jhalAM jazo 'nte ONPANINI 82039
wordfinal serious to jaz.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 984 sandhi

This rule, like sasaju, will work on every wordfinal, no matter what comes next.

Because of the most-alike rule, this will replace --

c ch jh z

with j

p ph bh

with b

k kh gh h

with g

T Th Dh S

with D

t th dh s

with d.

Examples --

vana- + Gasi →TAGasi vana- + At →akassa vanAt vanAd "from forest"

anuSTubh- + su →halGyA anuSTubh anuSTub "stanza"

diz + kvin + su →halGyA diz →kvinpratyayasyakuH dikh dig "point of the compass"

madhulih- + su →halGyA madhulih →hoDhaH madhuliDh madhuliD "bee"

dviS + laG tip →luGlaG adviS + tip →puganta adveS + tip → adveS + t''' →halGyA adveS adveD "he hated"

This rule, like sasaju, works always, regardless of what is after the wordfinal letter. So, dikh always becomes dig, and then, depending on what letter comes afterwards, that dig will either stay --

dikh + ucyate dig ucyate

dikh + lohitAkArA dig lohitAkAra

dikh + @pause dig

Or change into something else --

dikh + ca dig ca →kharica dik ca

dikh + nAgAH dignAgAH →yaronu diGnAgAH

dikh + @pause dig →vAvasAne dik

KAZIKA jhalAM jazaH AdezA bhavanti padasyAnte vartamAnAnAm. vAg atra. zvaliD atra. agnicid atra. triSTub atra. antagrahaNaM jhali ity etasya nivRtty artham. vastA. vastavyam.

jhaSas ta;thor dho 'dhaH ONPANINI 82040
t th to dh after jhaS, unless after dhA.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 985

Examples --

budh + kta budh + dha →jhalAJjazjhazi bud- + dha → buddha- "awake"

rudh + laT tip → runadh + ti runadh + dhi →jhalAJjazjhazi runad + dhi →Natvam ruNaddhi "obstructs, stops"

gUh + kta →hoDhaH gUDh + ta gUDh + dha →STunA gUDh + Dha →DhoDhelopaH gUDha- "was hidden, was kept secret"

lih + laT tha →hoDhaH liDh + tha liDh + dha →STunA liDh + Dha →DhoDhelopaH li + Dha →Dhralope lIDha "y'all suck"

After the root dhA this rule won't work. So the t th stay, and kharica works --

dhA + laT tas → dhA + zlu + tas →zlau dadhA + tas →znAbhya dadh + tas →dadhastathozca dhadh + tas →kharica dhattas "both put"

dhA + laT thas dhadh + thas ( like above ) →kharica dhatthas "you two put"

KAZIKA jhaSa uttarayoH takArathakArayoH sthAne dhakAraH Adezo bhavati, dadhAtiM varjayitvA. labdhA. labdhum. labdhavyam. alabdha. alabdhAH. duha dogdhA. dogdhum. dogdhavyam. adugdha. adugdhAH. liha leDhA. leDhum. leDhavyam. alIDha. alIDhAH. budha boddhA. boddhum. boddhavyam. abuddha. abuddhAH. adhaH iti kim? dhattaH. dhatthaH.

Sa;DhoH kaH si ONPANINI 82041
S Dh to k before s.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 986

The k will always trigger kric, so this rule may also be stated as --

" S + s = kS

Dh + s = kS "

Examples --

dviS + laT sip →puganta dveS + si dvek + si →kric dvekSi "you hate"

lih + sya + tip →puganta leh + sya + ti →hoDhaH leDh + sya + ti lek + sya + ti →kric lekSyati "he'll lick"

This rule will not work before laG sip, because halGyA has priority --

dviS + laG sip adveS + s''' →halGyA adveS →jhalAJjazonte adveD →beforepause adveT "you hated"

KAZIKA SakAraDhakArayoH kakArAdezo bhavati sakAre parataH. SakArasya piS pekSyati apekSyat. pipakSati. dhakArasya liha lekSyati. alekSyat. lilikSati. si iti kim? pinaSti. leDhi.

radAbhyAM niSThAto naH pUrvasya ca daH ONPANINI 82042
After r d, niSThA to n, and the d too.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 987

So r plus the ta of kta ktavatu makes rNa --

tRR + kta →RRta::iddhAtoH tirta- →halica tIrta- tIrna- →Natvam tIrNa- "crossed, gone beyond"

tRR + ktavatu m →RRta::iddhAtoH tirtavat- →halica tIrtavat- tIrNavat- "he crossed"

And d plus the ta of kta ktavatu makes nna --

bhid + kta bhin + kna → bhinna- "was cut, was rent asunder"

bhid + ktavatu m bhinnavat- "he cut"

vi + sad + kta vi + san + kna →kric viSanna →Natvam viSaNna →STunA viSaNNa- "depressed"

Notice that this rule does not work when there is R but no r --

smR + kta → smRta- "remembered"

See also lv-AdibhyaH below.

KAZIKA rephadakArAbhyAm uttarasya niSThAtakArasya nakAraH Adezo bhavati pUrvasya ca dakArasya. rephAntAt tAvat AstIrNam. vistIrNam. vizIrNam. nigIrNam. avagUrNam. dakArAt bhinnaH. bhinnavAn. dhinnaH. chinnavAn. radAbhyAm iti kim? kRtaH . kRtavAn. raH ityatra razrutisAm anyaM na upAdIyate, kiM tarhi, vyaJjanamAtram. rephasAmAnyanirdeze 'pi sati rephAt parA yA 'jbhaktis tadvyavadhAnAnnatvaM na bhavati. niSThA iti kim? kartA. hartA. taH iti kim? caritam. muditam. pUrvasya iti kim? parasya mA bhUt, bhinnavadbhyAm. bhinnavadbhiH. iha kRtasya apatyaM kArtiH iti vRddheH bahiraGgalakSaNAyA asiddhatvAnnatve kartavye rephasya asiddhatvam.

lv-AdibhyaH ONPANINI 82044
After luclass (t of niSThA and ktin to n).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 988

The luclass are the roots from lUJ 09.0016 "reap" to plI 09.0039 "move". They all are puclass too. These include lU "reap", kRR "scatter, throw", vRR "choose", pRR "fill" and jyA "grow old, decay".

Examples --

lU + kta lUna- "was reaped"

kRR + kta kRR + na kIrNa- "scattereded"

pRR + kta pRR + na pUrna →Natvam pUrNa- "full"

jyA + ktavatu jInavat- "he grew old"

kRR + ktin kIrNi- f "a scattering, a throwing"

(The rule does not mention ktin, but a vArttika adds it.)

KAZIKA lUJ chedane ityetat prabhRti vRJ varaNe iti yAvat vRtkaraNena samApitA lvAdayo gRhyante. tebhyaH uttarasya niSThAtakArasya nakArAdezo bhavati. lUnaH. lUnavAn. dhUnaH. dhUnavAn. jInaH. jInavAn. RkAralvAdibhyaH ktinniSThAvadbhavati iti vaktavyam. kIrNiH. gIrNiH. zIrNiH. lUniH. pUniH.

oditaz ca ONPANINI 82045
( niSThA to n) after odit roots.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 989

For instance, the root vij 06.0009 "tremble" appears in the dhAtupATha as (o)vij(I), so this rule applies --

ud + (o)vij(I) + kta ud + (o)vij(I) + (k)na →coHkuH udvigna- "shuddering"

ud + vij + ktavatu m + su udvignavAn "he shuddered"

hA "abandon" is actually (o)hA(k) 03.0009, so here too --

hA + kta hA + na →ghumA hIna- "abandoned"

KAZIKA o-kAr%eto dhAtor uttarasya niSThA takArasya nakAr´Adezo bhavati. olasjI lagnaH. lagnavAn. ovijI udvignaH. udvignavAn. opyAyI vRddhau ApInaH. ApInavAn. svAdaya oditaH. SUG sUnaH. sUnavAn. dUG dUnaH. dUnavAn. dIG dInaH. dInavAn. DIG DInaH. DInavAn. dhIG dhInaH. dhInavAn. mIG mInaH. mInavAn. rIG rINaH. rINavAn. lIG lInaH. lInavAn. vrIG vrINaH. vrINavAn.

paco vaH ONPANINI 82052
After pac, ( niSThA to) v.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 990

All examples --

pac + kta →coHkuH pak + ta pakva- "was cooked"

pac + ktavatu →coHkuH pak + tavat pakvavat- "did cook"

kvin-pratyayasya kuH ONPANINI 82062
( wordfinal) of kvin-ender to ku.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 991

kvin is a rootnounmaker affix, rarely used. Rule RtvigdadhRk says that Rtvij-, diz-, prAc- and others end in kvin.

z ordinarily turns into D by vrazca;bhrasja and jhalAJjazonte. But this exception turns any wordfinal letter of a quinn-ender into the most-alike ku. Therefore, this rule turns

z into kh,

j into g,

and n into G.

The very few words that end in G are made by this rule (such as prAG "eastern", dadhyaG "(name of a sage)").

Examples --

diz- + su →halGyA diz dik "point of the compass, course"

diz + bhyas →svAdiSva diz (word) + bhyas digbhyaH "to / from all directions"

yuj- + su →yujerasamAse yunjs →halGyA yunj →saMyogAnta yun yuG "a joiner"

pra + ac'' + su →akassa prAc(u) + su →ugidacA prAncs →halGyA prAnc →saMyogAnta prAn prAG "eastern"

KAZIKA padasya iti vartate. kvinpratyayasya sarvatra padAnte kutvam iSyate. kvin pratyayo yasmAd dhAtoH sa kvin-pratyayaH, tasya padasyAlo 'ntyasya ka-varg'-Adezo bhavati. spRzo 'nudake kvin 32058. ghRtaspRk. halaspRk. mantraspRk. kvinaH kuH iti vaktavye pratyayagrahaNaM kRtaM bahuvrIhivijJAnArtham. kvin pratyayo yasmAd vihitas tasmAdanyasminnapi pratyaye kutvaM yathA syAt. mA no asrAk. mA no adrAk. sRjidRzibhyAM hi kvin vihitaH, tayor luGi kutvam etat. mAGyoge 'pi chandasatvAdaDAgamaH. IT ca na bhavati, bahulaM chandasi 73097 iti. tathA dRgbhyAm, dRgbhiH iti kvibantasya api dRzeH kutvaM bhavati. evaM ca sati rajjusRDbhyAm ityatra api kutvaM prApnoti. atha tu na iSyate, pratividhAnaM kartavyam iti.

mo no dhAtoH ONPANINI 82064
Replace wordfinal m of a root with n.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 992

This applies to rootnoun-enders, such as prazAm- "tranquillized, pacified, unhurt" (from pra + zam + kvip, with A by anunAsikasya kvi;jhaloH kGiti).

Example with an m that becomes wordfinal because su disappears -

prazAm- + su →halGyA prazAm prazAn

Counterexample with a non- wordfinal m --

prazAm- + am → prazAmam

Examples when m is wordfinal by svAdiSva --

prazAm- + bhis prazAnbhis

prazAm- + sup' prazAnsu

And optionally --

prazAm- + sup' prazAnsu →nazca prazAntsu

KAZIKA makArantasya dhAtoH padasya nakArAdezo bhavati. prazAn pratAn. pradAn. zamitam idam AdInAM kvip, anunAsikasya kvijhaloH kGitIti dIrghatvam. natvasya asiddhatvAn nalopo na bhavati. maH iti kim? bhit. chit. dhAtoH iti kim? idam. kim. padasya ity eva, pratAmau. pratAmaH.

This footnote is necessary because my students keep telling me that if inria disagrees with me, I must be wrong --

As of 2024, Inria declension, locative plural, has prazAMsu, not prazAnsu nor prazAntsu. That's a bug. Im prazAm- + sup', rule 82064 monodhAtoH must work, making prazAnsu that has wordfinal n, and a wordfinal n cannot be turned into M neither by 83023 monusvA nor by 83024 nazcA.

sa;sajuSo ruH ONPANINI 82066
( wordfinal) s to ru.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 993 sandhi

Always change wordfinal s into r(u). Regardless of what comes next.

A r(u) is a r that carries label u. Most of the time, r(u) behaves just like a normal r --

Example:

agnis + atra agniratra "here's the fire"

However, the r(u), unlike the r, will trigger some other rules, such as hazica and atoro --

azvas + bibheti azva + ru + bibheti →hazica azvobibheti "horse is afraid"

azvas + atra azva + ru + atra →atoro azvotra "here's a horse"

The wordfinal r that is not a ru is called a true r.

KAZIKA sakAr%Antasya padasya sajuS ity etasya ca ruH bhavati. sakArAntasya agniratra. vAyuratra. sajuSaH sajUr RtubhiH. sajUr devebhiH. juSeH kvipi sapUrvasya rupam etat.

Above I have translated only half of the original rule. The other half explains that the vedic word sajUr "with" is a compound of saha- + juS + kvip. As in sajUr devebhiH "together with the gods", modern Sanskrit devaisH saha.

sa- + juS + kvip sajur →rvoru sajUr

ahan ONPANINI 82068
Replace wordfinal ahan- (with ru).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 994

This rule only works when ahan- "day" gets word status from svAdiSva, so there are exactly four examples --

ahan + bhyAm →svAdiSva ahan ( word ) aha + ru + bhyAm →hazica ahobhyAm "within two days"

ahan + bhis → ahobhis "within days"

ahan + bhyas → ahobhyas "after days"

ahan + sup' aha + ru + su →kharava ahaHsu →vAzari ahasHsu "in days"

This rule will not work before su am luk, because of rosupi below --

ahan- + su + Agame →supodhA ahan- + luk + Agame →rosupi aharAgame "at daybreak"

When ahan- is wimpy, alloponaH works --

ahan- + Gas →alloponaH ahnas "of the day"

ro 'supi ONPANINI 82069
(Replace ahan-) with r when not before sup.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 995

Exception to rule ahan, that would have replaced ahan- with ru.

(Do not confuse this rule with rossupi "r stays before sup'".)

A nounbase is asupi "not before sup" if its sup became luk by svamorna or supodhA.

Example with svamorna --

ahan- n + su + yat →svamorna ahan + yat ahar yat "the day that..."

Example with supodhA --

ahan- + Gas + Agame →supodhA ahan + Agame ahar-Agame "at the coming of the day, at daybreak"

This rule have worked on the compoint ahar + rAtri of tehorAtravidojanAH at bhg 8:17, but, because of some vArttika, the ahan- of certain compounds gets ru replacement, not r.

KAZIKA ahann ity etasya rephAdezo bhavati asupi parataH. ahar dadAti. ahar bhuGkte. asupi iti kim? ahobhyAm. ahobhiH. nanu catra api pratyayalakSaNena subasti, ahardadAti, aharbhuGkte iti? na etadasti. uktam etat ahnoravidhau lumatA lupte pratyayalakSaNaM na bhavati iti. nAyam ahaH-zabdaH sup-paro bhavati. yatra tu lopazabdena lupyate tatra pratyayalakSaNaM bhavatyeva, yathA he dIrghaho 'tra, dIrghAho nidAgha iti. atra hi halGyAbbhya iti lopena pratyayasya nivRttiH.

vasu;sraMsu;dhvaMsv;anaDuhAM daH ONPANINI 82072
Replace ( wordfinal) vasu sraMs dhvaMs anaDuh- with dmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 996

This is an exception to sasaju and hoDhaH.

Examples with vasu --

vidvas- n + su →svamorna vidvas vidvad →beforepause vidvat "that knows"

vidvas- mn + bhis vidvadbhis "by sages"

vidvas- mn + sup' vidvadsu →kharica vidvatsu "about sages"

Example with sraMs + kvip --

sraMs + kvip + su →aniditA sras + s →halGyA sras srat "whatever falls"

which may be used as a latter in the compound --

ukhAsrat mfn "fallen from the pan"

Example with anaDuh-

anaDuh- m + bhis →svAdiSva anaDuh ( word ) + bhis anaDudbhis m "by beasts of burden"

daz ca x ONPANINI 82075
(Optionally,) d (of a root to s before sip).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 998

Example --

rudh- + laG sip arunadhs →halGyA arunadh →jhalAJjazonte arunad arunas →Natvam aruNas "you obstructed"

But if we don't take this option --

rudh- + laG sip arunad →Natvam aruNad "you obstructed"

There is an unrelated rule that sounds the same, daz ca.

KAZIKA dakArAntasya dhAtoH padasya sipi parato ruH bhavati, dakAro vA. abhinas tvam, abhinat tvam. acchinas tvam, acchinat tvam.

See about the letter x in rules .

r;vor upadhAyA dIrgha:: ikaH ONPANINI 82076
lengthen wordfinal ir ur iv uv (of a root).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 999

A rootnoun that ends in r v, when wordfinal, lengthens its nexttolast i u.

As in --

gir- + bhis →sv;AdiSva @word gir + bhis gIrbhis "with words"

gir- + su →halGyA gir gIr "speech"

gir- + sup' gIrSu "in words"

dhur- + su →halGyA dhur dhUr "yoke"

Azis- + su →halGyA Azis →sasaju Azi + ru AzIr "hope"

Azis- + bhis →sasaju Azi + ru + bhis →sasaju Azi + ru + bhi + ru AzIrbhi + ru → AzIrbhir "with hopes, with blessings"

KAZIKA rephavakArAntasya dhAtoH padasya upadhAyAH ikaH dIrgho bhavati. gIH. dhUH. pUH. AzIH. vakAra-grahaNam uttar%Artham. upadhAgrahaNaM kim? abibhar bhavAn. abhyAsekArasya mA bhUt. ikaH iti kim? atra eva pratyudAharaNe bhazabdAkArasya mA bhUt. dhAtoH ityeva, agniH. vAyuH. padasya ityeva, girau. giraH.

hali ca ONPANINI 82077
Non- wordfinal (ir ur iv uv of a root) lengthen before consonant.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1000

In a root that ends in r v, the nexttolast i u lengthen before consonant affixes. Even if the r v is not wordfinal.

So here ir iv lengthen before y and t --

div + laT tip → div + zyan + tip dIvyati "gambles"

vi + stRR + kta →RRta::iddhAtoH vi + stir + ta vistIrta →radAbhyAnni vistIrna →Natvam vistIrNa- "spread out"

As in --

kaz cid bhavati vistIrNo na prastAro mama kSateH "no extension can be wider than my wound"

Example with ur --

pRR + kta →udoSThya pur + kta pUr + kta →radAbhyAnni pUrna- →Natvam pUrNa- "filled, full"

As in --

pUrNam adaH pUrNam idamM pUrNAt pUrnam udacyate pUrNasya pUrNam AdAya pUrNam evAvaziSyate

audio

or in

kaSTamM pUrNaJM jalavyAlair vimAnamM plotR mAmakam "drat, my hovercraft is full of eels!"

Of course this rule will not work before vowel affixes --

kRR + za + tip →RRta::i kirati "disperses"

KAZIKA hali ca parato rephavakArAntasya dhAtoH upadhAyAH ikaH dIrghaH bhavati. AstIrNam. vistIrNam. vizIrNam. avagUrNam. vakArAntasya dIvyati. sivyati. dhAtoH ityeva, divam icchati divyati. caturaH icchati caturyati. ikaH ityeva, smaryate. bhavyam. apadAntArtho 'yam ArambhaH.

I added the word "non- wordfinal" to my translation just for clarity. It is not necessary, because the wordfinal ir ur iv uv will be caught by the previous rule, rvorupadhA, and, by cantgoback, cannot reach this rule.

This rule worked in dIvyati "gambles", from the root div, but not in divyati "longs for heaven". That's because the second divyati is made from the noun divam "heaven" by adding to it one of the affixes kyac kyaG kyaS, making the sanAdyanta root divya, whose iv is not rootfinal.

na bha;kur;churAm ONPANINI 82079
But not wimpy, kur, chur.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1001

Exception to previous rule. kur, chur, and wimpy ir ur iv uv won't lengthen their i u before consonant.

Example with a wimpy --

dhur "burden" is wimpy before yat'', which is a taddhita allowed by dhuro yaDDhakau

dhuraM vahati "carries a load" → dhurya- "beast of burden, porter"

Example with kur, which is the kuru that was affected by nityaGkaroteH --

kR + @hard liG tip → kuru + tip →nityaGkaroteH kur + tip → kur + yAt''' → kuryAt "he would do"

Example with chur "cut", a zaclass root --

kR + @hard liG tip churyAt "he would cut"

KAZIKA repha-va-kAr'-.Antasya bhasya kur chur ity etayoz ca dIrgho na bhavati. dhuraM vahati dhuryaH. dhuri sAdhuH dhuryaH. divyam. kur - kuryAt. chur - churyAt. rephavakArAbhyAM bhavizeSaNaM kim? pratidIvnA. pratidIvne..

adaso 'ser dAd u do maH ONPANINI 82080
If adas- has no s, d plus vowel to mu or mU.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1002

adas- loses its s before vibhakti because of tyad-AdInAmaH. After adding the vibhakti, the d will be before a vowel. Then we replace the d and the vowel with mu or mU.

We replace with mu when the vowel is short and with mU when it's long, because the most-alike rule says so.

Examples with mu replacement--

adas- m + am →tyadAdInAmaH ada- + am →amipUrvaH adam amum

adas- m + TA → ada + TA amu + TA →AGonAstriyAm amunA

Examples with mU replacement--

adas- m + zas →tyadAdInAmaH ada- + zas →prathamayo adAs →tasmAccha adAn amUn "those"

adas- m + au →tyadAdInAmaH ada- + au →nAdici adau amU "those two"

adas- mfn + bhyAm → ada- + bhyAm →supica adA + bhyAm amUbhyAm "by those two"

This rule won't affect the de of the plural, because of exception eta::Idba below.

Here is a more literal translation of this rule --

" When adas lost its s, replace what is after d with u U, and the d with m. "

See also adas- at pronoun tables .

KAZIKA adaso '-sakAr%Antasya varNasya dAt parasya uvarN´Adezo bhavati, dakArasya ca makAraH. amum, amU, amUn. amunA, amUbhyAm. bhAvyamAnena apyukAreNa savarNAnAM grahaNam iSyate iti ekamAtrikasya mAtrikaH, dvimAtrikasya dvimAtrikaH Adezo bhavati. aseH iti kim? adaH icchati adasyati. adaso 'nosra iti vaktavyam. okArarephayorapi pratiSedho yathA syAd iti. ado 'tra. adaH. tad-arthaM kecit sUtraM varNayanti, aH seH yasya so 'yam asiH, yatra sakArasya akAraH kriyate iti, tena tyadAdya-tva-vidhAne etad anyatra na bhavitavyam eva iti. adryAdeze katham? adaso 'dreH pRthaG mutvaM kecid icchanti latva-vat. kecid antyasadezasya nety eke 'serhi dRzyate. iti. yaiH aseH iti sakArasya pratiSedhaH kriyate, anantyavikAre antyasadezasya iti ca paribhASA na azrIyate, teSAm ubhayorapi mutvena bhavitavyam, amumuyaG, amumuyaJcau, amumuyaJcaH iti , yathA calIkLpyate iti latvam. ye tu paribhASAm Azrayanti teSAm antyasadezasya eva bhavitavyam, adamuyaG, adamuyaJcau, adamuyaJcaH iti. yeSaM tu tyadAdyatvaviSaya eva mutvena bhavitavyam iti darzanam teSAm atra na bhavitavyam, adadryaG, adadryaJcau, adadryaJcaH iti. dAtiti kim? alo 'ntyasya mA bhUt, amuyA. amuyoH.

eta:: Id bahuvacane ONPANINI 82081
Before plural, replace the de of adas- (with mI).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1003

Exception to adasose. In the plural, the de of adas- turns into mI, not mU.

There are exactly five examples --

adas- m + jas →tyadAdInAmaH ada + jas →jasazzI ada + zI →AdguNaH ade amI "those"

(This amI a nonjoiner, by adasomAt.)

adas- + bhis →tyadAdInAmaH ada + bhis →bahuvacanejhalyet ade + bhis amIbhis "with those"

(Here atobhisa::ais did not work, because of the exception nedamadasorakoH.)

adas- + sup' →tyadAdInAmaH ada + su →bahuvacanejhalyet ade + su amIsu →kric amISu "in those"

adas- + Am →tyadAdInAmaH ada + Am → ada + sAm →bahuvacanejhalyet adesAm amIsAm →kric amISAm "of those"

adas- + bhyas amIbhyas "at those; from those"

See also pronoun tables .

dUrAd @dhUte ca ONPANINI 82084
When calling from afar (a sentence-final calling is optionally extralong and acute).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1005

As in --

Agaccha bho devadattA3 "come here, devadattaaaa!"

kSiyA;''zIH;praiSeSu tiG AkAGkSam ONPANINI 82104
When meaning impoliteness blessing command, last vowel of cliffhanger verb becomes extralong and falling.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1006 extralong

A "cliffhanger" is the first of two sentences that together make one idea. Example. To express that someone else is impolite, we may say --

svayaM rathena yAti3 upAdhyAyamM padAtiGM gamayati "on chariot himself he gooooes, and makes his teacher go on foot! (rolls eyes)"

Here the first sentence is a cliffhanger.

The first sentence must have a verb at the end for this rule to work, so I translate the next two examples into Yodaese --

A blessing made of two closely related sentences --

sutAMz ca lapsISTa3 dhanaJM ca tAta "may you sons geeeet, and wealth!"

And a compound command --

kaTaGM kuru3 grAmaJM ca gaccha "a mat maaake, and go to the village!"

BTW, this lapsISTa verb is a soft bent liG, so inria will fail to parse it. It is built like this --

labh + @soft liG ta → labh + sISTa''' →jhalAJjazjhazi lab + sISTa →kharica lapsISTa

KAZIKA svaritaH iti vartate. kSiyA AcarabhedaH, AzIH prArthanAvizeSaH, zabdena vyApAraNam praiSaH, eteSu gamyamAneSu tiGantam AkAGkSaNaM yat tasya svaritaH pluto bhavati. AkAGkSati iti AkAGkSam, tiGantam uttarapadam AkAGkSati ityarthaH. kSiyAyAM tAvat svayaM rathena yAti3, upAdhyAyaM padAtiM gamayati iti. svayam odanaM ha bhuGkte3, upAdhyAyaM saktUn pAyayati. pUrvam atra tiG-antam uttarapadam AkAGkSati iti sAkAGkSaM bhavati. AziSi sutAMz ca lapsISTa3 dhanaM ca tAta. chando 'dhyeSISTa3 vyAkaraNam ca bhadra. praiSe kaTaM kuru3 grAmaM ca gaccha. yavAn lunIhi3 saktUMzca piba. AkAGkSam iti kim? dIrghaM te Ayur astu. agnIn vihara.