chunk 16: 31005 sanAdyanta roots chunk 16: 31005 sanAdyanta roots
31005
31006 after
31007 Optionally, use to mean "wanna, gonna".
31008 Add
31009
31011
31018
31020
31021
31022 One-vowel roots that start with a consonant may get
31023
31024
31025
31026 Add
31027
31028
31030
31031 The three previous rules are optional before soft.
31032
^ 
Exception in advance to dhAtoHkarmaNa, that says that the san affix gives the meaning "want to". These three roots, with san added, get instead these three special meanings --
these forms cannot mean "want to", we have to say
and
As in --
KAZIKA gupa gopane, tija nizAne, kita nivAse etebhyo dhAtubhyaH san pratyayo bhavati. pratyaya-saMjJA ca adhikRtaiva. jugupsate. titikSate. cikitsati. nindA-kSamA-vyAdhi-pratIkAreSu sanniSate 'nyatra yathA prAptaM pratyayA bhavanti. yopayati. tejayati. saGketayati. gup'-AdiSv anubandha-karaNam Atmanepad%Artham.
By a vArttika to dhAtoHkarmaNa, these three sananta roots can take a second san in the ordinary sense of "want to" --
^ 
This rule says that these four roots, when they get san, cannot get the ordinary meanings "want to" or "be about to", but instead they get some other meanings, and the stammer lengthens.
These are the four roots with san added, and their meanings --
KAZIKA mAn pUjAyAm, badha bandhane, dAna avakhaNDane, zAna avatejate, ityetebhyo dhAtubhyaH san pratyayo bhavati, abhyAsasya ca ikArasya dIrghAdezo bhavati. mImAMsate. bIbhatsate. dIdAMsate. zIzAMsate. uttarasUtre vAgrahaNaM sarvasya zeSo vijJAyate, tena kvacin na bhavaty api. mAnayati. bAdhayati. dAnayati. nizAnayati. atra api sannarthavizeSa iSyate. mAner jijJAsAyAm, badher vairUpye, dAner Arjave, zAner nizAne.
Formation of the first two --
^
( inria flags the words that have this affix with " des".)
So, adding the affix
The root
cikIrSa means "want to make" or "be about to make" by this rule.
and is a root by sanAdyantA.
Being a root, this cikIrSa can get tenses --
cikIrSa + laT mahi →
and kRt affixes --
cikIrSa + a'' + su
yuyutsa + u' + jas →
The
These roots that end in san are called desiderative roots ( des in inria) by some, but sananta is less of a misnomer. Shorter too.
See
KAZIKA iSikarma yo dhaturiSiNaiva samAnakartRkaH, tasmAdicchAyAm arthe vA san pratyayo bhavati. karmatvaM samAnakartRkatvaM ca dhAtorarthadvArakam. karTum icchati. cikIrSati. jihIrSati. dhAtugrahanaM kim? sopasargAdutpattir mA bhUt. prakaRtum aicchat prAcikIrSat. karmaNaH iti kim? karaNAn mA bhUt. gamanena icchati. samAnakartRkatiti kim? devadattasya bhojanam icchati yajJadattaH. icchAyAm iti kim? kartuM jAnAti. vAvacanAd vAkyam api bhavati. dhAtoH iti vidhAnAdatra sanaH ArdhadhAtukasaMjJA bhavati, na pUrvatra. AzaGkAyAm upasaMkhyAnam. AzaGke patiSyati kUlam, pipatiSati kUlam. zvA mumUrSati. icchAsannantAt pratiSedho vaktavyaH. cikIrSitum icchati. vizeSaNaM kim? jugupsiSate. mImAMsiSate. zaiSikAnmatubarthIyAcchaiSiko matubarthikaH. sarUpaH pratyayo neSTaH sanantAn na saniSyate.
The fact that the sananta roots are called " desiderative" in Western grammars might give us the wrong impression that their main meaning is "desirous of". In fact, however, it looks like they main meaning is "planning to" or "about to". For instance,
Sometimes the affix san can't be translated as "want to" or "about to", but is more like "having the intention, planning, thinking". For instance, it is said that in times of yore,
"if you know what wealth I thought of giving, then I'll give it to you"
here
"you thought of giving each one of those kings
ten thousand kine and as many gold
and to me twice that, and a gold chariot
and two horses fleet as the mind, O great asura,
ask around and you'll learn that your chariot is indeed made of gold"
^
The sanAdi affix
putrIya is a root because rule sanAdyantA says so.
The rule is optional, so saying
The word
This rule adds kyac after ONE noun. When the desired thing is expressed with two words, we cannot use kyac --
KAZIKA
^ 
Example. Adding
As in --
Exact same meaning as the
The
KAZIKA subantAt karmaNaH AtmecchAyAM kAmyac pratyayo bhavati. AtmanaH putram icchati putrakAmyati. vastrakAmyati. yogavibhAga uttaratra kyaco 'nuvRttyarthaH. kakArasya itsajJA prayojanAbhAvAn na bhavati, cakArAditvAd va kAmyacaH. upayaTkAmyati.
^
The
Example.
As in --
These roots are all bendy, by anudAttaGi.
If the nounbase ends in
As in --
KAZIKA AcAre ityanuvartate. upamAnAt kartuH subantAdAcAre 'rthe vA kyaGprattyayo bhavati, sakArasya ca lopo bhavati. anvAcayaziStaH salopaH, tadabhAve 'pi kyaG bhavatyeva. zyena ivAcarati kAkaH zyenAyate. kumudaM puSkarAyate. salopavidhAvapi vAgrahaNaM sambadhyate, sA ca vyavasthitavibhASA bhavati. ojaso 'psaraso nityaM payasas tu vibhASayA.
^
Example. Instead of saying
As in --
The
^
The affix
Adding
KAZIKA karaNe iti vartate. puccha bhANDa cIvara ity etebhyo NiG pratyayo bhavati karaNa-vizeSe. pucchAd udasane paryasane vA. utpucchayate. paripucchayate. bhANDAt samAcayane. saMbhANDayate. cIvarAd arjane paridhAne vA. saMcIvarayate bhikSuH. GakAra AtmanepadArthaH. NakAraH sAmAnya-grahaN%ArthaH, NeraniTi iti.
The
The rule gets the trickle "to mean making", which must be ignored, as in fact
If you are curious about why would anyone collect pots in a heap, see Wikipedia on Monte Testaccio.
^
Nic is usually added after a root, but this rule allows to add it after certain nouns such as
This rule gives the seal of approval to the following verbs --
This verb can be used only with vows of taking food or abstaining from it, like
KAZIKA muNDa mizra zlakSNa lavaNa vrata vastra hala kala kRta tUsta ity etebhyaH karaNe Nic pratyayo bhavati. muNDaM karoti muNDayati. mizrayati. zlakSNayati. lavaNayati. vratAt bhojane tannivRttau ca payo vratayati. vRSalAnnaM vratayati. vastrAt samAcchAdane saMvastrayati. haliM gRhNAti halayati. kaliM gRhNAti kalayati. halikalyoradantatvanipAtanaM sanvadbhAvapratiSedhAryam. ajahalat. acakalat. kRtaM gRhNAti kRtayati. tUstAni vihanti vitUstayati kezAn. vizadIkaroti ityarthaH.
The rule allows the verb
^
The sanAdi affix
It can be added to one-vowel roots that start with a consonant and do not carry a preverb, such as pac or
But when we add yaG to these roots, we get the sanAdyanta roots pApacya and
Instead of adding yaG, we may express the same ideas by other means --
If the root has more than one vowel, stars with a vowel, or carries a preverb, then yaG is not possible and we must use the other means, as in --
The yaG roots
The
See also the exceptions --
KAZIKA ekAj yo dhAtur hal-AdiH kriyA-samabhihAre vartate tasmAd yaG pratyayo bhavati. paunaHpunyaM bhRz%Artho vA kriyA-samabhihAraH. naH punaH pacati pApacyate. yAyajyate. bhRzaM jvalati jAjvalyate. dedIpyate. dhAtoH iti kim? sopasargAd utpattir mA bhUt, bhRzaM prATati. ekAcaH iti kim? bhRzaM jAgarti. halAdeH iti kim? bhRzam IkSate. sUcisUtramUtryaTyartyazUrNotInAM grahanaM yaG-vidhAnavekAjahal-Ady-artham. sosUcyate. sosUtryate. momUtryate. aTATyate. arAryate. azAzyate. prorNonUyate. bhRzaM zobhate, bhRzaM rocate ityatra neSyate, anabhidhAnAt.
The yaG is rarely used. It is found mostly in the veda. In the epics, a few yaG verbs do appear, but once in a blue moon. There is also a thing called yaGluk, that is even less common.
^
The roots that mean moving, such as
After these roots, we can't use yaG in the usual sense of repetition or intensity, so we say instead --
KAZIKA gativacanAd dhatoH kauTilye gamyamAne nityaM yaG pratyayo bhavati. kuTilaM krAmati caGkramyate. dandramyate. nityagrahaNaM viSayaniyamArthaM, gativacanAn nityam kauTilya eva bhavati, na tu kriyAsamabhihAre. bhRzaM krAmati.
^
According to rule yaG, the affix yaG means thatthe action is done intensely or repeteadly. But after these eight roots, it can only mean that the action is done sloppily. Examples --
To mean "cuts again and again" or "recites again and again", we cannot use yaG, we must use some other means --
Notice that the rule says "when despising THE MANNER". If we don't despise the way the action is done, but the fact that it is done at all, we cannot use yaG, and must express our censure some other way. For instance, we can use
which expresses censure no matter if the
KAZIKA lupa sada cara japa jabha daha daza gRR ityetebhyo bhAvagarhAyAM dhAtvarthagarhAyAM yaG pratyayo bhavati. garhitaM lumpati lolupyate. evaM sAsadyate. paJcauuryate. jaJjapyate. jaJjabhyate. dandahyate. dandazyate. nijegilyate. bhAvagarhAyAm iti kim? sAdhu japati. bhAvagrahaNam kim? sAdhanagarhAyAM mA bhUt, mantraM japati vRSalaH. nityagrahaNaM viSayaniyamArtham anuvartate. etebhyo nityaM bhAvagarhAyAm eva bhavati, na tu kriyAsamabhihAre. bhRzaM lumpati.
^ 
This rule has two parts:
(1) the twelve nouns mentioned in this rule, with Nic added, make roots with special meanings. Even though Nic, being a kRt affix, cannot be ordinarily added to nouns.
vi +
(2) the nichclass roots always get Nic affix, with no change of meaning (see verb classes ).
Unlike thew other affixes mentioned in verb classes , this Nic affix is added to the rot ALWAYS, not just before hard doer affixes. After beng added, it may be deleted by other rules, such as for instance NeraniTi here --
There are two sorts of Nic affix --
The Nichclass Nic added by this rule, which has no meaning
and the causative Nic added by hetumatica, which means "make others do".
inria tries to flag the Nichclass Nic verbs with "[10]", and the causative Nic verbs with " ca". But as the only way of knowing if the Nic was added because it means causing, or because the root is a nichclass, is from the meaning of the verb in context, inria will sometimes fail and tell you that a [10] is a ca or that a ca is a [10]. So, be careful and don't let the machine do your thinking for you.
KAZIKA saty'-Adibhyaz cUrNa-paryantebhyaH, curAdibhyaz ca Nic pratyayo bhavati. satyam AcaSte satyApayati. arthavedasatyAnAm Apug vaktavyaH. artham AcaSte arthApayati. devApayati. ApugvacanasAmarthyATTilopo na bhavati. pAzAd vimocane vipAzayati. rUpAd darzane rUpayati. vINayopagAyati upavINayati. tUlenAnukuSNAti anutUlayati. zlokairupastauti upazlokayati. senayAbhiyAti abhiSeNayati. lomAnyanumArSTi anulomayati. tvacaM gRhNAti tvacayati. akArAntas tvacazabdaH. varmaNA sannahyati saMvarmayati. varNam gRhNAti varNayati. cUrNaiH avadhvaMsayati avacUrNayati. curAdibhyaH svArthe. corayati. cintayati. svAbhAvikatvAdarthAbhidhAnasya yathAsvaM pratyayArthA nirdizyante.
^
"Causing" means getting others to do something, no matter if it's by indirectly hinting, politely asking, commanding, threatening, or at gunpoint.
Example. In this sentence, the verb
But in this sentence, the verb
(If context requires it, instead of "I made" or "I caused", you should translate with "I requested", "I told", "I got", "I asked", "I commanded", etc etc.)
This rule teaches that to turn a root that means "bring" into a verb that means "get others to bring", we add Nic after the root. For instance --
AG + nI + laT mip →
AG + nI + Nic + laT mip →
This sort of Nic is called causative Nic.
Back to there are two sorts of
KAZIKA hetuH svatantraya kartuH prayojakaH, tadIyo vyApAraH preSanAdilakSaNo hetumAn, tasminn abhidheye dhAtoH Nic pratyayo bhavati. kaTaM kArayati. odanaM pAcayati. tat karoti ityupasaGkhyAnaM sUtrayati ityAdyartham. sUtraM karoti sUtrayati. AkhyAnAt kRtas tadAcaSTa iti Nic kRlluk prakRtipratyApattiH prakRtivac ca kArakam. AkhyAnAt kRdanttaN Nic vaktavyaH tadAcaSTe ityetasminn arthe, kRlluk, prakRtipratyApattiH, prakRtivac ca kArakaM bhavati. kaMsa-vadham AcaSTe kaMsaM ghAtayati. balibandham AcaSTe baliM bandhayati. rAjAgamanam AcaSTe rAjAnam Agamayati. AGlopazca kAlAtyantasaMyoge maryAdAyAm. ArAtri vivAsam AcaSTe rAtriM vivAsayati. citrIkaraNe prApi. ujjayinyAH prasthito mAhiSmatyAM sUryodgamanaM sambhAvayate sUryam udgamayati. nakSatrayoge jJi. puSyayogaM jAnAti puSyeNa yojayati. maghabhir yojayati.
You may add this Nic freely to any root of the verb classes one to nine. Adding it to nichclass roots is gramatically allowed, but it is a very bad idea, because the verb ends up looking as if you had added nothing. So no one does that.
Adding Nic to sanAdyanta roots is forbidden. For instance, the kyaG root
I told him "behave like a man!", and he did.
^
The
There is a list of the kaNDvAdi here, and another one in the kAzikA.
KAZIKA kaNDUJityevam Adibhyo yak pratyayo bhavati. dvivadhAH kaNDvAdayo, dhAtavaH prAtipAdikAni ca. tatra dhAtvadhikArAd dhatubhyaH eva pratyayo vidhIyate, na tu prAtipadikebhyaH. tathA ca guNapratiSedhArthaH kakAro 'nubadhyate. dhAtuprakaraNAd dhAtuH kasya cAsaJjanAdapi. Aha ca ayam imaM dIrghaM manye dhatur vibhASitaH. kaNDUJ kaNDUyati, kaNDUyate. JitvAt svarita-JitaH kartr-abhiprAye kriyAphale ity Atmanepadam. kaNDUJ. mantu. hRNIG. valgu. asmanas. mahIG. leT. loT. iras. iraj. iraJ. dravas. medhA. kuSubha. magadha. tantas. pampas. sukha. duHkha. sapara. arara. bhiSaj. bhiSNaj. iSudha. caraNa. curaNa. bhuraNa. turaNa. gadgada. elA. kelA. khelA. liT. loT.
^
Examples --
This Aya is optional because AyAdaya below says so. If we don't apply this rule, then we get
This rule won't work on the
KAZIKA gupU rakSaNe, dhUpa santApe, viccha gatau, paNa vyavahAre stutau ca, pana ca ityetebhyo dhAtubhyaH Ayapratyayo bhavati. gopAyati. dhUpayati. vicchAyati. paNAyati. panAyati. stuty;arthena paninA sAhacaryAt tad-arthaH paNiH pratyayam utpAdayati na vyavahArArthaH. zatasya paNate. sahasrasya paNate. anubandhazca kevale caritArthaH, tena AyapratyayAntAnnAtmanepadaM bhavati.
^
The root
KAZIKA kamer dhAtoH NiG pratyayo bhavati. Na-kAro vRddhy-arthaH. Ga-kAra Atmanepad%ArthaH. kAmayate, kAmayete, kAmayante.
The
^
Example. Rule kamerNiG just said that NiG is compulsory after
KAZIKA ArdhadhAtuka-viSaye ArdhadhAtuka-vivakSAyAm Ay'-AdayaH pratyayA$ vA bhavanti. goptA, gopAyitA. artitA, RtIyitA. kamitA, kAmayitA.
^
The sanAdi affixes, a.k.a. san-class affixes, a.k.a. rootmaker affixes, are the ones that we just explained in previous rules, since 31005 guptijkidbhyassan. Namely --
Some of these can be added to roots, and some can be added to nouns, and some to both. The result is a new root, that we call a sanAdyanta root, or a sanAdi-ender.
Example with a root --
Joining
This pAci is a root (because this rule says so) and means "make others cook", because rule hetumatica says so.
Being a root, it can get a tense or a kRt added. Example with the laG tense --
pAci + laG tip →
As in --
Not same as --
Example with a noun --
Joining
putrIya is a root (by this rule) and means "want to have sons" (by supa_ AtmanaH kyac).
Adding laT tip after putrIya --
These roots can be used in all the ways a normal root can be used, except that they cannot get another sanAdi affix. (For an exception to the exception, see about
Back to types of affixes .
KAZIKA sanAdir yeSAM te sanAdayaH. sanAdayo 'nte yeSaM te sanAdyantAH. sanAdyantAH samudAyAH dhAtusaMjJAH bhavanti. pratyaya-grahaNa-paribhASA eva pada-saMjJAyAm anta-vacanena liGgena pratiSiddhA satI punar iha anta-vacanena pratiprasUyate. cikIrSati. putrIyati. putrakAmyati.
Some notes --
(1) The affix cvi is not in this list, because it does not make new roots, but it has a similar effect. It turns nouns into verbs. For instance adding cvi after
(2) The roots made by these affixes from roots, such as pAci, are called derivative roots. Those made from nouns, such as putrIya, are said to be denominative roots.
(4) They are all seT.
(5) The Ni roots are very common. If they were made by rule hetumatica they are called causative roots ( ca in inria), if made by satyApa they are called class ten roots or nichclass roots ([10] in inria).
(5) The other ten affixes have been seldom used recently (by "recently", I mean since the battle of Hastings). If you find
chunk 16: 31005 sanAdyanta roots