vibhakti ←

chunk 29: 61001 reduplication

→ 61084 merge rules

61001 Replace the first onevowel part with two. ekAcodveprathamasya
61002 the second of a vowelstarter. ajAderdvitIyasya
61003 Except the n d r b that starts a cluster. nandrAssaMyogAdayaH
61004 Stammer is the first . pUrvobhyAsaH
61005 Stammered are both. ubheabhyastam
61006 jakSa~ jAgR daridrA cakAsR zAsu dIdhIG vevIG . jakSityAdayaSSaT
61008 Before liT, stammer-less root. liTidhAtoranabhyAsasya
61009 before san and yaG. sanyaGoH
61010 before zlu zlau
61011 before caG caGi
61015 vac, svap, yaj-class before kit. vacisvapiyajAdInAGkiti
61016 grah jyA vay, vyadh vaz vyac, vrazc pracch bhrasj before kGit. grahijyAvayivyadhivaSTivicativRzcatipRcchatibhRjjatInAGGitica
61017 Before liT, stammer of the vacisvapi and the grahijyA. liTyabhyAsasyobhayeSAm
61019 svap syam vyeJ before yaG. svapisyamivyeJAMyaGi
61037 No stretching before stretched. nasamprasAraNesamprasAraNam
61038 The y of vai . liTivayoyaH
61039 This to v before kit optionally. vazcAsyAnyatarasyAGkiti
61040 veJ veJaH
61041 before lyap lyapica
61042 jyA . jyazca
61043 vyA vyazca
61044 optionally after pari . vibhASApareH
61045 dhAtupATha ec to A unless before zit. Adeca::upadezeziti
61058 sRj dRz get a before akit serious sRjidRzorjhalyamakiti
61064 Rootstarter S to s. dhAtvAdeSSassaH
61065 N to n. NonaH
61066 v y to lopa before val. lopovyorvali
61067 One-letter vi affixes lose v. verapRktasya
61068 su s''' t''' after hal or long GI Ap. halGyAbbhyodIrghAtsutisyapRktaMhal
61069 After eG and short, calling. eGhrasvAtsambuddheH
61071 Short gets tuk before pit kRt. hrasvasyapitikRtituk
61072 Not before pause. saMhitAyAm
61073 before ch. checa
61074 AG mAG compulsorily . AGmAGozca
61075 non-wordfinal long . dIrghAt
61076 wordfinal optionally. padAntAdvA
61077 ik to yaN before ac. ikoyaNaci
61078 ec to ay av Ay Av . ecoyavAyAvaH
61079 av Av before y affix. vAntoyipratyaye
61080 of root only if that affix made the o au. dhAtostannimittasyaiva




 

ek%Aco dve prathamasya ONPANINI 61001
Replace the first onevowel part with two.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 492

Sometimes, we have to " reduplicate" roots, that is, we replace the first part of the root with two of the same. The first part is everything up to the first vowel. Examples --

The first part of yudh is yu

so "reduplicate yudh" means "replace yudh with yu + yudh"

The first part of nI is nI

so we replace nI with nI + nI

The first part of ad is a

so we replace ad with a + ad

See also the exceptions below, ajAderdvitIyasya and nan;d;rAssaMyogAdayaH.

Eample. Rule liTidhA teaches "reduplicate what is before liT". This means that when rakS is before Nal (which is a liT affix), we must replace the ra of rakS with rara --

rakS + Nal liTidhA rarakS + NalrarakSa "he protected"




 

aj-Ader dvitIyasya ONPANINI 61002
(But double) the second (onevowel part) of a vowelstarter.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 493

Exception to ekAcodve. The roots that start with a vowel and have at least two vowels replace their second one-vowel part with two.

Example. The root aTiSa means "be about to wander" and starts with a vowel. When it reduplicates, we change --

a Ti Sa → a Ti Ti SaaTiTiSa "want to wander"

as in --

aTiSa + laT tip → .. → aTiTiSati "he wants to go walkabout"

See exception nandrA right below.

aT + sanaT + iT + san kric aTiSa




 

na n;d;rAH saMyogAdayaH ONPANINI 61003
Except the n d r b that starts a cluster.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 494

Exception to aj-Ader dvitIyasya. If the second part of a vowel-starter root starts with n d r b plus other consonants, we don't reduplicate that n d r b, but just the rest of the second part.

Examples. The roots undiSa and Urnu have second parts ndi rnu. According to the previous rule we would have replaced ndi with two ndi and rnu with two rnu. But this exception says that we replace one di with two di and one nu with two nu --

u ndi Sa → u n di di SaundidiSa

U rnu → U r nu nuUrnunu Natvam UrNunu

As in --

und + san + laT tip sanyaGoH undidiSa + tip → .. → undidiSati "he wants to wetten"

Urnu + Nal liTidhA Urnunu + Nal acoJNiti Urnunau + a ecoy UrnunAva Natvam UrNunAva "he hid"

IkS + sanIkS + iSanIkSISa ajAder IkSikSiSa halAdi IkikSiSa kuhozcuH IcikSiSa "want to see"




 

pUrvo 'bhyAsaH ONPANINI 61004
Stammer is the first (part).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 495

When we replace one thing with two by the above rules, the first copy is called the stammer.

Example:

the stammer of papac is pa




 

ubhe: abhyastam ONPANINI 61005
Stammered are both.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 496

When we replace one part of a root with two by the above rules, the new root is a stammered.

Example. When ekAcodve replaces root pac with papac, by making one pa into two pa,

the stammer is the first pa

and the stammered is papac

There are two sorts of stammered --

(1) Those made by this rule (such as papac).

(2) Those mentioned in the next rule, jakSityA (such as jAgR).




 

jakSityAdayaH SaT ONPANINI 61006
jakSa~ jAgR daridrA cakAsR zAsu dIdhIG vevIG (are stammered).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 497

These seven special roots are stammered just because this rule says so, even though they weren't made by reduplicating other roots. They are all lukclass.

Being a stammered makes rule adabhyastAt work. Example --

jAgR + laT jhi → jAgR ( stammered ) + ati''' ikoyaNaci jAgrati "they are awake"

jAgR + laT tip jAgrovi jAgarti "is awake"

It also prohibits the num from nAbhyastAccha. So daridratam "(him) that is poor", like dadatam.

zAs + laT jhi adabhyastAt zAs + atizAsati "they command"




 

liTi dhAtor an-abhyAsasya ONPANINI 61008
Before liT, ( reduplicate) stammer-less root.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 498

Examples --

pac + liT tippac + Nal ata::upa pAc + Nal → pApAca hrasvaH papAca "he cooked"

kSip + Nal puganta kSep + Nal → kSekSepa → .. → cikSepa "threw"

jAgR + Nal acoJNiti jAgAr + Nal → jAjAgAr + a hrasvaH jajAgAra "woke up"

vac + Nal ata::upa vAc + a → vA + vAc + a liTyabhyAsa uvAca "said"




 

san;yaGoH ONPANINI 61009
( Reduplicate) before san and yaG.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 499

Examples --

pac + san + laT tip → papakSa + ti sanyataH pipakSa + tipipakSa + zap + ti atoguNe pipakSati "wants to cook"

pac + yaG + laT ta → pa + pac + yaG + tapapacyate dIrghokitaH pApacyate "cooks a lot, is always cooking"

yudh + san → yuyutsa




 

zlau ONPANINI 61010
( Reduplicate) before zlummmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 500

The zluclass roots get zlu added. Then the zlu reduplicates the root by this rule, and disappears by pratyayasyaluk;zlu;lupaH.

hu + laT tiphu + zlu + tip → hu + hu + zlu + tip pratyayasyaluk;zlu;lupaH hu hu tip hardsoft hu + ho + ti kuhozcuH juhoti "sacrifices"

bhI + laT jhi → bibhI + jhibibhI + ati''' ikoyaNaci bibhyati "they fear"

bhI + laT tip hardsoft bhe + ti → bebhe + ti hrasvaH bibheti "fears"

dA + laT tip → dA + dA + tip hrasvaH dadAti "gives"

dA + laT jhi → dadA + jhidadA + ati''' znAbhya dadati "they give"




 

caGi ONPANINI 61011
( Reduplicate) before caGmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 501 luG

The caG affix appears in some luG. Examples --

dru + luG tip Nizridrusru dru + caG + tip luGlaG aT + dru + caG + tipa + dru + caG + t''' → aT + dudru + caG + t'''adudruvat "ran"

pAci + luG tip → .. → apIpacat "he made (them) cook"

kAmi + luG tip → .. → acIkamat

narti + luG tip → .. → anInRtat

cori + luG tip → .. → acUcurat

nAyi + luG tip → .. → anInayat

The caGi reduplication has some peculiarities --

every vowel except u U reduplicates as i, by sanvalla

The Nic affix disappears by NeraniTi,

the root vowel shortens by NaucaGyu,

and the vowel of the stammer is often long -- I or U by sanvalla sanyataH dIrgholaghoH.




 

vaci;svapi;yajAdInAM kiti ONPANINI 61015
( Stretch) vac, svap, yaj-class before kit.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 502 stretch

The yaj-class roots are the last nine of the zapclass ,from 01.1157 yaj onwards --

yaj vap vah

vas' veJ vyeJ

hveJ vad zvi "swell"

Examples of vac svap yajjclass stretching before kit --

vac + kta → ucta coHkuH ukta- "said"

svap + kta → supta- "asleep, slept"

yaj + kta → ij- + ta vrazca;bhrasja iS + ta STunA iSTa- "was sacrificed"

yaj + liT masyaj + ma kRsR yaj + ima asaMyogAlliTkit yaj + ima(k) → ij + ima liTidhA i + ij + ima akassa Ijima "we sacrificed"

Examples of not stretching before Git --

vac + anti'''vacanti "they say"

svap + anti'''svapanti "they sleep"

yaj + caG + masayIyajAma "we sacrificed"




 

grahi;jyA;vayi; vyadhi;vaSTi;vicati; vRzcati;pRcchati;bhRjjatInAM Giti ca ONPANINI 61016
( stretch) grah jyA vay, vyadh vaz vyac, vrazc pracch bhrasj before kGit.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 503 stretch

The nine grahijyA roots are --

grah "grab, take" jyA "grow old" 01.0034 vay "go" 09.0547

vyadh "pierce" vaz "command, coerce" vyac

vrazc pracch "ask" bhrasj "fry"

They stretch before kit and Git affixes.

Examples of stretching before the kit affixes ktvA and kta --

grah + ktvA → gRh + tvA ArdhadhAtukasyeDvalAdeH gRh + itvA graholiTi gRhItvA "after taking"

jyA + kta → ji + kta lvAdi ji + na halaH jIna- "grown old"

Examples of stretching before the Git affixes znA jhi za --

grah + laT tipgrah + znA + tip → gRhnAti Natvam gRhNAti "grabs"

jyA + znA + tip → jinAti "grows old"

vaz + jhivaz + anti''' → uzanti "they command"

pracch + za + tip → pRccha + tippRcchati "asks"

In those examples, znA, jhi and za are Git because of rule hard apit is Git .




 

liTy abhyAsasy' .obhayeSAm ONPANINI 61017
Before liT, ( stretch) stammer of the vacisvapi and the grahijyA.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 504 stretch

This rule only works when the root has not been stretched, that is to say, when the liT is akit, as in --

vac + Nal acoJNiti vAc + Nal liTidhA vA + vAc + a → u + vAc + auvAca "he said"

yaj + Nal → .. → yA + yAj + Nal → i + yAj + NaliyAja "he sacrificed"

See the other examples in the kAzikA.

This rule works before halAdizzeSaH can work --

vyac + Nal ata_up vyAc + a → .. → vya + vyac + Nal → vivyAca "it extended"

vyadh + Nal → .. → vivyAdha "he pierced"

vac + us vacisvapi uc + us liTidhA u + uc + us akassa Ucus "they said"




 

svapi;syami;vyeJAM yaGi ONPANINI 61019
( Stretch) svap syam vyeJ before yaG.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 505

Only examples --

svap + yaG → sup + ya sanyaGoH susupya guNoyaG sosupya kric soSupya "sleep like a log"

syam + yaG → sim + ya → .. → sesimya "shout like crazy"

vyeJ + yaG → vi + ya akRtsArva vI + ya sanyaGoH vIvIya guNoyaG vevIya "do lots of hiding"




 

na samprasAraNe samprasAraNam ONPANINI 61037
No stretching before stretched.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 506 stretch

talkaround -- If some rule asks us to stretch, say, yuvan or vya, that have several yaN, only the last yaN will be stretched.

Example. When rule zva;yuva tells us to stretch yuvan-, the va is stretched into u, but the yu stays --

yuvan + TA → yu + un + A akassa yUn + AyUnA "with the young man"




 

liTi vayo yaH ONPANINI 61038
The y of vai (does not stretch).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 507

vai is the optional substitute of veJ made by veJo vayiH before liT.

This rule allows veJovayiH to make the forms uvAya, Uyatus, Uyus "wove".




 

vaz c' .Asy' .AnyatarasyAM kiti ONPANINI 61039
This (y) to v before kit ( liT) optionally.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 508

So instead of the Uyatus Uyus made by the previous rule, we may also say Uvatus Uvus.

This rule won't work before akit liT, so we say uvAya "he wove", uvAyitha "thou wovedest" compulsorily.




 

veJaH ONPANINI 61040
veJ (does not stretch before liT)mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 509

veJ before liT turns into vA by Adeca_u. This exception prevents liTyabhyAsa and vacisvapi, and therefore this vA reduplicates as if it were dA making dadau dadatus dadus --

veJ + Nal Adeca_u vA + Nal → .. → vavau "he wove"

vavatus

vavus

See dadau, dadatus, dadus in the hedgehog for details of the rules that worked here.




 

lyapi ca ONPANINI 61041
( veJ gets no stretching) before lyapmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 510

Exception to vacisvapi. lyap is kit because it replaced ktvA.

Example --

pra + veJ + lyap Adeca_u pravAya "after starting to weave"




 

jyaz ca ONPANINI 61042
jyA (won't stretch before lyap).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 511

jyA is the root 09.0034 jyA jInAti "grow old", that would be ordinarily stretched by grahijyA, because lyap is kit.

Example --

pra + jyA + lyap Adeca_u prajyAya "after starting to grow old"




 

vyaz ca ONPANINI 61043
vyA (is not stretched before lyap)mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 512

Exception to vacisvapi, that would have stretched vyeJ "hide" because lyap is kit.

Example --

pra + vye + lyap Adeca_u pra + vyA + lyap → pravyAya "after starting to hide"




 

vibhASA pareH ONPANINI 61044
(vyA stretches) optionally after pari (before lyap).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 513

So ordinarily vacisvapi, because of previous rule, will not stretch the vyA that comes from vyeJ --

pari + vyA + lyap Ad_eca_u parivyAya "after wrapping"

But if we take this option --

pari + vyA + lyap vacisvapi pari + vi + ya halaH parivIya "after wrapping"




 

Ad eca upadeze '-ziti ONPANINI 61045
dhAtupATha ec to A unless before zit.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 514

The roots that end in an ec in the dhAtupATha, like gai and so, replace it with A before all affixes except the zit affixes.

Examples --

gai + tumun → gAtum "to sing"

gai + kta → gA + kta ghumAsthAgA gIta- "sung, song"

Counterexample before a zit --

gai + zap + tip ecoya gAyati "he sings"




 

sRji;dRzor jhaly am akiti ONPANINI 61058
sRj dRz get a(m) before akit seriousmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 515

The label m in a(m) makes it into a mitaugment. Therefore, saying that sRj dRz get a(m) is the same thing as saying that we add a after their last vowel. So their R turns into Ra, and then, by ikoyaNaci, into ra. Examples --

dRz + tumun → dRaz + tum ikoyaNaci draz + tum vrazcabhrasja draS + tum STunA draSTum "to see"

dRz + tRc → dRaz + tR → .. → draSTR- "seer"

dRz + luG tip luGlaG adRz + tipadRz + sic + tip → adRaz + s + tip ikoyaNaci adraz + s + tipadraz + s + t''' sicivRddhiH adrAz + s + tadrAz + s + It''' SaDhoHkassi adrAkSIt "saw"

Before kit, we get neither this rule nor puganta --

dRz- + ktadRSTa-

and before akit non- serious, we get puganta as usual --

dRz + lyuT yuvoranAkau dRz + lanaT puganta darzana- "seeing"




 

dhAtvAdeH SaH saH ONPANINI 61064
Rootstarter S to s.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 516

In other words: when the dhAtupATha shows a root that starts with S, the real root starts with s.

Such a root is said to be a Sa-root.

Examples. The roots listed in the dhAtupATha as Sah "endure" and Sic "sprinkle" are actually sah and sic', as we can see in the laT forms sahate "endures" and siJcati "sprinkles".

Sah + laT ta → sah + ta → .. → sahate

See also NonaH below.

abhi + Sic + laT ta → abhi + sic + ta → .. → abhisiJcati Adezapra abhiSiJcati




 

No naH ONPANINI 61065
(Rootstarter) N to n.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 517

The Nopadeza roots ("the ones taught with Na") are those that start with N in the dhAtupATha, such as nI "lead" (this nI appears listed as NI(G) in the dhAtupATha).

This rule teaches that we must always replace the initial N of a root with n. Example --

NI(G) + kta → nI + tanIta- "was led"

In other words: this rule says that no roots start with N, an that those that appear to start with N in the dhAtupATha, actually start with n.




 

lopo v;yor vali ONPANINI 61066
v y to lopa before val.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 518

Examples --

knUy + kta → knUta- "already wet"

knUy + Nic + laT tipknUy + puk + Nic + tip → knU + p + Nic + tip → .. → knopayati "wettens"

But that y stays before val letters, such as a of zap or y of yak --

knUy + zap + te'''knUyate "it is wet"

knUy + yak + te'''knUyyate "moisture happens"




 

ver apRktasya ONPANINI 61067
One-letter vi affixes lose v.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 519

These are some of the affected vi affixes --

kvip kvin Nvi cvi

these all lose v by this rule (and lose their other letters because they are all labels).

Example --

indrasya + ji + kvip supodhA indra + ji + (k)v(ip) hrasvasyapitikRtituk indra + jit + v → indrajit- "defeater of indra"

(k)vi(n) is seen after vR dR --

dR + kvindarvi- "wooden, a ladle"

(k)vi appears after kR gR zR sR jAgR --

jAgR + kvijAgRvi- "watchful, awake, kindled"




 

hal;Gy;Abbhyo dIrghAt su;ti;sy;apRktaM hal ONPANINI 61068
su s''' t''' (to lopa) after hal or long GI Ap.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 520

Examples of su to lopa after hal --

suhRd- + su → suhRd "friend" beforepause suhRt

rAjan- + su sarvanAmasthAnecA rAjAns → rAjAn nalopaHprA rAjA "king"

Examples of su to lopa after GI Ap --

kukkuTI- + su → kukkuTI "chicken"

sItA- + su → sItA "pn"

Examples of t''' s''' to lopa after hal ---

dviS + laG tipaT + dveS + t'''adveSt → adveS jhalAJjazonte adveD beforepause adveT "he hated"

dviS + laG sipaT + dveS + s'''adveSs → adveS jhalAJjazonte adveD beforepause adveT "you hated"




 

eG;hrasvAt sambuddheH ONPANINI 61069
After eG and short, (erase) calling.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 521

Examples after eG --

sItA- + @calling sambuddhauca sIte + s → sIte "hey sItA"

kapi- + @calling hrasvasyaguNaH kape + s → kape "hey monkey"

guru- + @calling hrasvasyaguNaH guro + s → guro "hey teacher"

Examples after short --

rAma- + @callingrAma "hey rAma"

nadI- + @calling ambArtha nadi + s → nadi "hey river goddess"

vadhU- + @calling ambArtha vadhu + s → vadhu "hey young lady"

Counterexample. subhrU- is not a nadI, but an uvaG, so it has long U (which is neither eG nor short) before the calling --

subhrU- + @callingsubhrUs "hey cutie"

See also rules that delete the calling .

yadi tu tava samAgame tathaivamM prasarati subhru tataH kRtI bhaveyam "if the night could pass so slowly when I'm with you, cutie, I'd be happy"




 

hrasvasya piti kRti tuk ONPANINI 61071
Short gets tuk before pit kRt.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 522

In morewords, the kRt affixes with p label, such as lyap kyap kvip, make the roots that end in a short vowel get t.

Examples with lyap --

ni + kR + lyap → ni + kR + t + yanikRtya "humiliates and"

pra + stu + lyap → prastutya "praises aloud and"

Examples with kyap --

iN' + kyap → itya- "which has to be gone to"

stu + kyap → stutya- "praiseworthy"

Examples with kvip --

agnim + ci + kvip → agnicit- "fire-pileupper, arranger of the (sacrificial) fire"

indram + ji + kvip → indrajit- "the one who defeated indra"

pustakam + bhR + kvip → pustakabhRt- "book-carrier (name of sarasvatI)"

The kvip enders do not get any feminine affix. The kyap-enders get ajAdyataSTAp.




 

saMhitAyAm ONPANINI 61072
Not before pause.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 523

headline. The next rules (down to 61157) won't work before a pause.

Example. Rule ikoyaNaci below teaches "I to y before vowels". But because of this headline, this ikoyaNaci rule won't work on the I that is before a pause that in turn is before a vowel. So, when we join the words devI and uvAca to make a sentence, we have two options --

either we make no pause between the words and ikoyaNaci works --

devyuvAca "The Queen said."

or we make a pause and the ikoyaNaci does not work, even though I is before a vowel --

devI uvAca "The Queen. (pause). Said."

ikoyaNaci will work compulsorily when adding affixes --

kukkuTI- + au ikoyaNaci kukkuTyau

because pausing midword is ungrammatical.




 

che ca ONPANINI 61073
( Short gets tuk when in saMhitA) before ch.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 524

We can reword this rule into --

" ch to cch after short "

Examples --

gam + laT tipgam + zap + tip iSugami gachati → gatchati stozzcu gacchati "goes"

chid + us liTidhA cichidus → citchidus stozzcu cicchidus "they cut"

sas + chinatti etattado sa + chinatti → sat chinatti stozzcu sac chinatti "he cuts"

atra + chAtraH → atrat chAtraH stozzcu atrac chAtraH "The student is here"

You may spell the last two as sa cchinatti and atra cchatraH if you like. But inria will expect you to type sacchinatti, atracchatraH.

This rule is quite useless nowadays, because everybody pronounces only cch, never ch, no matter if the spelling looks like ch or cch.




 

AG;mAGoz ca ONPANINI 61074
AG mAG compulsorily (get tuk before ch).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 525

This rule teaches that the sound ch must be changed into the sound cch whenever it is after AG or mAG --

AG + chid + laT tip → Ac + chid + tip → .. → Acchinatti "he steals"

mAG + chidaH → .. → mA cchidaH "don't cut!"

This is an exception to padAntAdvA, that says that after a wordfinal long vowel, the change is optional.

Most people make no difference between ch and cch and replace ALL ch with cch, so this rule is useless for them, and may be thought of as a spelling rule --

" after AG mAG, always spell the sound cch as cch"




 

dIrghAt ONPANINI 61075
non- wordfinal long (compulsorily gets tuk before ch).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 526

Examples --

hrIcchati

mlecchati

Think of this rule as a spelling rule: " If the sound cch follows any vowel inside a word, spell it as cch ".

The kAzikA shows the examples apacAcchAyate and vicAcchAyate, which look like yaG verbs to me, but no idea of what they mean. WAFTI.




 

pad%AntAd vA ONPANINI 61076
wordfinal ( long gets tuk before ch) optionally.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 527

What this rule is teaching us is that in pANini times, there were two different pronunciations of this example; some people used one and other people the other --

sA cchinatti "she cuts"

sA chinatti "she cuts"

Nowadays everybody pronounces ch and cch as cch, so this rule is useless, or is just a spelling rule --

" after a wordfinal long, spell the sound cch either as ch or as cch, you choose "




 

iko yaN aci ONPANINI 61077
ik to yaN before ac.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 528 sandhi

Before vowel, we replace i u R L, and their long versions, with y v r l respectively.

Examples with i I to y --

dadhi + atra → dadhy atra "here's the curds"

kukkuTI + atra → kukkuTy atra "here's the hen"

Examples with u U to v --

madhu + atra → madhv atra "there's honey here"

vadhU- + jas → vadhvas "young women"

Examples with R RR to r --

pitR- + TA → pitrA "with father"

zRRdRRpRR- + Am → zRRdRRprAm "replace zRR dRR pRR with" ( see rule zqdqprAMhrasvovA )

See also the exceptions akassa, ikosava, RtyakaH.




 

eco 'y;av;Ay;AvaH ONPANINI 61078
ec to ay av Ay Av (before vowel).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 529 sandhi

The ec are e o ai au. So, before all vowels, we change --

e into ay

o into av

ai into Ay

au into Av.

Examples --

nI + laT sipnI + zap + sip hardsoft ne + a + si → nay + a + sipnayasi "you lead"

bhU + laT tipbhU + zap + ti hardsoft bho + a + ti → bhavati "is"

plu + laT taplu + zap + taplu + zap + te''' hardsoft plo + a + te → plavate "jumps"

Works on wordfinal too --

saha + nau + avatu → saha nAv avatu "may he protect the two of us together"

Yet, if the wordfinal is e o and the next word starts with a, exception eGaHpa will work.

te + aplavanta eGaHpa te 'plavanta

Rule lopazzA is optional. However, in print, it will always affect the wordfinal ay av Ay made by this rule --

tasyai + avande → tasyAy avande lopazzA tasyA:: avande "I honored her"

and will never affect the wordfinal Av --

dadau + adhipaH → dadAvadhipaH "the king gave"

As this is just a spelling custom, saying aloud tasyAyavande or dadA::adhipaH is still fine, according to pANini.




 

vAnto yi pratyaye ONPANINI 61079
(o au to) av Av before y affix.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 530

Addition to ecoya, which replaces e ai o au before vowels. The o and the au will also be replaced before affixes that start with y.

Example before Nyat, a kRt affix --

yu + Nyat acoJNiti yau + ya → yAvya- "that should be excluded"

Example before Nya, a taddhita. The taddhita do not trigger ( acoJNiti, but do trigger taddhiteSva --

kuru- + Nya taddhiteSva kauru- + ya orguNaH kauro- + ya → kauravya- "descendant of kuru"

See also orguNaH, gargAdi.




 

dhAtos tan-nimittasyaiva ONPANINI 61080
(o au) of root (to av Av before y -affix) only if that affix made the o au.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 531

Exception to vAntoyi above. If the o au belongs to a root, we replace it with av Av only before the y-affix that made the o au, like here --

lU + yat hardsoft lo + yat → lavya- "could be reaped"

but not before other y-affixes, like this yamAna here --

lU + yamAna + iJ taddhiteSva lau + yamAna + ilauyamAni- "son of lUyamAna"

Here the U turned into au because of the iJ affix (see taddhiteSva), and not because of the yamAna affix. So we get no Av change before yamAna.
















vibhakti ←

chunk 29: 61001 reduplication

→ 61084 merge rules