pronoun tables ←

chunk 57: the sup affixes

→ these should be moved elsewhere

Table of sup affixes.
su
au
jas
am
zas
TA
bhyAm
bhis
Ge
bhyas
Gasi
Gas
os
Am
Gi
sup'




 

Table of sup affixes.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1065

There are seven groups of three sup affixes.

In Sanskrit grammar speak, these grups are numbered first to seventh. But in the Western grammatical tradition they have nicknames such as nominative, accusative, etc. You must learn the names if you want to use inria reader. Here are the seven groups with their inria nicknames --

first su au jas nom nominative

second am au zas acc accusative

third TA bhyAm bhis i instrumental

fourth Ge bhyAm bhyas dat dative

fifth Gasi bhyAm bhyas abl ablative

sixth Gas os Am g genitive

seventh Gi os sup' loc locative

I never use the Western nicknames in the classroom, because it's inconvenient. My kids learn to remember " amauTchaS" in less time than they need to remember "accusative". Also, saying "this word has Am" is far quicker than saying "this word has been declined in the genitive plural". Yet they end up memorizing the nicknames anyway, because when they use inria says a word has "g. pl.", it measns it has Am.




 

summmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1066

s(u) is the singular ending of group svaujas. It is added to all singular nounbases unless there is any reason to add any of the others. So, in some sense, we may say that it has no meaning.

azva- + suazvas "horse"

kapi- + sukapis "monkey"

guru- + sugurus "teacher"

su is lost after consonants --

vidyut- + su halGyA vidyut "lightning"

vAc- + su halGyA vAc coHkuH vAk "speech"

and also after Ap GI --

azvA- + su halGyA azvA "mare"

vyAghrI- + su halGyA vyAghrI "tigress"

and also after neuters --

madhu- + su svamorna madhu "honey"

except the neuters that end in a, after which it turns into m --

phala- + su atom phalam "result, fruit"

Back to table of sup affixes .




 

aummmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 1067

au is the dual ending of groups svaujas and amauTchaS.

Examples --

azva- + au vRddhireci azvau "two horses"

kukkuTa- + au vRddhireci kukkuTau "two roosters"

kukkuTI- + au ikoyaNaci kukkuTyau "two hens"

au turns into zI after Ap --

azva- @f + au ajAdyataSTAp azvA- + au auGa_ApaH azvA- + zI AdguNaH azve "two mares"

and after all neuters --

ziras- + au napuMsakAcca ziras + zIzirasI "two heads"

madhu- + aumadhu + zI ikocivibhaktau madhun- + zImadhunI "two kinds of honey"

phala- + au napuMsakAcca phala- + zI AdguNaH phale "two results; two pieces of fruit"

The words formed with first au and the ones formed with second au always sound the same --

azvau tiSThataH "two horses stop" (this got the au from svaujas)

azvau pazyAmi "I see two horses" (this got the au from amauTchaS)

(There is an extremely uncommon vedic exception to that, but NVM.)

Back to table of sup affixes .




 

jasmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1068

(j)as is the singular ending of group svaujas. It is added to all plural nounbases unless there is any reason to add anything else. So, in some sense, we may say that it has no meaning.

suhRd- + jassuhRdas "friends"

azva- + jasazvAs "horses"

azvA- + jasazvAs "mares"

kukkuTI- + jaskukkuTyas "hens"

jas is strong, and that makes it trigger several special rules --

pitR- + jas RtoGi pitar- + jaspitaras "fathers"

gomat- + jas → .. → gomantas "cattleowners"

After a neuter, jas and zas turn into zi.

Back to table of sup affixes .




 

ammmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1069

am is the singular affix of the second group, amauTchaS. Like the other seconds, it is used mostly when rule karmaNidvi says so.

Some examples after consonants:

pitR- m + am RtoGi pitar- + ampitaram "father"

suhRd- m + amsuhRdam "friend"

vidyut- @f + amvidyutam "lightning"

apsaras- @f + amapsarasam "a nymph"

anuSTubh- @f + amanuSTubham "a stanza"

am turns into m after vowels --

azva- + am amipUrva azvam "horse"

azvA- + am amipUrva azvAm "mare"

gajI- + am amipUrva gajIm "elephantess"

The above examples are all masculine or feminine. The neuters get am too, but it disappears by svamorna --

manas- @n + am svamorna manas "mind, thoughts, feelings"

madhu- @n + am amipUrva madhum svamorna madhu "honey"

unless it's an a-ender, then exception atom prevents svamorna --

phala- @n + am amipUrva phalam "result"

Back to table of sup affixes .




 

zasmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1070

(z)as is the plural affix of the second group, am au zas, amauTchaS.

When a word might have zas, inria flags it with "acc pl".

The label z in (z)as just helps to tell it appart from other as affixes, such as jas, Gasi, and Gas. Do not confuse this zas with another affix, zas', that has a real z.

It is used mainly when rule karmaNidvi says so. For instance, with the object of pazyAmi "I see" --

siMhAn pazyAmi "I see lions" ( zas)

yoginaH pazyAmi "I see yogis" ( zas)

The zas enders look like the jas enders after many nounbases, for instance nounbases that end in consonant or Ap --

yoginaH pazyAmi "I see yogis" ( zas)

yoginaH patanti "yogis are falling" ( jas)

azvAH pazyAmi "I see mares" ( zas)

azvAH patanti "mares are falling" ( jas)

But they look different after others, for instance the GI enders, and the masculines ending in a i u R an --

kukkuTIH pazyAmi "I see hens" ( zas)

kukkuTyaH patanti "hens are falling" ( jas)

azvAn pazyAmi "I see horses" ( zas)

azvAH patanti "horses are falling" ( jas)

rAjJaH pazyAmi "I see kings" ( zas)

rAjAnaH patanti "kings are falling" ( jas)

Back to table of sup affixes .




 

TAmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1071

(T)A is the singular affix of the third group, TAbhyAmbhis, and mostly translates into "by" or "with". It is called A(G) sometimes.

TA looks like A after most nounbases --

vidyut- + TAvidyutA "with lightning"

Atman- + TAAtmanA "by oneself"

azvA- + TA AGicApaH azve + TA ecoya azvayA "by mare"

vyAghrI- + TA ikoyaNaci vyAghryA "by tigress"

kapi- + TA AGonAstriyAm kapi- + nAkapinA "by monkey"

guru- + TA AGonAstriyAm guru- + nA Natvam guruNA "by teacher"

But a combined with TA makes ena or eNa --

azva- + TA TAGasi azva- + ina AdguNaH azvena "with horse"

candra- + TA TAGasi candra- + ina AdguNaH candrena Natvam candreNa "with the Moon"

This affix TA is called AG' in rules

AGicApaH " Ap to e before TA"

where the word AGi means "before TA"

and

AGonAstriyAm " TA of non- feminines to nA".

where the word AGas means "replace TA"

The kAzikA says that this A(G) was the old name of the affix before pANini changed it into (T)A --

AG' iti pUrvAcArya-nirdezena tRtIy%aikavacanaGM gRhyate

Back to TAbhyAmbhis.




 

bhyAmmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1072

bhyAm is the dual affix of the third, fourth and fifth groups ( TAbhyAmbhis, GebhyAmbhyas and GasibhyAmbhyas). It therefore can translate into "with, by, to, from".

azva- + bhyAm supica azvAbhyAm "with two horses"

azvAbhyAm "to two horses"

azvAbhyAm "from two horses"

amerikA- + bhyAmamerikAbhyAm "with North and South America"

amerikA- + bhyAmamerikAbhyAm "to North and South America"

amerikA- + bhyAmamerikAbhyAm "from North and South America"

Back to TAbhyAmbhis.

Back to GebhyAmbhyas.

Back to GasibhyAmbhyas.




 

bhismmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1073

bhis is the plural affix of the third group ( TAbhyAmbhis).

It means "with", or "by", mostly "by".

It stays after most nounbases --

guru- + bhisgurubhis "with teachers"

vidyut- + bhis jhalAJjazonte vidyudbhis "with flashes of lightning"

But changes after a --

azva- + bhis atobhisa_ais azva + ais vRddhireci azvais "with horses"

Back to TAbhyAmbhis.




 

Gemmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ 1074

Ge is the singular ending of group GebhyAmbhyas. It means "to".

rakSas- + GerakSase "to demon"

As in --

akSipann azmAni rakSase kapayaH "monkeys threw stones at demon"

kSiptAny azmAni rakSase kapibhiH "monkeys threw stones at demon"

After an a ender, the a and the Ge combine into Aya --

ziva + Ge GeryaH ziva + ya supica zivAya

as in --

onM namazH zivAya

Ge looks like e after mostly everything else. Except most feminines, that make it look like ai --

zrI sarasvatyai namaH

namas tasyai namo namaH

Back to GebhyAmbhyas.




 

bhyasmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1075

bhyas is the plural ending of groups GebhyAmbhyas GasibhyAmbhyas

An example of fourth bhyas --

kSiptAny azmAni vRkSebhyaH "stones were thrown at trees"

and an example of fifth bhyas --

vRkSebhya udapatan khagAH "birds flew away from trees"

Back to GebhyAmbhyas.

Back to GasibhyAmbhyas.




 

Gasimmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1076

(G)as(i) is the singular affix of the fifth group ( GasibhyAmbhyas), so it means "from" or "because".

After a nounbases, it takes the form At --

purAd Agacchati "he's coming from the city"

kopAd rudati na zokAt "he's crying from anger not from sadness"

vRkAd bibheti "she's afraid FROM the wolf"

vRkAt tAM rakSati "he's protecting her from the wolf"

The words that have Gasi usually look exactly like the words that have Gas --

vidyut- + Gasividyutas "because of lightning"

pitR- + Gasi Rta_ut pitus "from Dad"

guru- + Gasi gherGiti guro- + as GasiGasozca guros "from teacher"

giri- + Gasi gherGiti gire- + as GasiGasozca gires "from mountain"

azvA- + Gasi yADApaH azvA + yAsazvAyAs "from mare"

vyaghrI- + Gasi ANnadyAH vyAghrI + As ikoyaNaci vyAghryAs "from tigress"

With the only exception of nounbases in short a, where TAGasi makes them different --

azva- + Gasi TAGasi azva + At akassa azvAt "from a horse"

azva- + Gas TAGasi azva + syaazvasya "of a horse"

Back to GasibhyAmbhyas.




 

Gasmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1077

(G)as is the singular affix of the sixth group ( GasosAm). It mostly means "of".

vidyut- + Gasvidyutas "because of lightning"

pitR- + Gasi Rta_ut pitus "of Dad"

guru- + Gas gherGiti guro- + as GasiGasozca guros "of the teacher"

giri- + Gas gherGiti gire- + as GasiGasozca gires "of a mountain"

azvA- + Gas yADApaH azvA + yAsazvAyAs "of mare"

vyaghrI- + Gas ANnadyAH vyAghrI + As ikoyaNaci vyAghryAs "of tigress"

The words that have Gas usually look exactly like the words that have Gasi, with the a-enders being the only exception --

azva- + Gasi TAGasi azva + At akassa azvAt "from a horse"

azva- + Gas TAGasi azva + syaazvasya "of a horse"

Back to GasosAm




 

osmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 1078

os is the dual affix of the sixth and seventh groups ( GasosAm and Gyossup) --

prAvRS- + osprAvRSos "of two rainy seasons"

prAvRS- + osprAvRSos "in two rainy seasons"

This affix always looks like os --

guru- + os ikoyaNaci gurvos "of two teachers"

pitR- + os ikoyaNaci pitros "of parents"

gomat- + osgomatos "of two cattleowners"

But when os comes after a or Ap, you can't tell if it was after a or after Ap --

azva- + os osica azve + os ecoya azvayos "of two horses"

azvA- + os AGicApaH azve + os ecoya azvayos "of two mares"

Back to GasosAm

Back to Gyossup




 

Ammmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 1079

Am is the plural affix of the sixth group ( GasosAm). It mostly means "of" or "have" --

gavAM zRGgANi "cows have horns"

gavAM zRGgANi "cows' horns"

Back to GasosAm




 

Gimmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 1080

(G)i is the singular affix of the seventh group, Gyossup. It means "in, on, at".

vRkSe kapayaH "monkeys are on tree"

vRkSe puttikAH "termites are in tree"

Back to Gyossup




 

sup'mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 1081

su(p) is the plural affix of the seventh group, Gyossup. It means "in, on, at".

It always looks like su --

azvAsu matkuNAH "fleas are on mares"

or like Su, if kric works --

kapi- + sup'kapisu kric kapiSu

kapiSu matkuNAH "fleas are on monkeys"

When it comes after a, it changes that a into e, and then kric happens --

azva- + sup' bahuvacanejhalyet azve- + su kric azveSu

azveSu matkuNAH "fleas are on horses"

Back to table of sup affixes .
















pronoun tables ←

chunk 57: the sup affixes

→ these should be moved elsewhere