ato dIrgho yaJi ONPANINI 73101
Lengthen "a" before hard v m.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 838 tiG

Example. mip mahi are hard when they replace laT, and start with m, so they lengthens any a --

paca + laT mip pacAmi "I cook"

adRzya + mahe''' dRzyAmahe "we are being seen"

More xamples --

gaccha + loT mas → gaccha + ma''' gacchAma "let's go"

hR + lRT mip hariSya + mip hariSyAmi "I will take"

adRzya + mahi adRzyAmahi "we were seen"

Counterexample. am''' is hard here, but it starts with a, not m, so this rule does not work --

paca + laG mip →luGlaG apaca + mip → apaca + am''' →atoguNe apacam "I cooked"

KAZIKA akArAntasya aGgasya dIrgho bhavati yaJ'-Adau sArvadhAtuke parataH. pacAmi, pacAvaH, pacAmaH. pakSyAmi, pakSyAvaH, pakSyAmaH. ataH iti kim? cinuvaH. cinumaH. yaJi iti kim? pacataH. pacathaH. sArvadhAtuka ity eva, aGganA. kezavaH. kecid atra tiGi ity anuvartayanti, teSAM bhavavAniti kvasau sArvadhAtuka-dIrgho na bhavati.

Question. Why didn't pANini word this rule as ato dIrgho mvoH instead of ato dIrgho yaJi ?

So that yaJi trickles to the next rule. mvos would not work there.

supi ca ONPANINI 73102
(Lengthen "a") before bhyAm ya.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 839

ya is the replacement of Ge made by GeryaH. Example before ya --

rAma- + Ge →GeryaH rAma + ya rAmAya "to rAma"

Example before bhyAm --

azva- + bhyAm azvAbhyAm "with / to / from two horses"

KAZIKA ato dIrgho yaJIty anuvartate. supi ca yaJ'-Adau parato 'kArAntasya aGgasya dIrgho bhavati. vRkSAya. plakSAya. vRkSAbhyAm. plakSAbhyAm. ataH ityeva, agnibhyAm. yaJi ityeva, vRkSasya. plakSasya.

The original rule supi ca translates into "before sup too". Why do you translate "before bhyAm ya".

Adding the trickle, this "before sup too" means "before the sup that start with a yaJ' letter". The only such sup are ya bhyAm bhis bhyas nAm. Of those, only bhyAm and ya are unaffected by the exceptions to this rule, namely, by nAmi or bahuvacanejhalyet.

Wait. Are you sure that the lengthening of vRkSa before nAm is made by nAmi, and not by supica ?

Well, no. But I'm sure that an intelligent person like you can figure that one out without my help.

I tried to do that for a week and still failed.

Don't lose sleep about that. Either way we get vRkSANAm.

bahuvacane jhaly et ONPANINI 73103
(a to) e before plural bh s.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 840

Exception to supica, that would have replaced a with A.

This rule works before sup' bhyas, and very rarely before bhis. We say "before plural" so that supica works before dual bhyAm.

Example with sup' --

vRkSa- + sup' vRkSe + su →kric vRkSe + Su → vRkSeSu "on trees"

Example with bhyas --

vRkSa- + bhyas vRkSebhyas "to trees, from trees"

This rule won't ordinarily work before bhis, because rule atobhisa::ais is stronger. Yet, when some exception stops atobhisa, then bhis stays, and then bahuvacanejhalyet makes abhis into ebhis. There are two such exceptions --

(1) nedamadasorakoH says that bhis is not replaced with ais after idam-

idam- + bhis a + bhis ebhis "by these"

(2) bahulaMchandasi says that sometimes, in the veda, bhis stays after a. So there we hear --

deva + bhis devebhis "by the devas"

As in devo devebhir A gamat "the god (agni) brings the gods", from the agnisUktam.

The original rule says jhali "before serious". Why did you translate "before bh and s"?

Frankly, you now have enough data to answer that question yourself. I really hate wasting a nice homework.

osi ca ONPANINI 73104
Before os too (replace a with e).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 841

Examples --

vRkSa- + os vRkSe- + os →ecoya vRkSayos "of two trees"

azva- + os azve- + os → azvayos "of two horses"

What if the two horses are two mares?

Then we say azvayos anyway, but this time the word is built by AGi c' ApaH.

AGi c' ApaH ONPANINI 73105
Ap to (e) before TA os.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 842

ecoya will always make that e into ay --

azvA- "mare" + TA azve- + A →ecoya azvay- + A → azvayA "with a mare"

azvA- + os azve + os →ecoya azvayos "of two mares"

rAma;sItA- + os rAma;sIte- + os → rAma;sItayos "of rAma and sItA"

KAZIKA AG-iti pUrvAcArya-nirdezena tRtIy%aikavacanaM gRhyate. tasminn AGi parataH, cakArAdosi ca, AvantAGgasya e-kAr'-Adezo bhavati. khaTvayA. mAlayA. khaTvayoH mAlayoH. bahurAjayA. kArISa-gandhyayA. bahurAjayoH. kArISa-gandhyayoH. ApaH iti pito grahaNaM kim? kIlAlapA brahmaNena. kIlAlapoH brahmaNa-kulayoH. Gy-Ab-grahaNe 'dIrgha-grahaNam iti vacanAd iha na bhavati, ati-khaTvena brAhmaNa-kulena.

Prof, didn't you say last week that the e of azvayos comes from rule osica?

And it does, when it's the azvayos that means of two horses, not of two mares.

sambuddhau ca ONPANINI 73106
( Ap to e) before calling.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 843

Example --

sItA- + @calling sIte + s →eGhra sIte → sIte "hey sItA"

ambArtha;nadyor hrasvaH ONPANINI 73107
Before calling, shorten "dear mother" and nadImmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 844

The compound ambArtha- translates as "nounbases that mean dear mother". Three of those not nadI -- amba-, akka- and alla-. Those three take Ap by ajAdya, then shorten before the calling --

amba- @f + @calling →ajAdya ambA + s amba + s →eGhra amba "hey mommy"

akka "hey mommy"

alla "hey mommy"

All nadI shorten before the calling --

kacchapa- @f + @calling →jAtera kacchapa- + GI + s →yasyetica kacchapI + s →yUstryAkhyaunadI kacchapI ( nadI ) + s kacchapi + s →eGhra kacchapi "hey she-turtle"

vadhU- + @calling vadhu + s →eGhra vadhu "hey young lady"

In these two, it is rule eGhra that deletes the calling, not halGyA. halGyA cannot delete after U, and cannot delete after shortened GI.

KAZIKA sambuddhau iti vartate. ambArthanAm aGgAnAM nadyantAnAM hrasvo bhavati sambuddhau parataH. he amba. he akka. he alla. nadyAH khalvapi he kumAri. he zArGgaravi. he brahmabandhu. he vIrabandhu. DalakavatInAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. he ambADe. he ambAle. he ambike. chandasi veti vaktavyam. he ambADa, he ambADe. he ambAla, he ambAle. he ambika, he ambike. talo hrasvo bA Gi-sambuddhyor iti vaktavyam. devate bhaktiH, devatAyAM bhaktiH. he devata, he devate. chandasyeva hrasvatvam iSyate. mAtRRNAM mAtac putrArtham arhate. mAtRRNAM mAtajAdezo vaktavyaH sambuddhau, putrAya putram abhidhAtum. kIdRzAya? arhate. mAtrA vyapadezam arhati zlAghanIyatvAd yaH putras tadartham. he gArgImAta. nadyRtazca iti samAsAnt%ApavAdo mAtajAdezaH. citkaraNam antodAttArtham.

hrasvasya guNaH ONPANINI 73108
short to guNa (before calling).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 845

Examples --

kapi- + @calling kape + s →eGhra kape "hey monkey"

guru- + @calling guro + s →eGhra guro "hey teacher"

This rule will not work on the i u that were made from I U by ambArtha;nadyor hrasvaH --

he kumAri "hey princess"

he vadhu "hey young lady"

And of course it won't work on long I U --

he zrIH "hey Wealth"

he bhUH "hey Earth"

KAZIKA sambuddhau iti vartate. hrasvAntasya aGgasya guNo bhavati sambuddhau parataH. he agne. he vAyo. he paTo. he kumAri, he brahmabandhu ity evam AdInAM hrasva-vidhAna-sAmarthyAd guNo na bhavati. yadi guNaH iSTaH syAt, ambArthAnAM hrasvaH ity uktvA nadI-hrasvayor guNaH ity evaM brUyAt.

jasi ca ONPANINI 73109
(i u to guNa) before jas.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 846

Exception to prathamayo.

As this makes an e o before an a, ecoya will always work --

kapi- + jas kape + jas →ecoya kapayas "monkeys"

guru- + jas guro + jas →ecoya guravas "teachers"

Rto Gi;sarvanAmasthAnayoH ONPANINI 73110
R to (ar) before Gi and strong.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 847

Example before Gi --

pitR- m + Gi pitari "about father"

Examples before strong au, jas, am, and the calling su --

pitR- m + am pitaram "father"

mAtA pitA ca "mother and father" →supodhA mAtR- + pitR- + su →dvyeka mAtR- + pitR + au →AnaGRtodvandve mAtA + pitR + au matApitarau "parents"

pitR- m + @calling pitar + s →halGyA pitar "hey dad"

As in --

naivAnyathedamM bhavitA pitar eSa bravImi te

pitas te pratijAnAmi na zlokSye 'haGM kadA cana "Father, I promise, I promise! that I won't ever make verses"

This ar will maybe become Ar by ap;tRn;tRc --

netR- m + am netaram →aptRntRc netAram "leader"

There are no examples before non- calling su, because of exception Rduzana.

There are no examples before zi, because napuMsakasyajhalacaH works first and makes the zi not be right after R --

kartR- @n + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH kartRn + zi →rAjAnam kartRRni →Natvam kartRRNi @n "maker devices"

KAZIKA guNaH iti vartate. RkArAntasya aGgasya Gau parataH sarvanAmasthAne ca guNo bhavati. Gau mAtari. pitari. bhrAtari. kartari. sarvanAmasthAne kartArau. kartAraH. mAtarau. pitarau. bhrAtarau. taparakaraNaM mukhasukhArtham.

gher Giti ONPANINI 73111
wee to ( guNa) before Gitmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 848

For instance, kapi- and guru- are wee, so we get --

kapi- + Gas kape- + Gas →GasiGasozca kapes "of monkey"

guru- + Gas guro + Gas →GasiGasozca guros "of teacher"

This also works before Gasi and Ge --

kapi- + Gasi kape- + Gasi →GasiGasozca kapes "from monkey"

kapi- + Ge kape- + e →ecoya kapaye "to monkey"

But it won't work before Gi, because aut overrides this rule --

kapau matkuNAH "on monkey there are fleas"

This rule always works on all masculines that end in i u, except sakhi- and uncompounded pati-, because those are not wee. Those two just get khyatyAtparasya before Gas Gasi. And before Ge they get just ikoyaNaci.

After a feminine in i u, this rule will work only if we didn't take the Gitihrasvazca option --

mati- @f + Gas mates "of opinion"

After a neuter, rule ikocivibhaktau will ordinarily work, debarring this one, but when the optional exception tRtIyAdiSu stops the ikocivibhaktau, this one kicks back in. So we may have masculine-like zuces here --

zucer vAriNaH "of clean water"

instead of the ordinary zucino vAriNaH, with ikocivibhaktau on both words.

AN nadyAH ONPANINI 73112
After nadI, (the Git) get ATmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 849

As AT is a titaugment, it will replace Ge Gasi Gas Gi with ai As As Am, this way --

AT + Ge →vRddhireci ai

AT + Gasi OR Gas →akassa As

AT + Gi →GerAm AT + Am →akassa Am

This rule will always work on the I U feminines that are compulsorily nadI --

nadI- + Gasi nadI + As →ikoyaNaci nadyAs "from river"

strI- + Gasi strI + As →striyAH striyAs "from woman"

but after the i u feminines, it will only work if we take the Gitihrasvazca option --

mati- @f + Gas mati + As →ikoyaNaci matyAs "of opinion"

dhenu- @f + Gas dhenu + As →ikoyaNaci dhenvAs "of cow"

Otherwise, they work just like the masculine --

mati- @f + Gas mates "of opinion" ( same steps as kapes, see gherGiti )

dhenu- @f + Gas dhenos "of cow" ( same steps as guros )

Remember that the Ap-enders are feminine, but not nadI. This rule does not work on them, but yADApaH does.

yAD ApaH ONPANINI 73113
( Git get) yAT after Apmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 850

As yAT is a titaugment, this is the same thing as saying --

"After Ap, replace Ge Gasi Gas Gi with yai yAs yAs yAm "

Because --

Ap + Ge A + Ge + yAT → A + (yA + e) →vRddhireci Ayai

Ap + Gasi OR Gas A + (yA + as) →akassa AyAs

Ap + Gi →GerAm A + Am A + (yA + Am) →akassa AyAm

Examples --

sItA- + Ge → sItAyai "to sItA"

sItA- + Gasi → sItAyAs "from sItA"

sItA- + Gas → sItAyAs "of sItA"

sItA- + Gi → sItAyAm "about sItA"

A sentence with sItayAs in it --

5020001a sItAyA vacanaM zrutvA paruSaM rAkSasAdhipaH

5020001c pratyuvAca tatasH sItAM vipriyamM priyadarzanAm

rAmAyaNa 5 22 Griffith translation

This will not work if the Ap follows a pronoun, because the next rule, sarvanAmnassyADDhrasvazca.

sarvanAmnaH syAD Dhrasvaz ca ONPANINI 73114
After pronoun, ( Git gets) syAT, and the stem shortens.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 851

Exception to yADApaH, that will not work after a pronoun that got Ap.

By the same reasons explained under yADApaH, this rule replaces

Ge Gasi Gas Gi

with

syai syAs syAs syAm.

In addition, it shortens the Ap. This rule is unusual because the replacement and the shortening happen at the same time; most command rules do just one thing.

Examples after tA- ( which comes from tad- + Ap , by tyadAdInAmaH and yasyetica ) --

tA- + Ge ta- + syai → tasyai "to her"

tA- + Gasi ta- + syAs → tasyAs "from her"

tA- + Gi ta- + syAm → tasyAm "about her"

And this is a prayer --

yA devI sarvabhuteSu nidrArUpeNa saMsthitA | namas tasyai namas tasyai namas tasyai namo namaH ||

that you can hear here --

Complete Devi Suktam (Ya Devi Sarva Bhuteshu...) with Sanskrit lyrics

in order to get used to this "eye" sound.

Ger Am nady;Am;nIbhyaH ONPANINI 73116
Replace Gi with Am after nadI, Ap, nI.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 852

Exception to ANnadyAH.

Examples after nadI --

nadI- + Gi nadI- + Am → nadyAm "in river"

vadhU- + Gi vadhU- + Am → vadhvAm "about the wife"

Example after Ap --

khaTvA- + Gi khaTvA- + Am →yADApaH khaTvA- + yAm → khaTvAyAm "in bed"

Example after rootnoun nI --

grAmaNI- @mf + Gi grAmaNI- + Am → grAmaNyAm "about the mayor"

Here aciznu was overriden by eranekAco. grAmaNI- mf stays before consonants, gets y replacement before vowels.

In the mahAbhArata this change happens after lakSmI- too --

yathA nArAyaNo lakSmyAJM jAhnavyAJM ca yathodadhiH

inria allows grAmaNyi optionally. Is that correct?

Well, hyderabad Noun-Generator says it isn't. I don't know what pANini says, sorry.

KAZIKA nadyantAtAbantAd nItyetasmAt cottarasya GeH Am iti ayam Adezo bhavati. kumAryAm. gauryAm. brahmabandhvAm. dhIbandhvAm. ApaH – khaTvAyAm. bahurAjAyAm. kArISagandhyAyAm. nI – rAjanyAm. senAnyAm. grAmaNyAm.

Wait... isn't lakSmI- a nadI?

Not in the mahAbhArata. AFAIK.

id;udbhyAm ONPANINI 73117
(Replace Gi with Am) after i u (-ender nadI).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 853

So, if we use rule Gitihrasvazca to make feminine mati- "opinion" into a nadI, we get --

mati- + Gi mati + Am → matyAm "in the opinion (of)"

Otherwise mati- will be a wee, and mati- will get the same rules as the masculine --

mati- + Gi →accagheH mata- + au → matau "in the opinion"

I can't understand how idudbhyAm ends up meaning "after i u".

id means i, ud means u, and bhyAm means "after". See tasmAdityuttarasya and taparasta.

aut ONPANINI 73118
( Gi to) au (after non- nadI i u).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 854

Example --

guru- m + Gi guru + au →accagheH gura + au → gurau "about teacher"

Example when mati- did not become nadI by Gitihrasvazca --

mati- @f + Gi mati + au → matau "in the opinion (of)"

When we choose mati- to be nadI, however, we get matyAm by GerAm.

sakhi- does not get accagheH, because it is not a wee --

sakhi- + Gi sakhi + au → sakhyau "about friend"

ac ca gheH ONPANINI 73119
wee merges with Gi into au.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 855

So we replace u + i with au and i + i with au too. Examples --

guru- m + Gi gurau "about teacher"

giri- m + Gi girau "on mountain"

As in --

gurau dveSaH "hate towards teacher"

girau vRkSAH "there are trees on the mountain"

Rule Gitihra says that feminines in i u, such as mati-, can be wee or not. So "in the opinion" is matau if we choose to make it wee. Otherwise matyAm, by id;udbhyAm. See also aut.

sakhi- and uncompounded pati- are not wee, so this rule won't work on them. What will?

aut and ikoyaNaci will.

sakhi + Gi →aut sakhi + au →ikoyaNaci sakhyau "about friend"

pati + Gi patyau "about husband"

Whats the literal translation of accagheH?

Adding the trickle, it is --

' Replace wee that is before Gi with a, and the Gi with au. '

So, vRddhireci will always turn the a and au into au. Odd. Why didn't pANini cut a corner and say "replace with lopa" instead of "replace with a"?

Because lopazcagheH is longer to say than accagheH.

I can't see why that's important.

Then chant accagheH a hundred and eight times. That will unblind you. Enlighten, even.

AGo nA '-striyAm ONPANINI 73120
TA to nA after non- feminine wee.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 856

Examples --

RSi- m + TA RSi + nA →Natvam RSiNA "by prophet"

guru- m + TA guru + nA →Natvam guruNA "with teacher"

kapi- m n + TA kapinA "with monkey"

What happens after a feminine wee?

Nothing special --

mati- + TA →ikoyaNaci matyA "with opinion"

dhenu- + TA →ikoyaNaci dhenvA "with cow"

KAZIKA gheH uttarasya AGaH nAbhAvo bhavati astriyAm. agninA. vAyunA. paTunA. puMsi iti noktam, amunA brAhmaNakulena. astriyAm iti kim? kRtyA. dhenvA. iti zrIvAmanaviracitAyAM kAzikAyAM vRttau saptamAdhyAyasya tRtIyaH pAdaH.