dvitIyAyAM ca ONPANINI 72087
( yuSmad- asmad- to A) before second.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 821

Before the second affixes am au zas, we replace yuSmad- asmad- with A. There are exactly six examples --

yuSmad- + am →Geprathama yuSmad- + am yuSma + A + am →tva;mAvekavacane tva + a + A + am tvAm "you"

asmad- + am →Geprathama asmad- + am asma + A + am →tva;mAvekavacane ma + a + A + am mAm "me"

yuSmad- + @second au →Geprathama yuSmad- + am yuSma + A + am →akassa yuSmA + am →yuvAvaudvivacane yuvA + am →amipUrvaH yuvAm "the two of you"

asmad- + au AvAm "the two of us" ( same steps )

yuSmad- + zas →zasona yuSmad- + n yuSma + A + n →akassa yuSmAn "y'all"

asmad- + zas asmAn "us" ( same steps )

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

KAZIKA dvitIyAyAM ca parataH yuSmad-asmadoH AkArAdezo bhavati. tvAm. mAm. yuvAm. AvAm. yuSmAn. asmAn. AdezArthaM vacanam.

This rule is necessary because yuSmadasmadoranAdeze cannot work on the am that replaced au or the n that replaced zas.

Notice that this rule does not work on first au, only on second au. Before first au, we say yuvAm and AvAm anyway, but they are made by yuvAvaudvivacane and prathamAyAzca instead. This apparent complication allows the veda to have yuvam for yuvAm.

prathamAyAz ca dvivacane bhASAyAm ONPANINI 72088
first dual ( yuSmad- asmad- to A) in the laukika.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 822

Two examples only --

yuSmad- + @first au yuvAm "the two of you"

asmad- + @first au AvAm "the two of us"

See dvitIyAyAMca or yuvAvaudvivacane for the small details.

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

KAZIKA prathamAyAzca dvivacane parato bhASAyAM viSaye yuSmadasmadoH AkArAdezo bhavati. yuvAm. AvAm. prathamAyAH iti kim? yuvayoH. AvayoH. dvivacane iti kim? tvam. aham. yUyam. vayam. bhASAyAm iti kim? yuvaM vastrANi pIvasA vasAthe.

The "in the laukika" is necessary because the veda has yuvam Avam sometimes, as in yuvaM vastrANi pIvasA vasAthe "the robes which ye put on abound with fatness" Rgveda 1.152.01a.

yo 'ci ONPANINI 72089
( yuSmad- asmad- to) y before vowel ( sup that is not a replacement).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 823

Examples --

yuSmad- + TA yuSmay + A →tvamAvekavacane tva + ay + A →atoguNe tvayA "by you"

asmad- + TA asmay + A →tvamAvekavacane ma + ay + A →atoguNe mayA "by me"

tvayi

mayi

yuvayos

Avayos

This rule will not work before the sup that have been replaced. For instance, ekavacanasyaca replaces Gasi with at, so this rule will not work on that at, even though it starts with a vowel.

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

KAZIKA ajAdau vibhaktau anAdeze yuSmadasmadoH yakArAdezo bhavati. tvayA. mayA. tvayi. mayi. yuvayoH. AvayoH. aci iti kim? yuvAbhyAm. AvAbhyAm. yuSmadasmadoranAdeze ity atra yadi hali iti anuvartate, zakyamakartum aci iti etat? tat kriyate vispaSTArtham. an-Adeze ityeva. tvad gacchati. mad gacchati.

Rule yuSmad;asmadora explains what happens before consonant sup.

zeSe lopaH ONPANINI 72090
Otherwise ( yuSmad- asmad-) to lopa.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 824

The previous rules, such as prathamAyAzca, took care of the dual endings, and of all second third seventh. So this one will remove the d of the first fourth fifth sixth that are singular or plural --

yuSmad- + su yuSma- + su →tvAhausau tvam

asmad- + bhyas asma- + bhyas →bhyasobhyam asmabhyam

asmad- + sup' asma- + sup' →yuSmad;asmadoranAdeze asmAsu "about us"

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

yuv'-Avau dvivacane ONPANINI 72092
(yuSm asm to) yuva Ava when meaning two.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 825

There are exactly six examples:

yuSmad- + @second au →zeSelopaH yuSma + au →Geprathama yuSma + a + am yuva + a + am →yuSmadasmadoSSa yuvA + a + am yuvAm "the two of two"

asmad- + @second au →zeSelopaH asma + au →Geprathama asma + a + am Ava + a + am →yuSmadasmadoSSa AvA + a + am AvAm "the two of us"

yuvAbhyAm "with the two of you"

AvAbhyAm "with the two of us"

yuvayos "of the two of you"

Avayos "of the two of us"

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

KAZIKA yuvAm. AvAm. maparyantasya iti kim? yuvakAm, AvakAm iti sAkackasya mA bhUt. tva-mAv ekavacane tvayA. mayA. maparyantasya iti kim? sarvasya mA bhUt. tathA ca sati tvamayorakArasya yo 'cIti yakAre kRte aniSTaM rUpaM syAt. mAntasya ityeva siddhe asmin yat parigrahaNaM kRtam, avadhidyotanArthaM tat. mAnte mA bhUt. kadA? yadA NyantayoH kvipi mAntatvaM vidyate yuSmadasmadoH. sthAnivattvaM ca Neratra kvau lutatvAn na vidyate. yuvAvau dvivacane

After first au, this rule does work all the same, but then the lengthening is not made by yuSmadasmadoSSa as shown above, but by prathamAyAzca. This way we always get yuvAm AvAm in the laukika, but the lengthening is optional in the veda, where yuvam Avam appear sometimes.

yUya;vayau jasi ONPANINI 72093
(yuSm asm to) yUya vaya before jas.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 826

So this rule changes yuSmad and asmad into yUya + ad, vaya + ad. The d drops by zeSelopaH, and one of the a by atoguNe, so, overall, yuSmad asmad turn into yUya, vaya. Only examples --

yuSmad- + jas yUya + jas →Geprathama yUya + am →atoguNe yUyam "y'all"

asmad- + jas vaya + jas vayam "we" ( same steps )

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

KAZIKA yuSmad-asmadoH maparyantasya jasi parato yUya vaya ity etAv Adezau bhavataH. yUyam. vayam. paramayUyam. paramavayam. atiyUyam. ativayam. tadantavidhir atra bhavati, aGgAdhikAre tasya ca taduttarapadasya ceti.

tvAhau sau ONPANINI 72094
Before su, (yuSm asm to) tva ahammmmmmmmm ^ C+ 827

The only examples are tvam and aham --

yuSmad- + su →zeSelopaH yuSma + su tva + a + su →atoguNe tva + su →Geprathama tva + am →amipUrvaH tvam → tvam "you"

asmad- + su →Geprathama asmad + am →zeSelopaH asma + am aha + a + am →atoguNe aha + am →atoguNe aham "I"

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

KAZIKA yuSmadasmador maparyantasya sau pare tva aha ityetau Adezau bhavataH. tvam. aham. paramatvam. paramAham. atitvam. atyaham.

KAZIKA yuSmadasmador maparyantasya sau pare tva aha ityetau Adezau bhavataH. tvam. aham. paramatvam. paramAham. atitvam. atyaham.

tubhya;mahyau Gayi ONPANINI 72095
(yuSm asm to) tubhya mahya before Ge.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 828

Only examples --

yuSmad- + Ge →Geprathama yuSmad + am tubhya + ad + am →zeSelopaH tubhya + a + am tubhyam "to you"

asmad- + Ge mahyam "to me" ( same steps )

These tubhyam mahyam are found far less often than their optional replacements te'' me'' made by temayAvekavacanasya. But you can still use them to help your verses come up right --

bhartrA 'hamM prahitas tubhyaM rAmeNAkliSTakarmaNA "Your untiring husband rAma sent me to you."

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

tava;mamau Gasi ONPANINI 72096
(yuSm asm to) tava mama before Gas.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 829

This makes tava and mama only --

yuSmad- + Gas tava + ad + Gas →zeSelopaH tava + a + Gas →yuSmad;asmadbhyAMGasoz tava + a + a →atoguNe tava + a →atoguNe tava "your, yours"

asmad- + Gas → mama "my, mine" ( same steps )

Instead of tava mama, you may also say te'' me''.

Back to yuSmad- asmad- with sixth .

tva;mAv ekavacane ONPANINI 72097
Otherwise (yuSm asm to ) tva ma when meaning one person.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 830

This rule only works when none of the above rules (such as tubhyamahyauGayi or tvAhausau) replaces yuSm asm with something else. Therefore there are only eight examples --

tvAm mAm tvayA mayA tvat mat tvayi mayi

Half of those in detail --

yuSmad- + TA →yoci yuSmay + A tva + ay + A →atoguNe tvayA "by you"

asmad- + TA →yoci asmay + A ma + ay + A →atoguNe mayA "by me"

yuSmad- + am →Geprathama yuSmad + am →dvitIyAyAMca yuSma + A + am tva + a + A + am tvAm "you"

asmad- + am mAm "me"

Back to yuSmad- asmad- tables .

KAZIKA ekavacane ity artha-nirdezaH. ekavacane ye yuSmadasmadI ekArthAmidhAnaviSaye tayor maparyantasya sthAne tva ma ityetAvAdezau bhavataH. tvAm. mAm. tvayA. mayA. tvat. mat. tvayi. mayi. yadA samAse ekArthe yuSmadasmadI bhavataH, samAsArthasya tvanyasaGkhyatvAt dvivacanaM bahuvacanaM vA bhavati, tadApi tvamAvAdezau bhavataH. Adez%AntarANAM tu tvAhau sau 72094 ity evam AdInAM viSaye pUrva-vipratiSedhena te eveSyante. atikrAntaH tvAm atitvam. atyaham. atikrAntau tvAm atitvAm. atimAm. atikrAntAn tvAm atitvAn. atimAn. atikrAntAbhyAm tvAm atitvAbhyAm. atimAbhyAm. atikrAntaiH tvAm atitvAbhiH. atimAbhiH. ity evamAdyudAhartavyam.

tri-caturoH striyAM tisR-catasR ONPANINI 72099
feminine tri- catur- to tisR catasRmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 831

Examples --

tri- + jas OR zas tisR + as →acira::RtaH tisr + as → tisras "three"

( RtoGi did not work before jas because of acira::RtaH)

tri f + Am tisR + Am → tisR + nAm →Natvam tisR + NAm → tisRNAm

( nAmi did not work here because of exception natisRcatasR)

tisR + sup' →kric tisRSu "in three"

tisRbhis "with three"

tisRbhyas "from three"

RnnebhyoGIp did not work on any of those, because of na SaT-svasr-AdibhyaH.

KAZIKA tri catur ity etayoH striyAM vartamAnayoH tisR catasR ityetAvAdezau bhavato vibhaktau parataH. tisraH. catasraH. tisRbhiH. catasRbhiH. striyAm iti kim? trayaH. catvAraH. trINiM. catvAri. striyAm iti ca etat tricaturoreva vizeSaNaM na aGgasya. tena yadA tricatuHzabdau striyAm, aGgaM tu liGgAntare, tadA 'py Adezau bhavata eva. priyAH tisro brAhmaNyo 'sya brAhmaNasya priyatisA brAhmaNaH. priyatisrau, priyatisraH. priyatisR brAhmaNakulam, priyatisRNI, priyatisRRNi. priyacatasA, priyacatasrau, priyacatasraH. priyacatasR, priyacatasRNI, priyacatasRRNi. nadyRtazca 5-4-153 iti samAsAnto na bhavati, vibhaktyAzrayatvena tisRbhAvasya bahiraGgalakSaNatvAt. yadA tu tricatuHzabdau liGgAntare, striyAm aGgam, tadA Adezau na bhavataH. priyAH trayo 'syAH, priyANi trINi vA asyAH brAhmaNyAH sA priyatriH. priyatrI, priyatrayaH. priyacatvA, priyacatvArau, priyacatvAraH. tisRbhAve saMjJAyAM kanyupasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam. tisRkA nAma grAmaH. catasaryAdyudAttanipAtanaM kartavyam. catastraH pazya ity atra caturaH zasi 61137 ityeSa svaro mA bhUt. catasRNAm ityatra tu SaTtricaturbhyo halAdiH 61179 ityeva svaro bhavati. halAdigrahaNasAmarthyAn nipAtanasvaro bAdhyate.

aci ra:: RtaH ONPANINI 72100
R of tisR catasR to r before vowelmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 832

Exception to prathamayo.

Examples --

tri- f + jas →tricaturo tisR- + jas tisras f "three"

tri- f + zas →tricaturo tisR- + zas tisras f "three"

KAZIKA tisR catasR ityetayoH RtaH sthAne rephAdezo bhavati ajAdau vibhaktau parataH. tisraH tiSThanti. tisraH pazya. catasraH tiSThanti. catasraH pazya. priyatisraH Anaya. priyAcatasraH Anaya. priyatisraH svam. priyacatasraH svam. priyatisri nidhehi. priyacatasri nirdhehi. pUrvasavarNottvaGisarvanAmasthAnaguNAnAm apavAdaH. paramapi GisarvanAmasthAnaguNaM pUrvavipratiSedhena bAdhate. aci iti kim? tisRbhiH. catasRbhiH. RtaH iti kim? tisR-catasroH pratipatty-artham, anyathA hi tad-apavAdaH tri-caturor eva ayam Adezo vijJAyeta.

tyad-AdInAm aH ONPANINI 72102
tyadAdi to a (before vibhakti).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 833

The tyadAdi are the eight pronoun nounbases --

tyad- tad- yad- etad-

idam- adas- eka- dvi-

This rule changes them into --

tya- ta- ya- eta-

ida- ada- eka- dva-

before all vibhakti. Examples:

tad- m + TA ta + TA →TAGasi ta + ina → tena "by that one"

tad- m + am ta- + am →amipUrvaH tam "him"

tad- f + am ta- f + am → ta- + Ap + am → tAm "her"

tad- m + su ta- + su →tadossa sa + s → sas "he, that one"

Of course, all nounbases always get some vibhakti by GyApprA. They only end up vibhakti-less after such a rule as svamorna or supodhA luks the vibhakti off. In that case, this rule does not work --

tad- n + su →svamorna tad "that"

tasya + puruSas →supodhA tad- + puruSas →kharica tatpuruSas "his man"

Or, if you prefer to explain things that way, this rule works always, but its effect on tad- is rolled back by svamorna and supodhA (because nalumatA says so) -

tad- n + su ta + su →svamorna tad

tad- + Gas + puruSas ta + Gas + puruSas →supodhA tad- + puruSas

See also kimaHka below.

KAZIKA tyadityevam AdInAm akArAdezo bhavati vibhaktau parataH. tyad syaH, tyau, tye. tad saH, tau, te. yad yaH, yau, ye. etad eSaH, etau, ete. idam ayam, imau, ime. adas asau, amU, amI. dvi dvau. dvAbhyAm. dviparyantAnAM tyadAdInAmatvamiSyate. iha na bhavati, bhavat bhavAn. saMjJopasarjanIbhUtAH tyadAdayaH pAThAdeva paryudastAH iti iha na bhavati, tyad, tyadau, tyadaH. atityad, atityadau, atityadaH. tyadAdipradhAne tu zabde bhavatyeva, paramasaH paramatau, parmate.

kimaH kaH ONPANINI 72103
kim- to ka- (before vibhakti)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 834

So, kim will behave as if it were azva- before all vibhakti --

kim- m + TA ka- + TA →TAGasi ka + ina →AdguNaH kena

kim- f + su ka- + su →ajAdya kA- + s →halGyA kA

Unless supodhA or svamorna luk the vibhakti off, or the vibhakti is Gi --

kim- n + su ka- + su →svamorna kim

kim- + Gi →kimot kim + a(t) →kvAti kva + a →atoguNe kva "in which place?, where?"

KAZIKA kim ity etasya kaH ityayam Adezo bhavati vibhaktau parataH. kaH, kau, ke. sAkackasya apy ayam Adezo bhavati, tena akAra eva kimo na vidhIyate kimo 't iti.

ku tihoH ONPANINI 72104
( kim-) to ku (before vibhakti) before t h.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 835

As in --

kim- + Gasi → kim- + tasil kutas "from where?"

The tasil is optional, so we can still say kasmAt for "from where?".

The h in the sUtra catches the ha replacement made by vedic rule 53013 vAhacacchandasi, used in the vedic kuha --

kim- + Gasi →vAhacacchandasi kim- + ha kuha "from where?"

As in Rgveda 10:129 --

kim AvarIvaH kuha kasya zarmann ambhaH kim AsId gahanaGM gabhIram

KAZIKA ta-kAr'-Adau ha-kAr'-Adau ca vibhaktau parataH kim ity etasya kv ity ayam Adezo bhavati. kutaH. kutra. kuha. tihoH iti: ikAraH uccAraNArthaH.

kv/Ati ONPANINI 72105
( kim- to) kva before a(t).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 836

a(t) is the replacement of Gi made by kimot above.

Only example --

kim- + Gi →kimot kim + at kva + at →atoguNe kva "where?"

KAZIKA atIty etasyAM vibhaktau parataH kim ity etasya kva ity ayam Adezo bhavati. kva gamiSyasi. kva bhokSyate. AdezAntara-vacanam orguNa nivRtty-artham. kimo Dvatiti pratyayAntaraM na vidhIyate, sAkackArtham.

tadoH saH sAv an-antyayoH ONPANINI 72106
Nonfinal t d (of the tyadAdi) to s before su.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 837

This rule changes adas- tad- tyad- etad- into asas sad syad esad. There are exactly eight examples --

adas- m + su →adasa::ausulopazca adau asau "that"

tyad- m + su →tyadAdI tya + a + s sya + a + a syas "that"

tad- m + su →tyadAdI ta + a + s sa + a + s →atoguNe sas "that"

etad- m + su →tyadAdI eta + s esas →kric eSas "this"

( sas and eSas will sometimes become sa eSa by etattado.)

adas f + su → asau "that" ( same steps as the masculine )

tyad f + su →tyadAdI tya + a + s →ajAdya tya + a + Ap + s syA "that"

tad f + su sA "that"

etad f + su eSA "this"

KAZIKA tyadAdInAM takAradakArayoH anantyayoH sakAr'-Adezo bhavati sau parataH. tyad syaH. tad saH. etad eSaH. adas asau. anantyayoH iti kim? he sa. sA.

adasa:: au su-lopaz ca ONPANINI 72107
adas- to au (before su), and trash the su.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 838

Exception to tyadAdInAmaH. Only one example --

adas mf + su ada + au →vRddhireci adau →tadoHsa asau m "that"

as in

asau hayaH "that horse"

asau hayI "that mare"

KAZIKA adasaH sau parataH sakArasya aukArAdezo bhavati sozca lopo bhavati. asau. autvapratiSedhaH sAkackAd vA vaktavyaH sAdutvaM ca. yadA ca autvapratiSedhaH tadA sakArAduttarasya utvaM bhavati. asukaH. asukau. uttarapadabhUtAnAM tyadAdInAm akRtasandhInAm AdezA vaktavyAH. paramAham. paramAyam. paramAnena. adasaH sorbhavedautvaM kiM sulopo vidhIyate. hrasvAl lupyeta sambuddhir na halaH prakRtaM hi tat. Apa etvaM bhavet tasmin na jhalItyanuvartanAt. pratyayasthAcca kAditvaM zIbhAvazca prasajyate.

Of course thiswon't work when adas- is neuter --

adas n + su →svamor adas

as in

adaH phalam "that fruit"

idamo maH ONPANINI 72108
idam- to m (before su).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 839

Exception to tyadAdInAmaH.

Only examples --

idam- f + su idam →yaHsau iyam "this"

idam- m + su idam →yaHsau iyam →idoypuMsi ayam "this"

KAZIKA idamaH sau parataH makAro 'ntAdezo bhavati. iyam. ayam. idamo makArasya makAra-vacanaM tyadAdya-tva-bAdhan%Artham.

idamo makArasya makAra-vacananM tyadAdya-tva-bAdhan%Artham = replacing m with m makes this rule into an exception to tyadAdInAmaH.

The same trick is used in rule atom, which replaces am with am just to make svamorna not work. Same thing in kupvoKkaFpauca.

daz ca ONPANINI 72109
d (of idam- to m before all sup).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 840

So ida becomes ima.

As in --

idam- + am →tyadAdInAmaH ida + a + am → ima + a + am →atoguNe ima + am →amipUrvaH imam "this"

Because of exceptions, this rule will only work before au jas zas am.

There is an unrelated rule that sounds the same, daz ca x.

KAZIKA idamo dakArasya sthAne makArAdezo bhavati vibhaktau parataH. imau, ime. imam, imau, imAn.

yaH sau ONPANINI 72110
(d of idam- to) y before su.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 841

This rule may be reworded into -- "masculine idam- with su makes iyam".

Only example --

idam- f + su →idamomaH idam- + su iyam + su →halGyA iyam f "this one"

KAZIKA idamo dakArasya yakArAdezo bhavati sau parataH. iyam. uttarasUtre puMsi iti vacanAt striyAmayaM yakAraH.

This rule won't work on the masculine because of the exception below, idoypuMsi.

ido 'y puMsi ONPANINI 72111
id (of idam-) to ay (before su) when masculine.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 842

This rule may be reworded into -- "masculine idam- with su makes ayam".

Only example --

idam- m + su ayam "this one"

As in --

mUDho 'yam "this idiot"

KAZIKA idamaH idarUpasya puMsi sau parataH ayityayam Adezo bhavati. ayaM brAhmaNaH. puMsi iti kim? iyaM brAhmaNI.

an' Apy akaH ONPANINI 72112
idam- to ana before TA os, provided there's no k.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 843

Only examples --

idam- + TA ana + TA →TAGasi ana + ina →AdguNaH anena "with this, by this"

idam- + os ana + os →osica ane + os →ecoya anayos "of these two, in these two"

idam- f + TA ana + TA →ajAdyataSTAp ana + Ap + TA →yasyetica anA + TA →AGicApaH ane + TA → anayA "by this"

idam- mn + os ana + os anayos "of these two"

The exception "when it has no k" needs some 'splaining. idam- has k inside only when we are planning to add akac. In that case, this rule doesn't work, then dazca and other rules make imena and imayos, and those get the akac --

imakena "with this very one"

imayakos "of these very two"

KAZIKA idamaH akakArasya idrUpasya sthAne ana ityayam Adezo bhavati Api vibhaktau parataH. anena. anayoH. akaH iti kim? imakena. imakayoH. Api iti pratyAhAraH tRtIyaikavacanAt prabhRti supaH pakAreNa.

hali lopaH ONPANINI 72113
Delete the na otherwise.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 844

In more words -- idam- becomes a- before all TAsup except TA and os.

idam- mn + Gas →TAGasi idam + sya asya "of this"

idam- mn + bhis a + bhis →bahuvacanejhalyet ebhis "with these"

ajAdyataSTAp works --

idam- f + Gas a + Gas →ajAdya a + Ap + Gas → A + Gas →sarvanAmnaHsyA asyAs "of this"

idam- f + bhis a + bhis →ajAdya a + Ap + bhis →akassa Abhis "with these"