61111
61112 after
61113 After
61114 before
61122 optionally after
61125 Extralong and nonjoiner vowels stay before vowel.
61127 Optionally,
61128
61131
61132 Delete
61137 After
61163
61165
61172 after long
61185 An affix with
61193 The syllable before a
61197
61213
61217
62001 In a longhorn, the former keeps its accent.
63009 After
63025 Replace
63046
63061 Optionally
63067
63073 Delete the
63074 Vowel after
63082 optionally in a longhorn.
Examples --
The original rule says "
Because of trickles and uraNra, the true translation of the rule is --
"
Therefore, in detail, we have --
KAZIKA GasiGasoH ityeva. RkArAntAd uttarayoH Gasi-GasoH ati parataH pUrvaparayoH ukAra ekAdezo bhavati. hoturAgacchati. hotuH svam. dvayoH SaSThI-nirdiSTayoH sthAne yaH sa labhate 'nyataravyapadezaM iti ur aN raparaH iti raparatvam atra kRtvA rAt sasya iti salopaH kartavyaH.
Only examples:
sakhi- + Gas
pati- + Gas
This rule won't work on compounded pati- --
What's the original wording of the rule?
" Gas Gasi to
What you just said made my head dizzy.
Now you know why I didn't keep close to the original wording in my translation.
This rule only works after sasaju works, and after it works, AdguNaH and eGaHp will always work. The effect of these four rules together is --
"replace wordfinal
Example --
Writing that in more detail --
More examples --
See also Spelling of
KAZIKA ati, utiti vartate. akArAdaplutAduttarasya ro rephasya ukArAnubandhaviziSTasya akAre 'plute parata ukArAdezo bhavati. vRkSo 'tra. plakSo 'tra. bhobhagoaghoapUrvasya yo 'zi 83017 ityasmin prApte utvaM vidhIyate. rutvam api AzrayAt pUrvatrAsiddham 82001 iti asiddhaM na bhavati. ataH iti kim? agniratra. taparakaraNaM kim? vRkSA atra. sAnubandhagrahaNaM kim? svaratra. prAtaratra. ati ityeva, vRkSa iha. tasya api taparatvAdatra na bhavati. vRkSa AzritaH. aplutAd iti kim? susrotA3atra nvasi. aplute iti kim? tiSThatu paya a3czvin. atra plutasya asiddhatvAtutvaM prApnoti iti aplutAdaplute iti ucyate.
KAZIKA ati, utiti vartate. akArAdaplutAduttarasya ro rephasya ukArAnubandhaviziSTasya akAre 'plute parata ukArAdezo bhavati. vRkSo 'tra. plakSo 'tra. bhobhagoaghoapUrvasya yo 'zi ityasmin prApte utvaM vidhIyate. rutvam api AzrayAt pUrvatrAsiddham iti asiddhaM na bhavati. ataH iti kim? agniratra. taparakaraNaM kim? vRkSA atra. sAnubandhagrahaNaM kim? svaratra. prAtaratra. ati ityeva, vRkSa iha. tasya api taparatvAdatra na bhavati. vRkSa AzritaH. aplutAd iti kim? susrotA3atra nvasi. aplute iti kim? tiSThatu paya a3zvin. atra plutasya asiddhatvAtutvaM prApnoti iti aplutAdaplute iti ucyate.
When ru is after
" wordfinal
Example before the haz letter
If you want the small details --
More examples --
KAZIKA hazi ca parataH ata uttarasya rorukArAdezo bhavati. puruSo yAti. puruSo hasati. puruSo dadAti.
Optional exception to eGaHpa.
Examples --
alternatively
KAZIKA sarvatra chandasi bhASAyAM ca ati parato goH eG prakRtyA bhavati vibhASA. go 'gram, go agram. chandasi apazavo vA anye goazvebhyaH pazavo goazvAn.
Nope. That's usually spelled
What does the
It means " both in the veda and in the laukika". It is necessary in the original rule to prevent the trickle of "in the
Exception to all sandhi rules that affect vowel before vowel (such as akassa, ikoyaNaci, eGaHpa, AdguNaH). Those rules won't work after certain vowels (which happen to be all wordfinal).
One such vowel is the
nor
There is another word
How do you know that one of these two
Some rules, such as IdUdeddvi ff, explain what vowels are nonjoiners.
Never heard of
Same meaning as
Optional exception to ikoyaNaci.
So even though we usually apply ikoyaNaci in these --
the wordfinal
(This last line is from the rAmAyaNa. This option was taken mc.)
A long wordfinal must shorten --
KAZIKA iko 'savarne aci parataH zAkalyasya AcAryasya matena prakRtyA bhavanti, hrasvazca tasya ikaH sthAne bhavati. dadhi atra, dadhyatra. madhu atra, madhvatra. kumAri atra, kumAry atra. kizori atra, kizory atra. ikaH iti kim? khaTvendraH. asavarNe iti kim. kumArIndraH. zAkalyasya grahaNaM pUjArtham. ArambhasAmarthyAdeva hi yaNAdezena saha vikalpaH siddhaH. sinnityasamAsayoH zAkalapratiSedho vaktavyaH. siti ayaM te yonir RtviyaH. nityasamAse vyAkaranam. kumAryartham. ISA akSAdiSu chandasi prakRtibhAvamAtraM vaktavyam. ISA akSo hiraNyayaH. kA imare pizaGgilA. pathA agaman.
Ordinarily, because of AdguNaH, ikoyaNaci, akassa, we have --
But this exception allows hiatus as well --
If the ak is long, it shortens --
KAZIKA zAkalyasya hrasvazca ityetadanuvartate. RkAre parataH zAklyasya AcAryasya matena akaH prakRtyA bhavanti hrasvazca tasyakaH sthAne bhavati. khaTva RzyaH. mAla RzyaH. kumAri RzyaH. hotR RzyaH. Rti iti kim? khaTvendraH. akaH iti kim. vRkSAvRzyaH. savarNArthamanigarthaM ca vacanam.
This div- is a f kvin-ender rootnoun that means "sky".
Examples with
div- + bhis
div- + sup'
Examples with
div- +
When the
If the su is strong, this rule won't work (because the su is strong, the
But in the end of a compound like
KAZIKA eGaH padAntAdati 61109 ityataH padagrahaNam anuvartate. divaH iti prAtipadikaM gRhyate, na dhAtuH, sAnubandhakatvAt. divaH padasya ukArAdezo bhavati. divi kAmo yasya dyukAmaH. dyumAn. vimaladyu dinam. dyubhyAm. dyubhiH. niranubandhakagrahaNAdiha na bhavati, akSadyUbhyAm, akSadyUbhiH iti. taparakaranam UTho nivRttyartham, dyubhyAm, dyubhiH iti. atra hi paratvAt UTH prApnoti. padasya iti kim? divau. divaH.
eSas and sas mean "this" and "that". They are the masculine pronouns tad- and etad- with su added --
If they are before a consonant, in saMhitA, they lose their final, turning into sa and eSa --
KAZIKA etat;tadau yAvakakArau naJsamAse na vartate tayor yaH suzabdaH, kazca tayoH suzabdaH? yaH tadarthena sambaddhaH, tasya saMhitAyAM viSaye hali parato lopo bhavati. eSa dadAti. sa dadAti. eSa bhuGkte. sa bhuGkte. etattadoH iti kiM? yo dadAti. yo bhuGkte. sugrahaNaM kim? etau gAvau carataH. akoH iti kim? eSako dadAti. sako dadAti. tanmadhyapatitas tadgrahaNena gRhyate iti rUpabhede 'pi sAkackAv etat-tadAv eva bhavataH. a-naJ-samAse iti kim? aneSo dadAti. aso dadAti. uttarapadArtha- pradhAnatvAn naJ-samAsasya etattadoreva atra sambaddhaH suzabdaH. hali iti kim? eSo 'tra so 'tra.
What does the
"If they have no
And the
"If they are not in a naJ compound". So, the uncommon compounds
This rule will replace the kR that means decorating with
Examples --
upa + kR + tRc
pari + kR + tRc
This rule won't work when the meaning is not "decorating" --
upa + kR + tRc
KAZIKA sam pari upa ity etebhyaH bhuSaN%Arthe karotau parataH suT kAt pUrvo bhavati. saMskartA. saMskartum. saMskartavyam. atra saMpuMkAnAM satvam iti samo makArasya sakAraH, pUrvasya cAkArasya anunAsikaH. pariSkartA. pariSkartum. pariSkartavyam. suTstusvaJjAm iti Satvam. upaskartA. upaskartum. upaskartavyam. bhUSaNe iti kim? upakaroti. sampUrvasya kvacidabhUSaNe 'pi suDiSyate, saMskRtamannam iti.
When an affix is cit, the last vowel of the result of adding stem and affix gets the acute. As in --
There is another
Back to labels and accent .
For instance, the kRt affix kta is kit. So in --
the accent is on the
Back to labels and accent .
KAZIKA taddhitasya ityeva. taddhitasya kito 'nta udAtto bhavati. naDÂŽAdibhyaH phaG nADAyanaH. cArAyaNaH. prAg vahateS Thag AkSikaH. zAlAkikaH.
are
KAZIKA aSTano dIrghAntAd a-sarvanAmasthAna-vibhaktir udAttA bhavati. aSTAbhiH. aSTAbhyaH. aSTAsu. ghRtAdipAThAtaSTanzabdo 'nt%odAttaH, tatra jhaly upottamam 61180 ityasya apavAdo vibhaktir eva udAtta-tvaM vidhIyate. dIrghAd iti kim? aSTasu prakrameSu brAhmaNo 'gnIn AdadhIta. idam eva dIrgha-grahaNam aSTana At-tva-vikalpaM jJApayati, kRtAtvasya ca SaT-saMjJAM jJApayati. anyathA hyAtvapakSe sAvakAzo 'STanaH. svaraH paratvAdanAtvapakSe SaTsvareNa bAdhiSyate iti kim dIrgha-grahaNena.
Why did you translate this rule, when you said that you have no interest on accent rules and we can safely ignore them?
Because if this rule did not contain the word
I don't understand why it would.
Then think slowly about it. Homework. Or, puzzle. You choose.
Exception to AdyudAttazca, that makes affixes acute in the first by default.
So --
has falling on the
Back to labels and accent .
lit means "what has ell as a label". (Not same as liT, a past tense.)
Exception to AdyudAttazca.
Example. The words
Back to labels and accent .
Why did you wrote "ell" instead of your usual "
One of my students has a tendency to misread
Some Jit affixes:
Rule svaritaJi says Jit roots, like kR and UrNu, are flattybendy.
The nit affixes put the accent at the start (by JnityA), just like the Jit affixes.
Some nit affixes --
The Jit affixes and the nit affixes place the accent on the first vowel of whatever they are added to.
CAREFUL. I said Jnit with
Examples. zyan, vun and yaJ are Jnit affixes. That's why this
While this other
KAZIKA Jiti niti ca nityam Adir udAtto bhavati. gargAdibhyo yaJ gArgyaH. vAtsyaH. vAsudev%ArjunAbhyAM vun vAsudevakaH. arjunakaH. pratyayasvar%ApavAdo 'yaM yogaH. pratyayalakSaNam atra na iSyate, tena gargAH, bidAH, caJcAH ity atra yaJi kani ca lupte na bhavati.
Why is the accent on the yak?
Because all affixes carry the accent unless they have a label (such as
I find the
No wonder, as
This debars tit svaritam.
Example with the kRt affix yat --
Counterexample with the taddhita affix yat'' --
Back to labels and accent .
KAZIKA niSthA ca dvyajanAt
Now that looks weird. The same word
True. Either that's weird, or I mistranslated. I hope I'm right. wafti.
Exception to AdyudAttazca.
A rit is whatever has label
Back to labels and accent .
So the latter loses it.
This is not a vedic rule, but in practice it might as well be -- I want to remind the reader that nowadays accent rules are only applied when reciting the veda . So that you won't lose sleep because of the horror story below.
Traditional example (translated into English) --
The word "indra-kíller" is a tatpuruSa compound), and means someone who will kill
But "índra-killer" is a longhorn compound, and means someone whose killer is
There is an old story about
Yet, when you are not talking to gods, nor chanting the veda, NVM about accents.
BTW, I found this in a blog, might be interesting --
That is to say, supodhA does not work in a tag whose former is a nounbase that ends in
For instance, the nounbase of
Therefore when this
But if
See gaviyudhibhyAM sthiraH for another example.
KAZIKA halantAdadantAc ca uttarasyAH saptamyAH saMjJAyAm alug bhavati. yudhiSThiraH. tvacisAraH. gaviSThiraH ityatra tu gaviyudhibhyAM sthiraH 83095 ityata eva vacanAdaluk. adantAt araNyetilakAH. araNyemASakAH. vanekiMzukAH. vaneharidrakAH. vanebalbajakAH. purvAhNesphoTakAH. kUpepizAcakAH. haladantAditi kim? nadyAM kukkuTikA nadIkukkuTikA. bhUmyAM pAzAH bhUmipAzAH. saMjJAyAm iti kim? akSazauNDaH. hRddyubhAM GeH. hRd divityetebhyAm uttarasya Geralug bhavati. hRdispRk. divispRk.
Why does
It was not the same for
Example:
What's the label
Without it,
Man that's complicated. Why was this rule not worded simply as "replace
Wouldn't've worked at all, see uraNra.
Examples --
Why do we say samereferent?
The son of a big man is
How do you know that
I don't know that. I'm just trusting Sir mmw.
"Big man", you said? My earlier teacher said that we must always translate
As in
KAZIKA samAnAdhikaraNe uttarapade jAtIye ca pratyaye parato mahataH AkArAdezo bhavati. mahAdevaH. mahAbrAhmaNaH. mahAbAhuH. mahAbalaH. jAtIye mahAjAtIyaH. samAnAdhikaraNajAtIyayoH iti kim? mahataH putraH mahatputraH. lakSaNoktatvAd eva atra na bhaviSyati iti ced bahuvrIhAv api na syAd mahAbAhuH iti. tadarthaM samAnAdhikaraNagrahaNaM vaktavyam. amahAn mahAn sampanno mahadbhUtazcandramAH ityatra gauNatvAn mahadarthasya na bhavatyAtvam. mahadAtve ghAsakaraviziSTeSu upasaGkhyAnaM puMvadvacanaM ca asamAnAdhikaraNArtham. mahatyAH ghAsaH mahAghAsaH. mahatyAH karaH mahAkaraH. mahatyAH viziSTaH mahAviziSTaH. aSTanaH kapAle haviSyupasaGkhyAnam. aSTakapAlaM caruM nirvapet. haviSi iti kim? aSTakapAlaM brAhmaNasya. gavi ca yukte 'STana upasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam. aSTAgavena zakaTena. yukte iti kim? aSTagavaM brAhmaNasya taparakaraNaM vispaSTArtham.
Example --
GI is not affected --
The iyaG uvaG are not affected --
But
Some say "replace
KAZIKA igantasya aGyantasya uttarapade hrasvaH bhavati gAlavasya Acaryasya matena anyatarasyAm. grAmaNiputraH grAmaNIputraH. brahmabandhuputraH, brahyabandhUputraH. ikaH iti kim? khaTvApAdaH. mAlApAdaH. aGyaH iti kim? gArgIputraH. vAtsIputraH. gAlavagrahaNaM pujArtham. anyatarasyAm iti hi vartate. vyvasthitavibhaSA ca iyam. tena iha na bhavati, kArISagandhIputraH iti. iyaGuvaGbhAvinAm avyayAnAM ca na bhavati. zrIkulam. bhrUkulam. kANdIbhUtam. vRSalIbhUtam. bhrUkuMsAdInAM tu bhavatyeva. bhrukuMsaH. bhrukuTiH. apara Aha. bhrukuMsAdInAm akAro bhavati iti vaktavyam. bhrakuMsaH. bhrakuTiH.
Some compounds (such as
Examples of khaz and khac enders --
All of these must compound with their object. The object gets mum by this rule. Example with a vowel-ender,
examples with
KAZIKA arus dviSad ity etayor ajanatAnAM ca khid-anta uttara-pade mum-Agamo bhavati anavyayasya. aruntudaH. dviSantapaH. ajantAnAm kAlimmanyA. arurdviSadajantasya iti kim? vidvanmanyaH. anavyayasya ityeva, doSAmanyamahaH. divAmanyA rAtriH. antagrahaNaM kim? kRtAjantakArya-pratipatty-artham. ato hrasve kRte mum bhavati.
The
In a tatpuruSa --
naJ +
In a longhorn --
naJ +
If what is after naJ starts with a vowel, next rule tasmAnnuDaci will work.
KAZIKA naJo nakArasya lopo bhavati uttarapade. abrAhmaNaH. avRSalaH. asurApaH. asomapaH. naJo nalope 'vakSepe tiGyupasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam. apacasi tvaM jAlma. akaroSi tvaM jAlma.
Addition to naloponaJaH. When naJ is before a vowel-starter, that vowel-starter gets nuT. In other words, we add
Example.
naJ +
Notice that this rule adds
KAZIKA tasmAl lupta-nakArAn naJaH nuT-Agamo bhavati aj-AdAv uttarapade. anajaH. anazvaH. tasmAd iti kim? naJa eva hi syAt. pUrvAnte hi Gamo hrasvAd aci GamuN nityam iti prApnoti.
Example --
Compounding saha- with
saha- + sa- +
Notice that the bhis ending of
This rule is optional --
saha- +
This rule will not work on non- longhorn compounds like
KAZIKA upasarjana-sarvAvayavaH samAsaH upasarjanam. yasya sarve 'vayavA upasarjanIbhUtAH sa sarvopasarjano bahuvrIhir gRhyate. tadavayavasya sahazabdasya vA sa ityayam Adezo bhavati. saputraH, sahaputraH. sacchAtraH, sahacchAtraH. upasarjanasya iti kim? sahayudhvA. sahakRtvA. sahakRtvapriyaH, priyasahakRtvA iti iha bahuvrIhau yaduttarapadaM tat paraH sahazabdo na bhavati iti sabhAvo na bhavati.