Rta:: ut ONPANINI 61111
R plus Gasi or Gas makes ur.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 556

Examples --

pitR + Gas pitur "of father"

kartR- + Gasi kartur "from maker"

The original rule says "R to u". How does that end up meaning "R plus Gasi or Gas makes ur"?

Because of trickles and uraNra, the true translation of the rule is --

"R merges with the a of Gas Gasi into ur"

Therefore, in detail, we have --

pitR + Gas piturs →saMyogAnta pitur "of father"

KAZIKA GasiGasoH ityeva. RkArAntAd uttarayoH Gasi-GasoH ati parataH pUrvaparayoH ukAra ekAdezo bhavati. hoturAgacchati. hotuH svam. dvayoH SaSThI-nirdiSTayoH sthAne yaH sa labhate 'nyataravyapadezaM iti ur aN raparaH iti raparatvam atra kRtvA rAt sasya iti salopaH kartavyaH.

khya;tyAt parasya ONPANINI 61112
( Gas Gasi to u) after sakhi- and uncompounded pati-.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 557

Only examples:

sakhi- + Gas OR Gasi →ikoyaNaci sakhy + as sakhyus "of friend"

pati- + Gas OR Gasi →ikoyaNaci paty + as patyus "of husband"

This rule won't work on compounded pati- --

senA- + pati- + Gas →gherGiti senApates "a general's"

What's the original wording of the rule?

" Gas Gasi to u after khy ty". Here, khy ty mean the sakhi- pati- that have been affected by ikoyaNaci. The only i enders that get that y change are sakhi- and uncompounded pati-, because gherGiti says that the others don't get y change.

What you just said made my head dizzy.

Now you know why I didn't keep close to the original wording in my translation.

ato ror aplutAd aplute ONPANINI 61113
After a, ru to u (before a).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 558 sandhi

This rule only works after sasaju works, and after it works, AdguNaH and eGaHp will always work. The effect of these four rules together is --

"replace wordfinal as plus the next a with o"

Example --

azvas + atra azvotra "horse is here"

Writing that in more detail --

azvas + atra →sasaju azva + ru + atra azva + u + atra →AdguNaH azvo + atra →eGaHp azvotra

More examples --

rAmas + abravIt rAmobravIt "rAma said"

ziras- + adhinivAsini zirodhinivAsini "o peak-dwelleress"

See also Spelling of o before deleted a. .

KAZIKA ati, utiti vartate. akArAdaplutAduttarasya ro rephasya ukArAnubandhaviziSTasya akAre 'plute parata ukArAdezo bhavati. vRkSo 'tra. plakSo 'tra. bhobhagoaghoapUrvasya yo 'zi 83017 ityasmin prApte utvaM vidhIyate. rutvam api AzrayAt pUrvatrAsiddham 82001 iti asiddhaM na bhavati. ataH iti kim? agniratra. taparakaraNaM kim? vRkSA atra. sAnubandhagrahaNaM kim? svaratra. prAtaratra. ati ityeva, vRkSa iha. tasya api taparatvAdatra na bhavati. vRkSa AzritaH. aplutAd iti kim? susrotA3atra nvasi. aplute iti kim? tiSThatu paya a3czvin. atra plutasya asiddhatvAtutvaM prApnoti iti aplutAdaplute iti ucyate.

KAZIKA ati, utiti vartate. akArAdaplutAduttarasya ro rephasya ukArAnubandhaviziSTasya akAre 'plute parata ukArAdezo bhavati. vRkSo 'tra. plakSo 'tra. bhobhagoaghoapUrvasya yo 'zi ityasmin prApte utvaM vidhIyate. rutvam api AzrayAt pUrvatrAsiddham iti asiddhaM na bhavati. ataH iti kim? agniratra. taparakaraNaM kim? vRkSA atra. sAnubandhagrahaNaM kim? svaratra. prAtaratra. ati ityeva, vRkSa iha. tasya api taparatvAdatra na bhavati. vRkSa AzritaH. aplutAd iti kim? susrotA3atra nvasi. aplute iti kim? tiSThatu paya a3zvin. atra plutasya asiddhatvAtutvaM prApnoti iti aplutAdaplute iti ucyate.

hazi ca ONPANINI 61114
(After a, ru to u) before haz too.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 559

When ru is after a and before haz, we replace that ru with u. This rule will only work when sasaju has replaced a wordfinal s with ru, and after this rule works, AdguNaH will always work. So the effect of the three rules combined is always --

" wordfinal as to o before haz "

Example before the haz letter d --

azvas + dravati azvo dravati "horse runs"

If you want the small details --

azvas + dravati →sasaju azva + ru + dravati azva + u + dravati →AdguNaH azvo dravati

More examples --

kapayas + nadyAm kapayo nadyAm "the monkeys are in the river"

manas- + bhis →svAdiSva manas ( word ) + bhis manobhiH "with minds"

KAZIKA hazi ca parataH ata uttarasya rorukArAdezo bhavati. puruSo yAti. puruSo hasati. puruSo dadAti.

sarvatra vibhASA goH ONPANINI 61122
(a stays) optionally after go-.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 560

Optional exception to eGaHpa.

Examples --

go::agram "(a country etc) whose main economic activity is bovine husbandry"

go::azvebhyas "from cattle and horses"

alternatively go'gram, go'zvebhyas. With eGaHpa.

KAZIKA sarvatra chandasi bhASAyAM ca ati parato goH eG prakRtyA bhavati vibhASA. go 'gram, go agram. chandasi apazavo vA anye goazvebhyaH pazavo goazvAn.

go'gram, you type? Am I allowed to use a flycrap in the middle of a compound like that?

Nope. That's usually spelled gogram. Do as I say, not as I do.

What does the sarvatra word in the original rule mean? You did not translate it.

It means " both in the veda and in the laukika". It is necessary in the original rule to prevent the trickle of "in the yajurveda only" from a previous rule. In my translation it is not necessary, because I have not translated that previous rule yet.

pluta;pragRhyA:: aci nityam ONPANINI 61125
extralong and nonjoiner vowels stay before vowel.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 561

Exception to all sandhi rules that affect vowel before vowel (such as akassa, ikoyaNaci, eGaHpa, AdguNaH). Those rules won't work after certain vowels (which happen to be all wordfinal).

One such vowel is the I of the word kapI that means "two monkeys". This I is a nonjoiner, so it triggers neither ikoyaNaci --

kapI: aveNatAnM tUryau "the two monkeys played their musical instruments"

nor akassa --

tau kapI: icchataH phalam "those two monkeys like the result"

There is another word kapI that means "one she-monkey" and has an ordinary I. Rules ikoya and akassa work as usual with this one --

sA kapI + icchati saGMgItam →akassa sA kapIcchati saGMgItaM "that she-monkey likes music"

veNukaGM kapI + avAdayat →ikoyaNaci veNukaGM kapy avAdayat "she-monkey played her flute"

How do you know that one of these two kapI words has a nonjoiner I and the other doesn't? Both sound the same to me.

Some rules, such as IdUdeddvi ff, explain what vowels are nonjoiners.

Never heard of aveNatAm.

Same meaning as avAdayatAm. Or so the dhAtupATha says. Root ad 01.1008 veN veNR~ vAditragrahaNeSu.

iko 'savarNe zAkalyasya hrasvaz ca ONPANINI 61127
Optionally, ( wordfinal) ik stays and shortens before non- similar.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 562

Optional exception to ikoyaNaci.

So even though we usually apply ikoyaNaci in these --

dadhi + aicchat → dadhy aicchat "he wanted curds"

su-mahAMs tvat-sahAyeSu hary-RkSeSv asaMzayaH

the wordfinal i u may also stay --

dadhi + aicchat dadhi aicchat "he wanted curds"

su-mahAMs tvat-sahAyeSu hary-RkSeSu asaMzayaH

(This last line is from the rAmAyaNa. This option was taken mc.)

A long wordfinal must shorten --

kumArI + atra kumAri_atra "the princess is here"

KAZIKA iko 'savarne aci parataH zAkalyasya AcAryasya matena prakRtyA bhavanti, hrasvazca tasya ikaH sthAne bhavati. dadhi atra, dadhyatra. madhu atra, madhvatra. kumAri atra, kumAry atra. kizori atra, kizory atra. ikaH iti kim? khaTvendraH. asavarNe iti kim. kumArIndraH. zAkalyasya grahaNaM pUjArtham. ArambhasAmarthyAdeva hi yaNAdezena saha vikalpaH siddhaH. sinnityasamAsayoH zAkalapratiSedho vaktavyaH. siti ayaM te yonir RtviyaH. nityasamAse vyAkaranam. kumAryartham. ISA akSAdiSu chandasi prakRtibhAvamAtraM vaktavyam. ISA akSo hiraNyayaH. kA imare pizaGgilA. pathA agaman.

Rty akaH ONPANINI 61128
ak (optionally stays and shortens) before R.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 563

Ordinarily, because of AdguNaH, ikoyaNaci, akassa, we have --

a A + R → ar

i I + R → yR

u U + R → vR

R + R → RR

But this exception allows hiatus as well --

atra + RSayaH atra RSayaH "the sages are here"

bhavanti + RtavaH bhavanti RtavaH "there are seasons"

If the ak is long, it shortens --

kumArI + RSiz ca kumAri RSiz ca "the princess and the sage"

KAZIKA zAkalyasya hrasvazca ityetadanuvartate. RkAre parataH zAklyasya AcAryasya matena akaH prakRtyA bhavanti hrasvazca tasyakaH sthAne bhavati. khaTva RzyaH. mAla RzyaH. kumAri RzyaH. hotR RzyaH. Rti iti kim? khaTvendraH. akaH iti kim. vRkSAvRzyaH. savarNArthamanigarthaM ca vacanam.

diva::ut ONPANINI 61131
( wordfinal) div- to u.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 564

This div- is a f kvin-ender rootnoun that means "sky".

Examples with div made wordfinal by svAdiSva --

div- + bhis diu + bhis →ikoyaNaci dyubhis "with skies"

div- + sup' diu + su →ikoyaNaci dyu + su →kric dyuSu "in the skies"

Examples with div made wordfinal by supodhA --

divam + spRzati "touches the sky" → div- + spRz + su dyu + spRz + su →halGyA dyuspRz →kvinpra dyuspRk "skyscraper" ( anything that touches the sky )

div- + pati + su dyu + pati + su → dyupatis "skylord" ( the Sun )

When the v is not wordfinal this rule won't work, so we say divau, divas.

If the su is strong, this rule won't work (because the su is strong, the v is not made wordfinal by svAdiSva), and we get dyaus (by diva::aut).

But in the end of a compound like vimaladiv- "that has clear skies", when it is neuter, the su will be erased by svamor, and this rule works, and we say --

vimaladyu dinam "a day with clear sky"

KAZIKA eGaH padAntAdati 61109 ityataH padagrahaNam anuvartate. divaH iti prAtipadikaM gRhyate, na dhAtuH, sAnubandhakatvAt. divaH padasya ukArAdezo bhavati. divi kAmo yasya dyukAmaH. dyumAn. vimaladyu dinam. dyubhyAm. dyubhiH. niranubandhakagrahaNAdiha na bhavati, akSadyUbhyAm, akSadyUbhiH iti. taparakaranam UTho nivRttyartham, dyubhyAm, dyubhiH iti. atra hi paratvAt UTH prApnoti. padasya iti kim? divau. divaH.

etat;tadoH su-lopo 'kor a-naJ-samAse hali ONPANINI 61132
Delete su of sas eSas before consonant.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 565

eSas and sas mean "this" and "that". They are the masculine pronouns tad- and etad- with su added --

azvo mayA dRSTasH saH "I saw that horse"

azvo mayA dRSTa eSaH "I saw this horse"

If they are before a consonant, in saMhitA, they lose their final, turning into sa and eSa --

azvo mayA sa dRSTaH "I saw that horse"

azva eSa mayA dRSTaH "I saw this horse"

KAZIKA etat;tadau yAvakakArau naJsamAse na vartate tayor yaH suzabdaH, kazca tayoH suzabdaH? yaH tadarthena sambaddhaH, tasya saMhitAyAM viSaye hali parato lopo bhavati. eSa dadAti. sa dadAti. eSa bhuGkte. sa bhuGkte. etattadoH iti kiM? yo dadAti. yo bhuGkte. sugrahaNaM kim? etau gAvau carataH. akoH iti kim? eSako dadAti. sako dadAti. tanmadhyapatitas tadgrahaNena gRhyate iti rUpabhede 'pi sAkackAv etat-tadAv eva bhavataH. a-naJ-samAse iti kim? aneSo dadAti. aso dadAti. uttarapadArtha- pradhAnatvAn naJ-samAsasya etattadoreva atra sambaddhaH suzabdaH. hali iti kim? eSo 'tra so 'tra.

What does the akos in the original rule mean?

"If they have no k". This exception makes the uncommon words sakas and eSakas, made with akac, keep their su.

And the anaJsamAse thingie?

"If they are not in a naJ compound". So, the uncommon compounds a-sas ("someone else, not that one") and an-eSas ("someone else, not this one"), keep their su --

asas tarati "someone else crosses" (not that one)

aneSas tarati "someone else crosses" (not this one)

sam;pary;upebhyaH karotau bhUSaNe ONPANINI 61137
After sam pari upa, when meaning decorating, kR gets s(uT).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 566

This rule will replace the kR that means decorating with skR.

Examples --

upa + kR + tRc upa + skR + tR upaskartR- "decorator"

pari + kR + tRc pari + skR + tR pariskartR- →parinivi pariSkartR- "decorator"

This rule won't work when the meaning is not "decorating" --

upa + kR + tRc upakartR- "helper, furnisher"

KAZIKA sam pari upa ity etebhyaH bhuSaN%Arthe karotau parataH suT kAt pUrvo bhavati. saMskartA. saMskartum. saMskartavyam. atra saMpuMkAnAM satvam iti samo makArasya sakAraH, pUrvasya cAkArasya anunAsikaH. pariSkartA. pariSkartum. pariSkartavyam. suTstusvaJjAm iti Satvam. upaskartA. upaskartum. upaskartavyam. bhUSaNe iti kim? upakaroti. sampUrvasya kvacidabhUSaNe 'pi suDiSyate, saMskRtamannam iti.

citaH ONPANINI 61163
cit enders get acute on the last.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 567

When an affix is cit, the last vowel of the result of adding stem and affix gets the acute. As in --

uccais + akac uccakais ( accent on the ai )

kR + liT jha → cakR + irec cakrire ( accent on the e )

kR + tRc kartR- ( accent on the R )

There is another kartR- made with tRn --

kR + tRn → kartR- ( with accent on the a by JnityAdi )

Back to labels and accent .

kitaH ONPANINI 61165
kit ( taddhita -ender has acute on the end).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 568

For instance, the kRt affix kta is kit. So in --

nI + kta → nItaH "was led"

the accent is on the taH.

Back to labels and accent .

KAZIKA taddhitasya ityeva. taddhitasya kito 'nta udAtto bhavati. naD´AdibhyaH phaG nADAyanaH. cArAyaNaH. prAg vahateS Thag AkSikaH. zAlAkikaH.

aSTano dIrghAt ONPANINI 61172
( weak is acute) after long aSTan-mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 569 accent

aSTan has a long at the end only when rule aSTana:: A vibhaktau worked, changing it into aSTA-. Therefore --

aSTAbhiH

aSTAbhyaH

aSTAsu

are antodAtta, I mean, they have acute on the last vowel.

KAZIKA aSTano dIrghAntAd a-sarvanAmasthAna-vibhaktir udAttA bhavati. aSTAbhiH. aSTAbhyaH. aSTAsu. ghRtAdipAThAtaSTanzabdo 'nt%odAttaH, tatra jhaly upottamam 61180 ityasya apavAdo vibhaktir eva udAtta-tvaM vidhIyate. dIrghAd iti kim? aSTasu prakrameSu brAhmaNo 'gnIn AdadhIta. idam eva dIrgha-grahaNam aSTana At-tva-vikalpaM jJApayati, kRtAtvasya ca SaT-saMjJAM jJApayati. anyathA hyAtvapakSe sAvakAzo 'STanaH. svaraH paratvAdanAtvapakSe SaTsvareNa bAdhiSyate iti kim dIrgha-grahaNena.

Why did you translate this rule, when you said that you have no interest on accent rules and we can safely ignore them?

Because if this rule did not contain the word dIrghAt, meaning "after the aSTan that ends in a long", then rule aSTana:: A vibhaktau would be compulsory.

I don't understand why it would.

Then think slowly about it. Homework. Or, puzzle. You choose.

tit svaritam ONPANINI 61185
An affix with t label has falling on its firstmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 570

Exception to AdyudAttazca, that makes affixes acute in the first by default.

So --

kR + Nyat + su → kAryam "(that) has to be done"

has falling on the ya.

Back to labels and accent .

liti ONPANINI 61193
The syllable before a lit affix gets the acute.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 571

lit means "what has ell as a label". (Not same as liT, a past tense.)

Exception to AdyudAttazca.

Example. The words cak(A)ra and cak(a)ra get accent in the middle because these words were made with Nal, a lit affix.

Back to labels and accent .

Why did you wrote "ell" instead of your usual "  l " ?

One of my students has a tendency to misread l as I when she forgets her reading glasses. I do the same thing when I use a sans-serif font.

Jit is what has label Jmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 572

Some Jit affixes:

aJ ghaJ iJ JyaG vuJ naJ

Rule svaritaJi says Jit roots, like kR and UrNu, are flattybendy.

nit is what has label n.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 573

The nit affixes put the accent at the start (by JnityA), just like the Jit affixes.

Some nit affixes --

zyan

tumun

san

ktin

kvin

Than

tRn

vun

Jnity Adir nityam ONPANINI 61197
Jnit puts acute at the start.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 574 accent

The Jit affixes and the nit affixes place the accent on the first vowel of whatever they are added to.

CAREFUL. I said Jnit with n, NOT JNit with N. Reread again, and say JnityAdirnityam VERY carefully. With two n.

Examples. zyan, vun and yaJ are Jnit affixes. That's why this yudhyate has the accent on the yu --

yudh + kartari laT ta → yudh + zyan + ta →Tita yudhyate "he's fighting"

While this other yudhyate has the accent on the yak --

yudh + akartari laT ta → yudh + yak + ta →Tita yudhyate "fighting is going on"

KAZIKA Jiti niti ca nityam Adir udAtto bhavati. gargAdibhyo yaJ gArgyaH. vAtsyaH. vAsudev%ArjunAbhyAM vun vAsudevakaH. arjunakaH. pratyayasvar%ApavAdo 'yaM yogaH. pratyayalakSaNam atra na iSyate, tena gargAH, bidAH, caJcAH ity atra yaJi kani ca lupte na bhavati.

Why is the accent on the yak?

Because all affixes carry the accent unless they have a label (such as n or N) that moves it elsewhere. See Ady-udAttazca.

I find the Jni part of JnityAdirnityam impossible to chant.

No wonder, as Jn goes against stozzcu. But that's easily fixed. Just chant JinittyAdirnittyam, like the loudspeaker icon here --

panini research tool 61197

yato '-nAvaH ONPANINI 61213
(Two-vowel) yat-enders (accent the first), except nAvyaH.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 575 accent

This debars tit svaritam.

Example with the kRt affix yat --

ji + yat →hardsoft je + ya → jeya- "defeatable" ( accent on je )

Counterexample with the taddhita affix yat'' --

nau + yat'' →vAntoyi nAv + ya → nAvya- "suitable for ships, navigable" ( accent on vyam )

Back to labels and accent .

KAZIKA niSthA ca dvyajanAt 61205. ity ato dvy-aj-grahaNam anuvartate. yat pratyayAntasya dvyaca AdirudAtto bhavati na cen@ nau-zabdAt paro bhavati. aco yac ceyam. jeyam. zarIrAvayavAd yat 51006 kaNThyam. oSThyam. tit svaritam 61185 ityasya apavAdaH. a-nAvaH iti kim? nAvyam. dvy-acaH ity eva, cikIrSyam. lalATyam.

Now that looks weird. The same word yat in the rule appears to mean both to the kRt affix yat and the taddhita affix yat''.

True. Either that's weird, or I mistranslated. I hope I'm right. wafti.

upottamaM riti ONPANINI 61217
rit affixes have acute in the next-to-last vowel.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 576

Exception to AdyudAttazca.

A rit is whatever has label r. Examples with the rit affixes anIya(r) kelima(r) --

kR + anIyar → karaNIya- ( accent on NI )

pac + kelimar → pacelima- ( accent on li )

Back to labels and accent .

bahuvrIhau prakRtyA pUrva-padam ONPANINI 62001
In a longhorn, the former keeps its accent.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 577

So the latter loses it.

This is not a vedic rule, but in practice it might as well be -- I want to remind the reader that nowadays accent rules are only applied when reciting the veda . So that you won't lose sleep because of the horror story below.

Traditional example (translated into English) --

The word "indra-kíller" is a tatpuruSa compound), and means someone who will kill indra. The word indra lost its accent when compounded.

But "índra-killer" is a longhorn compound, and means someone whose killer is indra. Namely, someone who was or will be killed by indra.

There is an old story about tvaSTR-, who prayed to brahmA to get an indrakiller son, but, when praying, put the accent in the wrong place. He did not get what he wanted, but what he had asked for. Gods use REAL Sanskrit, and not the botched debased accentless dialect that passes for it this wretched kaliyuga.

Yet, when you are not talking to gods, nor chanting the veda, NVM about accents.

BTW, I found this in a blog, might be interesting --

tvaSTR mispronounces indrazatru

hal;ad-antAt saptamyAH saMjJAyAm ONPANINI 63009
After hal or a, seventh stays, if tag.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 578

That is to say, supodhA does not work in a tag whose former is a nounbase that ends in a or consonant, and got seventh.

For instance, the nounbase of araNye "in the forest" is araNya-, ending in a --

araNya- + Gi →AdguNaH araNye "in the wild"

Therefore when this araNye is former in a tag, supodhA does not work --

araNyetilakAH "disappointing things"

But if araNye tilakAH is used in its literal meaning of "wild sesame plants", then the compounding is not allowed.

araNye tilakAH "there are sesame plants in the forest"

See gaviyudhibhyAM sthiraH for another example.

KAZIKA halantAdadantAc ca uttarasyAH saptamyAH saMjJAyAm alug bhavati. yudhiSThiraH. tvacisAraH. gaviSThiraH ityatra tu gaviyudhibhyAM sthiraH 83095 ityata eva vacanAdaluk. adantAt araNyetilakAH. araNyemASakAH. vanekiMzukAH. vaneharidrakAH. vanebalbajakAH. purvAhNesphoTakAH. kUpepizAcakAH. haladantAditi kim? nadyAM kukkuTikA nadIkukkuTikA. bhUmyAM pAzAH bhUmipAzAH. saMjJAyAm iti kim? akSazauNDaH. hRddyubhAM GeH. hRd divityetebhyAm uttarasya Geralug bhavati. hRdispRk. divispRk.

Why does pAnini bother to teach this? No matter the meaning, no matter if we compound the words together or not, the sound is the same, araNyetilakAH.

It was not the same for pANini. In compounds, one of the words loses its accent. Also, if t is not a compound, you may swap the words, while if the meaning is diappointing things, you must say araNyetilakAH inthat order. You may not even pause in the middle.

AnaG Rto dvandve ONPANINI 63025
Replace R -enders with An(aG) (when former) in a dvandva.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 579

Example:

mAtR + pitR- + au mAtAn + pitR- + au →nalopaHprA mAtA + pitR- + au → mAtA;pitarau "parents"

What's the label G of An(aG) for?

Without it, An would have replaced all of mAtR, not just the last letter -- se Gicca.

Man that's complicated. Why was this rule not worded simply as "replace R -enders with A"? That would've worked too.

Wouldn't've worked at all, see uraNra.

An@ mahataH samAnAdhikaraNa-jAtIyayoH ONPANINI 63046
mahat- to A before samereferent or jAtIya.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 580

Examples --

mahat- + rAja mahArAja- "great king"

mahAbAhu- "big-armed"

mahAjAtIya- "moderately large"

Why do we say samereferent?

The son of a big man is mahatputra-. Here the former means the father and the latter means the son, so not samereferent, so this rule did not work.

How do you know that mahAjAtIya- means "moderately large"?

I don't know that. I'm just trusting Sir mmw.

"Big man", you said? My earlier teacher said that we must always translate mahat- as "great".

As in vRSabhAvaskaro mahAn, I guess.

KAZIKA samAnAdhikaraNe uttarapade jAtIye ca pratyaye parato mahataH AkArAdezo bhavati. mahAdevaH. mahAbrAhmaNaH. mahAbAhuH. mahAbalaH. jAtIye mahAjAtIyaH. samAnAdhikaraNajAtIyayoH iti kim? mahataH putraH mahatputraH. lakSaNoktatvAd eva atra na bhaviSyati iti ced bahuvrIhAv api na syAd mahAbAhuH iti. tadarthaM samAnAdhikaraNagrahaNaM vaktavyam. amahAn mahAn sampanno mahadbhUtazcandramAH ityatra gauNatvAn mahadarthasya na bhavatyAtvam. mahadAtve ghAsakaraviziSTeSu upasaGkhyAnaM puMvadvacanaM ca asamAnAdhikaraNArtham. mahatyAH ghAsaH mahAghAsaH. mahatyAH karaH mahAkaraH. mahatyAH viziSTaH mahAviziSTaH. aSTanaH kapAle haviSyupasaGkhyAnam. aSTakapAlaM caruM nirvapet. haviSi iti kim? aSTakapAlaM brAhmaNasya. gavi ca yukte 'STana upasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam. aSTAgavena zakaTena. yukte iti kim? aSTagavaM brAhmaNasya taparakaraNaM vispaSTArtham.

iko hrasvo '-Gyo gAlavasya ONPANINI 63061
Optionally ( former) ik that is not GI to short.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 581

Example --

grAmaNI- + putras grAmaNiputras "son of the mayor"

GI is not affected --

gArgIputras

The iyaG uvaG are not affected --

zrIkulam

But /bhrU- is --

bhrukuTis

Some say "replace /bhrU- with a" --

bhrakuTis "a frown"

KAZIKA igantasya aGyantasya uttarapade hrasvaH bhavati gAlavasya Acaryasya matena anyatarasyAm. grAmaNiputraH grAmaNIputraH. brahmabandhuputraH, brahyabandhUputraH. ikaH iti kim? khaTvApAdaH. mAlApAdaH. aGyaH iti kim? gArgIputraH. vAtsIputraH. gAlavagrahaNaM pujArtham. anyatarasyAm iti hi vartate. vyvasthitavibhaSA ca iyam. tena iha na bhavati, kArISagandhIputraH iti. iyaGuvaGbhAvinAm avyayAnAM ca na bhavati. zrIkulam. bhrUkulam. kANdIbhUtam. vRSalIbhUtam. bhrUkuMsAdInAM tu bhavatyeva. bhrukuMsaH. bhrukuTiH. apara Aha. bhrukuMsAdInAm akAro bhavati iti vaktavyam. bhrakuMsaH. bhrakuTiH.

arur;dviSad;aj-antasya mum ONPANINI 63067
arus-, dviSat-, and vowel-enders get mum (when they are former before a khit-ender).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 582

Some compounds (such as janamejaya-, paranMtapa-, arunMtuda-, parapuraJMjaya-) get m in the middle. This happens when the latter was made with a khit affix ( khaz or khac), and the former is arus-, or dviSat- (the one from dviSomitre), or ends in a vowel.

Examples of khaz and khac enders --

ej + Nic + khaz → eji + khaz → eji + zap + khaz →hardsoft eje + a + khaz →ecoya ejaya + khaz →atoguNe ejaya "that makes (them) tremble"

tap + khac → tapa

ji + khac →hardsoft je + a →ecoya jaya

All of these must compound with their object. The object gets mum by this rule. Example with a vowel-ender, para- "enemy" --

para- + tap + khac paramtapa- →monusvA paraMtapa →anusvA paranMtapa- "enemy-scorcher"

examples with dviSat- and arus-, thatalso mean "enemy" --

dviSat- + tap + khac dviSamt tapa- →saMyogAnta dviSamtapa- →monusvA dviSaMtapa →anusvA dviSanMtapa- "enemy-scorcher"

arus- + tud + khaz arumstuda →saMyogAnta arumtuda →monusvA aruMtuda →anusvA arunMtuda- "enemy-beater"

janamejaya- "he that makes people tremble (pn of a king)"

nitambamejayA- "she that twerks vigorously"

parapuraJMjaya- "conqueror of the cities of the enemy"

KAZIKA arus dviSad ity etayor ajanatAnAM ca khid-anta uttara-pade mum-Agamo bhavati anavyayasya. aruntudaH. dviSantapaH. ajantAnAm kAlimmanyA. arurdviSadajantasya iti kim? vidvanmanyaH. anavyayasya ityeva, doSAmanyamahaH. divAmanyA rAtriH. antagrahaNaM kim? kRtAjantakArya-pratipatty-artham. ato hrasve kRte mum bhavati.

na-lopo naJaH ONPANINI 63073
Delete the n of naJ.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 583

na(J) means "no" or "lacking". It is used only as a former.

The J of naJ is a label, and the n is deleted by this rule, so only a stays. This "a" is the same negative element that appears in words like a-theist, a-scorbic, an-hidrid.

In a tatpuruSa --

naJ + brahmaNaH → abrahmaNaH "fake brahmin, he's not a brahmin"

In a longhorn --

naJ + brahmaNaH → abrahmaNaH "(a country) devoid of brahmins"

If what is after naJ starts with a vowel, next rule tasmAnnuDaci will work.

KAZIKA naJo nakArasya lopo bhavati uttarapade. abrAhmaNaH. avRSalaH. asurApaH. asomapaH. naJo nalope 'vakSepe tiGyupasaGkhyAnaM kartavyam. apacasi tvaM jAlma. akaroSi tvaM jAlma.

tasmAn@ nuD aci ONPANINI 63074
vowel after naJ gets nuT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 584

Addition to naloponaJaH. When naJ is before a vowel-starter, that vowel-starter gets nuT. In other words, we add n in front of the vowel-starter, this way --

Example. Rtam starts with a vowel, so it gets nuT here --

naJ + Rtam "true" →naloponaJaH a + Rtam a + (Rtam + nuT) →AdyantauTakitau a + nRtam → anRtam "untrue, an untruth"

Notice that this rule adds n in front of the Rtam, and not at the end of the naJ. It must be done that way because otherwise rule Gamohra would screw things up (or maybe nalopaHprA would, I'm not sure). Anyway, spelling anRtam is fine, spelling an-Rtam is fine, and I avoid a-nRtam because it confuses my students big time.

KAZIKA tasmAl lupta-nakArAn naJaH nuT-Agamo bhavati aj-AdAv uttarapade. anajaH. anazvaH. tasmAd iti kim? naJa eva hi syAt. pUrvAnte hi Gamo hrasvAd aci GamuN nityam iti prApnoti.

v'' .opasarjanasya ONPANINI 63082
( saha- to sa-) optionally in a longhorn.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 585

Example --

Compounding saha- with putrais we get sahaputra-, that means "accompanied with sons".

sahaputra- is a longhorn because rules zeSobahuvrIhiH and tenasahetitulyayoge say so. Therefore this rule applies --

saha- + putrais sa- + putrais → saputra- "accompanied with sons"

Notice that the bhis ending of putrais is lost. This happens because saputra- will be used asan adjective, and will lose its own gender and case and number to get the gender and case and number of whatever noun it will describe --

pazyAmi pitRRn saputrAn "I see fathers with sons"

pazyAmi mAtRRsH saputrAH "I see mothers with sons"

This rule is optional --

saha- + putrais → sahaputra- "accompanied with sons"

This rule will not work on non- longhorn compounds like sahayudhvan- "one who fights together, a brother-in-arms", which is not a longhorn because it means a particular sort of yudhvan- "warrior".

KAZIKA upasarjana-sarvAvayavaH samAsaH upasarjanam. yasya sarve 'vayavA upasarjanIbhUtAH sa sarvopasarjano bahuvrIhir gRhyate. tadavayavasya sahazabdasya vA sa ityayam Adezo bhavati. saputraH, sahaputraH. sacchAtraH, sahacchAtraH. upasarjanasya iti kim? sahayudhvA. sahakRtvA. sahakRtvapriyaH, priyasahakRtvA iti iha bahuvrIhau yaduttarapadaM tat paraH sahazabdo na bhavati iti sabhAvo na bhavati.