first vowel of the stem with vRddhi) before a kit ( taddhita).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 805

Example with Thak --

aksAs "dice" + Thak →ThasyekaH aksAs "dice" + ikak →supodhA akSa + ikak AkSa + ika →yasyetica AkSika- "gambler"

This won't work on what starts with vi before vowel, like vyAkAraNa-. See nayvA below.

Why do we say " taddhita"?

The k label of a root affix triggers kGitica, and the k of an augment makes Adyantau work. But they cause no vRddhi of the first vowel.

This is a mess. What sort of a deranged mind decided that the k in a taddhita causes vRddhi by this rule, while the k in a root affix prevents vRddhi by kGitica?

Ya know, things would be clearer if some other letter were used for this instead of k. But pANini ran out of letters that can be used as labels. There aren't so many of them.

na y;vAbhyAM padAntAbhyAM pUrvau tu tAbhyAm aic ONPANINI 73003
But if there is a wordfinal y v before that first vowel, add ai au before the y v instead.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 806

According to taddhiteSva and kitica, we must replace with vRddhi the first vowel of the stem of a Jit Nit kit taddhita.

But this exception says that when the stem is a compound, and the first vowel of the compound follows a wordfinal y v, we do not replace the vowel with vRddhi, and we add ai au before the y v.

Examples with the compounds vyAkaraNa- "grammar" (from vi + AkaraNa) and svazva- ( pn, from su' + azva-) before aN, which is a Nit taddhita --

vyAkAraNa- + aN vaiy + AkaraNa + aN →yasyetica vaiyAkaraNa- "grammarian"

svazva- + aN sauv + azva + aN →yasyetica sauvazva- "son of svazva"

KAZIKA yakAra-vakArAbhyAm uttarasya acAm AdeH acaH sthAne vRddhir na bhavati, tAbhyAM tu yakAra-vakArAbhyAM pUrvam aij-Agamau bhavataH Jiti, Niti, kiti ca taddhite parataH. yakArAtaikAraH, vakArAtaukAraH. vyasane bhavam vaiyasanam. vyAkaraNam adhIte vaiyAkaraNaH. svazvasya apatyaM sauvazvaH. yvAbhyAm iti kim? nrarthasya apatyam nrArthiH. padAntAbhyAm iti kim? yaSTiH praharaNam asya yASTIkaH yataH chAtrAH yAtAH. pratiSedhavacanam aicor viSaya pra-kLpty-artham. iha mA bhUt, dAdhyazviH, mAdhvazviH iti. nahyatra yvAbhyAm uttarasya vRddhiprasaGgo 'sti. vRddher abhAvAt pratiSedho 'pi na asti ity aprasaGgaH. uttarapada-vRddher apy ayaM pratiSedha iSyate. pUrvatryalinde bhavaH pUrvatraiyalindaH. yatra tu uttarapadasambandhI yaN na bhavati tatra na iSyate pratiSedhaH. dve azItI bhRto bhUto bhAvI vA dvyAzItikaH.

dvAr'-AdInAM ca ONPANINI 73004
Same goes for the dvAra-class.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 807

Addition to nayvAbhyAmpa. The dvArAdi are a few words that get the change of y v into aiy auv even though their v y is not wordfinal.

Example. To mean "appointed to (watch) at the door", we may add Thak after dvAra- --

dvAre niyuktaH →tatraniyuktaH dvAra- + Thak →ThasyekaH dvAra + ika(k)

At this point, ordinarily rule kitica would replace A (with another A). Yet, because dvAra- belongs to the dvAra-class, we replace v with auv instead --

dvAra + ika (k) dauvAra + ika- →yasyetica dauvArika- "doorkeeper, porter"

In the ashtadhyayidotcom gaNapATha , the dvArAdi are group 244 --

dvAra | svara | svagrAma | svAdhyAya | vyalkaza | svasti | svar | sphyakRt | svAdumRdu | zvas | zvan | sva ||

For more examples, see the kAzikA.

KAZIKA dvAra ityevam AdInAM yvAbhyAm uttarapadasya acAmAderacaH sthAne vRddhir na bhavati, pUrvau tu tAbhyAm aijAgamau bhavataH. dvAre niyuktaH dauvArikaH. dvArapAlasya idaM dauvArapAlam. tadAdividhizca atra bhavati. svaram adhikRtya kRto granthaH sauvaraH. sauvaraH adhyAyaH, sauvaryaH saptamyaH iti. vyalkaze bhavaH vaiyalkazaH. svasti ityAha sauvastikaH. svarbhavaH sauvaH. avyayAnAM bhamAtre TilopaH. svargamanam Aha sauvargamanikaH. svAdhyAya iti kecit paThanti, tadanarthakam. zobhano 'dhyAyaH ityetasyAM vyutpattau tu pUrveNa eva siddham. atha api evaM vyutpattiH kriyate, svo 'dhyAyaH svAdhyAyaH iti? evam apyatra eva svazabdasya eva pAThAt siddham. tadAdAvapi hi vRddhiriyaM bhavatyeva. sphyakRtasya apatyam sphaiyakRtaH. svAdumRdunaH idam sauvAdumRdavam. zunaH idam zauvanam. aNi an 64167 iti prakRtibhAvaH. zuno vikAraH zauvaM mAMsam. prANirajatAdibhyo 'J ity aJ. zvAdaMzTrAyAM bhavaH zauvAdaMSTro maNiH. svasya idam sauvam. svagrAme bhavaH sauvagrAmikaH. adhyAtmAditvAt ThaJ. apadAntArtho 'yam ArambhaH. dvAra. svara. vyalkaza. svasti. svar. sphyakRta. svAdumRdu. zvan. sva. dvArAdiH.

hanas to '-ciN;NaloH ONPANINI 73032
Replace han with t (before JNit), except ciN and Nal.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 808

As in --

han + Nic + tip hat + Nic + ti →hohante ghat + Nic + ti →ata_upa ghAt + i + ti →kartarizap ghAti + zap + tip →hardsoft ghAte + tip →ecoya ghAtayati "makes (them) kill"

han + Nvul hat + Nvul →hohante ghat + Nvul ghAtaka-

Why "except ciN Nal"?

This rule won't work in --

han + ciN + ta →ciNoluk han + i →luGlaG a + han + i →hohante aghAni "was killed"

han + Nal jaghAna "he killed"

Will this rule apply in vRtra + han + aN ? The aN is clearly a JNit.

No, because that han is han + kvip. Some general principle says that rules that mention verb affixes, such as this one, do not apply before noun affixes, such as aN. So no t -replacement in --

vRtrahan- + aN vArtraghna- "son of indra"

This is ghna got a-deletion from gamahana, and gh from hohante.

Ato yuk ciN-kRtoH ONPANINI 73033
A-enders get y(uk) before ciN and ( JNit) kRt.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 809

Example with ciN --

dA + ciN + ta →luGlaG adA + i + ta →ciNoluk adA + i adAyi "it was given"

Example with Nvul, which is a JNit kRt --

dA + Nvul →yuvoranAkau dA + aka dAyaka- "giver"

Why bother to say kRt?

To keep this rule from working before Nal or Nic --

dA + Nal dadau "gave"

KAZIKA AkArAntasya aGgasya ciNi kRti JNiti yugAgamo bhavati. adAyi. adhAyi. kRti dAyaH. dAyakaH. dhAyaH. dhAyakaH. ciNkRtoH iti kim? dadau. dadhau. cauDiH, bAlAkiH, bAhvAditvAtiJ. jJA devatA asya jJaH.

n/odAtt%opadezasya mAntasy/An-AcameH ONPANINI 73034
Some am-ender roots do not get ata_upa.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 810

This affects zam cam tam dam and some otherroots that end in am --

zam + ciN →luGlaG azami

cam + ciN →luGlaG acami

atami

adami

But will not affect some others --

yam + Nvul →ata_upa yAmaka-

and will not affect cam when it follows AG --

AG + cam + ciN →ata_upa A + cAm + i →luGlaG A + acAm + i →akassa AcAmi

KAZIKA nodAttopadezasya mAntasyAn-AcameH 73034. udAtopadezasya mAntasya aGgasya Acamivarjitasya ciNi kRti ca JNiti yaduktaM tan na bhavati. kiM ca uktam? ata upadhAyAH 72116 iti vRddhiH. azami. atami. adami. kRti khalvapi zamakaH. tamakaH. damakaH. zamaH. tamaH. damaH. udAttopadezasya iti kim? yAmakaH. rAmakaH. katham udyamoparamau? aDa udyame, yama uparame iti nipAtanAdanugantavyau. upadezagrahaNam kim? zamI, damI, tamI ityatra yathA syAt, iha mA bhUt, yAmakaH, rAmakaH iti. mAntasya iti kim? cArakaH. pAThakaH. anAcameH iti kim? AcAmakaH. anAcamikamivamInAm iti vaktavyam. AcAmaH. kAmaH. vAmaH. AmaH iti caurAdikasya Nici vRddhau satyAM bhavati. tatra hi mittvaM na asti na anye mito 'hetau iti. sUryavizrAmA bhUmiH ityevam AdikaM prayogamanyAyyam eva manyante. ciNkRtoH ityeva, zazAma. tatAma.

artti;hrI;vlI;rI;knUyI;kSmAyy;AtAM puG@ Nau ONPANINI 73036
R hrI vlI rI knUy kSmAy and A-enders get puk before Ni.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 811

"These get p(uk)" means "add p after these" (see Adyantau).

Examples:

sthA + Nic + laT tip sthAp + Nic + tip → sthApi + zap + tip →hardsoft sthApe + ati →ecoya sthApayati "makes (it) stop"

kSmAy + Nic + laT tip kSmayp + Ni + tip →lopovyo kSmAp + Ni + tip kSmApayati "makes it shake"

Of course puganta will work before Nic as usual --

R + Nic + laT tip Rp + i + zap + tip →puganta arpi + zap + tip arpayati "throws"

But rule puganta also works work on puk-enders like vlIp knUp, even though their nexttolast is long --

hrI + Nic hrIp + i →puganta hrep + i hrepayati "puts to shame"

vlI + Nic vlIp + i →puganta vlep + i vlepayati "makes it fall"

rI + Nic rIp repayati "makes it fall"

knUy + Nic knUypi →lopovyo knUpi →puganta knopi knopayati "wettens"

Wait. I usually say jJapayati.

jJapayati is allowed by exception mitAMhrasvaH. Some people, such as candravasu, say that mitAMhrasvaH is compulsory; for them the jJApayati above sux. But the epics have jJApayasi somewhere IIRC. inria allows both.

bhiyo hetu-bhaye Suk ONPANINI 73040
bhI gets S(uk) (before Nic) when meaning frightening.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 812

Example --

bhI + Nic + zap + tip bhIS + i + zap + ti →hardsoft bhISe + ati →ecoya bhISayati "frightens"

There are other words that also mean "frightens", such as bhApayate. This bhISayate is special because it can only be used when the reason for the fear is the doer in itself. For instance, you can use this bhISayati to mean "the lion frightened us", but not to mean "the soldier frightened us with a sword", In the latter case we need to say bhApayete or bhAyayati, because the cause of fear is more the sword than the soldier.

KAZIKA bhI ityetasya hetubhaye 'rthe SugAgamo bhavati Nau parataH. muNDo bhISayate. jaTilo bhISayate. atra api bhI I iti IkAraprazleSaH kRtAtvasya pugnivRttyarthaH. muNDo bhApayate ity evaM hi tatra bhavati. hetubhaye iti kim? kuJcikayA enaM bhAyayati. na atra hetuH prayojako bhayakAraNam, kiM tarhi, kuJcikA.

ruhaH po 'nyatarasyAm ONPANINI 73043
ruh to p optionally (before Ni).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 813

Example --

vrIhIn rohayati vrIhIn ropayati "he grows rice plants"

KAZIKA ruheH aGgasya anyatarasyAM pakAr'-Adezo bhavati Nau parataH. vrIhIn ropayati, vrIhIn rohayati.

pratyaya-sthAt kAt pUrvasy' .Ata id Apy a-supaH ONPANINI 73044
a to i before the k of an affix that got Ap, unless after longhorn.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 814

In less words --

" -akA- to -ikA- ".

This affects several affixes that have ka inside, for instance Nvul (a.k.a. (N)aka(l)) --

pac + Nvul f →yuvoranAkau pac + (N)aka(l) →acoJNiti pAcaka →ajAdyataSTAp pAcakA pAcikA- "female cook"

What's that asupas in the rule?

"Unless after noun". For reasons that are long to explain, this boils down to saying that the longhorn-final affix kap won't trigger this rule. So, there is no ikA- in --

bahu-parivrAjakA mathurA "there are many wandering mendicants in mathurA"

KAZIKA pratyayasthAt kakArAt pUrvasya akArasya ikArAdezo bhavati Api parataH, sa cedAp supaH paro na bhavati. jaTilikA. muNDikA. kArikA. hArikA. etikAz caranti. pratyaya-grahaNaM kim? zaknoti iti zakA. sthagrahaNam vispaStArtham. kakAramAtraM pratyayo na asti iti sAmarthyAt pratyayasthasya grahaNam zakyate vijJAtum. kAtiti kim? maNDanA. ramaNA. pUrvasya iti kim? parasya mA bhUt, paTukA. mRdukA. ataH iti kim? gokA. naukA. taparakaraNaM kim? rAkA. dhAkA. Api iti kim? kArakaH. dhArakaH. atha Api ityanena kim? viziSyate? kakAraH. yadyevam, kArikA ityatra api na prApnoti, akAreNa vyavahitatvAt? ekAdeze kRte na asti vyavadhAnam. ekAdezaH pUrvavidhau sthAnivadbhavati iti vyavadhAnam eva? vacanAd vyavadhAnamIdRzaM yat sthAnivadbhAvakRtam ekena varNena tadAzrIyate. rathakaTyAdiSu tu zrutikRtam anekena varNena vyavadhAnam iti itvaM na bhavati. asupaH iti kim? bahavaH parivrAjakA asyAM mathurAyAm bahuparivrAjakA mathurA. subantAdayaM bahu-parivrAjaka-zabdAt paraH Apiti pratiSedho bhavati. prasajyapratiSedhazcAyam, na paryudAsaH. paryudAse hi sati samudAyAdasubantAt parataH Apiti itvam atra syAdeva. avidyamAnaH sup yasmin so 'yam asupiti? evam api nAzIyate. tathA hi sati bahucarmikA ityatra api na syAt. mAmakanarakayorupasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam apratyayasthatvAt. mama iyaM mAmikA narikA. aNi mamakAdezaH. kevalamAmaka iti niyamAt saMjJA-chandasoH IkAro nAsty atra, tena aN-pratyayAntAd api TAp bhavati, narAn kAyati iti narikA. Ato 'nupasarge kaH 32003 iti kaH pratyayaH. pratyayaniSedhe tyaktyapozca upasaGkhyAnam. udIcAmAtaH sthAne yakpUrvAyAH 73046 iti vikalpo mA bhUtiti. dIkSiNAtyikA. ihatyikA.