82039 Wordfinal serious to
82040
82041
82042 After
82044 After lUclass .
82045 after
82052 After
82062 of
82064 Replace wordfinal
82066
82068 Replace wordfinal
82069 with
82072 Replace
82074 Optionally, of a root before
82075
82076 Lengthen wordfinal
82077 Non-wordfinal lengthen before consonant.
82079 But not wimpy,
82080 If
82081 Before plural, replace the
82082 Make the last vowel of a sentence extralong and acute when...
82084 When calling from afar .
82104 When meaning impoliteness blessing command, last vowel of cliffhanger verb becomes extralong and falling.
This rule, like sasaju, will work on every wordfinal, no matter what comes next.
Because of the most-alike rule, this will replace --
with
with
with
with
with
Examples --
This rule, like sasaju, works always, regardless of what is after the wordfinal letter. So,
Or change into something else --
KAZIKA jhalAM jazaH AdezA bhavanti padasyAnte vartamAnAnAm. vAg atra. zvaliD atra. agnicid atra. triSTub atra. antagrahaNaM jhali ity etasya nivRtty artham. vastA. vastavyam.
Examples --
After the root
KAZIKA jhaSa uttarayoH takArathakArayoH sthAne dhakAraH Adezo bhavati, dadhAtiM varjayitvA. labdhA. labdhum. labdhavyam. alabdha. alabdhAH. duha dogdhA. dogdhum. dogdhavyam. adugdha. adugdhAH. liha leDhA. leDhum. leDhavyam. alIDha. alIDhAH. budha boddhA. boddhum. boddhavyam. abuddha. abuddhAH. adhaH iti kim? dhattaH. dhatthaH.
The
"
Examples --
This rule will not work before laG sip, because halGyA has priority --
KAZIKA SakAraDhakArayoH kakArAdezo bhavati sakAre parataH. SakArasya piS pekSyati apekSyat. pipakSati. dhakArasya liha lekSyati. alekSyat. lilikSati. si iti kim? pinaSti. leDhi.
So
And
vi + sad + kta
Notice that this rule does not work when there is
See also lv-AdibhyaH below.
KAZIKA rephadakArAbhyAm uttarasya niSThAtakArasya nakAraH Adezo bhavati pUrvasya ca dakArasya. rephAntAt tAvat AstIrNam. vistIrNam. vizIrNam. nigIrNam. avagUrNam. dakArAt bhinnaH. bhinnavAn. dhinnaH. chinnavAn. radAbhyAm iti kim? kRtaH . kRtavAn. raH ityatra razrutisAm anyaM na upAdIyate, kiM tarhi, vyaJjanamAtram. rephasAmAnyanirdeze 'pi sati rephAt parA yA 'jbhaktis tadvyavadhAnAnnatvaM na bhavati. niSThA iti kim? kartA. hartA. taH iti kim? caritam. muditam. pUrvasya iti kim? parasya mA bhUt, bhinnavadbhyAm. bhinnavadbhiH. iha kRtasya apatyaM kArtiH iti vRddheH bahiraGgalakSaNAyA asiddhatvAnnatve kartavye rephasya asiddhatvam.
The luclass are the roots from
Examples --
(The rule does not mention ktin, but a vArttika adds it.)
KAZIKA lUJ chedane ityetat prabhRti vRJ varaNe iti yAvat vRtkaraNena samApitA lvAdayo gRhyante. tebhyaH uttarasya niSThAtakArasya nakArAdezo bhavati. lUnaH. lUnavAn. dhUnaH. dhUnavAn. jInaH. jInavAn. RkAralvAdibhyaH ktinniSThAvadbhavati iti vaktavyam. kIrNiH. gIrNiH. zIrNiH. lUniH. pUniH.
For instance, the root
ud +
KAZIKA o-kAr%eto dhAtor uttarasya niSThA takArasya nakArĀ“Adezo bhavati. olasjI lagnaH. lagnavAn. ovijI udvignaH. udvignavAn. opyAyI vRddhau ApInaH. ApInavAn. svAdaya oditaH. SUG sUnaH. sUnavAn. dUG dUnaH. dUnavAn. dIG dInaH. dInavAn. DIG DInaH. DInavAn. dhIG dhInaH. dhInavAn. mIG mInaH. mInavAn. rIG rINaH. rINavAn. lIG lInaH. lInavAn. vrIG vrINaH. vrINavAn.
All examples --
kvin is a rootnounmaker affix, rarely used. Rule RtvigdadhRk says that
and
The very few words that end in
Examples --
yuj- + su →
pra + ac'' + su →
KAZIKA padasya iti vartate. kvinpratyayasya sarvatra padAnte kutvam iSyate. kvin pratyayo yasmAd dhAtoH sa kvin-pratyayaH, tasya padasyAlo 'ntyasya ka-varg'-Adezo bhavati. spRzo 'nudake kvin 32058. ghRtaspRk. halaspRk. mantraspRk. kvinaH kuH iti vaktavye pratyayagrahaNaM kRtaM bahuvrIhivijJAnArtham. kvin pratyayo yasmAd vihitas tasmAdanyasminnapi pratyaye kutvaM yathA syAt. mA no asrAk. mA no adrAk. sRjidRzibhyAM hi kvin vihitaH, tayor luGi kutvam etat. mAGyoge 'pi chandasatvAdaDAgamaH. IT ca na bhavati, bahulaM chandasi
This applies to rootnoun-enders, such as
Example with an
Counterexample with a non- wordfinal
Examples when
And optionally --
KAZIKA makArantasya dhAtoH padasya nakArAdezo bhavati. prazAn pratAn. pradAn. zamitam idam AdInAM kvip, anunAsikasya kvijhaloH kGitIti dIrghatvam. natvasya asiddhatvAn nalopo na bhavati. maH iti kim? bhit. chit. dhAtoH iti kim? idam. kim. padasya ity eva, pratAmau. pratAmaH.
This footnote is necessary because my students keep telling me that if inria disagrees with me, I must be wrong --
As of 2024, Inria declension, locative plural, has
Always change wordfinal
A
Example:
However, the
The wordfinal
KAZIKA sakAr%Antasya padasya sajuS ity etasya ca ruH bhavati. sakArAntasya agniratra. vAyuratra. sajuSaH sajUr RtubhiH. sajUr devebhiH. juSeH kvipi sapUrvasya rupam etat.
Above I have translated only half of the original rule. The other half explains that the vedic word
This rule only works when ahan- "day" gets word status from svAdiSva, so there are exactly four examples --
This rule will not work before su am luk, because of rosupi below --
ahan- + su +
When ahan- is wimpy, alloponaH works --
ahan- + Gas →
Exception to rule ahan, that would have replaced ahan- with ru.
(Do not confuse this rule with rossupi "
A nounbase is
Example with svamorna --
Example with supodhA --
This rule have worked on the compoint
KAZIKA ahann ity etasya rephAdezo bhavati asupi parataH. ahar dadAti. ahar bhuGkte. asupi iti kim? ahobhyAm. ahobhiH. nanu catra api pratyayalakSaNena subasti, ahardadAti, aharbhuGkte iti? na etadasti. uktam etat ahnoravidhau lumatA lupte pratyayalakSaNaM na bhavati iti. nAyam ahaH-zabdaH sup-paro bhavati. yatra tu lopazabdena lupyate tatra pratyayalakSaNaM bhavatyeva, yathA he dIrghaho 'tra, dIrghAho nidAgha iti. atra hi halGyAbbhya iti lopena pratyayasya nivRttiH.
This is an exception to sasaju and hoDhaH.
Examples with vasu --
Example with
which may be used as a latter in the compound --
Example with anaDuh-
This is an exception to sasaju.
Example --
as in --
If we don't take this option, sasaju works as usual --
as in --
See also dazcax below.
KAZIKA sipi parataH sakArAntasya padasya dhAtoH ruH ityayam Adezo bhavati, dakAro vA. acakAH tvam, acakAt tvam. anvazAH tvam, anvazAt tvam. dhAtugrahaNaM ca uttarArthaM rugrahaNaM ca.
Example --
But if we don't take this option --
There is an unrelated rule that sounds the same, daz ca.
KAZIKA dakArAntasya dhAtoH padasya sipi parato ruH bhavati, dakAro vA. abhinas tvam, abhinat tvam. acchinas tvam, acchinat tvam.
A rootnoun that ends in
As in --
KAZIKA rephavakArAntasya dhAtoH padasya upadhAyAH ikaH dIrgho bhavati. gIH. dhUH. pUH. AzIH. vakAra-grahaNam uttar%Artham. upadhAgrahaNaM kim? abibhar bhavAn. abhyAsekArasya mA bhUt. ikaH iti kim? atra eva pratyudAharaNe bhazabdAkArasya mA bhUt. dhAtoH ityeva, agniH. vAyuH. padasya ityeva, girau. giraH.
In a root that ends in
So here
vi +
As in --
Example with
As in --
or in
Of course this rule will not work before vowel affixes --
KAZIKA hali ca parato rephavakArAntasya dhAtoH upadhAyAH ikaH dIrghaH bhavati. AstIrNam. vistIrNam. vizIrNam. avagUrNam. vakArAntasya dIvyati. sivyati. dhAtoH ityeva, divam icchati divyati. caturaH icchati caturyati. ikaH ityeva, smaryate. bhavyam. apadAntArtho 'yam ArambhaH.
I added the word "non- wordfinal" to my translation just for clarity. It is not necessary, because the wordfinal
This rule worked in
Exception to previous rule.
Example with a wimpy --
Example with
kR +
Example with
kR +
KAZIKA repha-va-kAr'-.Antasya bhasya kur chur ity etayoz ca dIrgho na bhavati. dhuraM vahati dhuryaH. dhuri sAdhuH dhuryaH. divyam. kur - kuryAt. chur - churyAt. rephavakArAbhyAM bhavizeSaNaM kim? pratidIvnA. pratidIvne..
adas- loses its
We replace with
Examples with
adas- m + am →
adas- m + TA →
Examples with
adas- m + zas →
adas- m + au →
adas- mfn + bhyAm →
This rule won't affect the
Here is a more literal translation of this rule --
" When
See also adas- at pronoun tables .
KAZIKA adaso '-sakAr%Antasya varNasya dAt parasya uvarNĀ“Adezo bhavati, dakArasya ca makAraH. amum, amU, amUn. amunA, amUbhyAm. bhAvyamAnena apyukAreNa savarNAnAM grahaNam iSyate iti ekamAtrikasya mAtrikaH, dvimAtrikasya dvimAtrikaH Adezo bhavati. aseH iti kim? adaH icchati adasyati. adaso 'nosra iti vaktavyam. okArarephayorapi pratiSedho yathA syAd iti. ado 'tra. adaH. tad-arthaM kecit sUtraM varNayanti, aH seH yasya so 'yam asiH, yatra sakArasya akAraH kriyate iti, tena tyadAdya-tva-vidhAne etad anyatra na bhavitavyam eva iti. adryAdeze katham? adaso 'dreH pRthaG mutvaM kecid icchanti latva-vat. kecid antyasadezasya nety eke 'serhi dRzyate. iti. yaiH aseH iti sakArasya pratiSedhaH kriyate, anantyavikAre antyasadezasya iti ca paribhASA na azrIyate, teSAm ubhayorapi mutvena bhavitavyam, amumuyaG, amumuyaJcau, amumuyaJcaH iti , yathA calIkLpyate iti latvam. ye tu paribhASAm Azrayanti teSAm antyasadezasya eva bhavitavyam, adamuyaG, adamuyaJcau, adamuyaJcaH iti. yeSaM tu tyadAdyatvaviSaya eva mutvena bhavitavyam iti darzanam teSAm atra na bhavitavyam, adadryaG, adadryaJcau, adadryaJcaH iti. dAtiti kim? alo 'ntyasya mA bhUt, amuyA. amuyoH.
Exception to adasose. In the plural, the
There are exactly five examples --
adas- m + jas →
(This amI a nonjoiner, by adasomAt.)
adas- + bhis →
(Here atobhisa::ais did not work, because of the exception nedamadasorakoH.)
adas- + sup' →
adas- + Am →
adas- + bhyas
See also pronoun tables .
headline --
" In the circumstances mentioned in the following rules, down to the end of the chapter, we may optionally make the last vowel of the sentence extralong and acute. "
KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. vAkyasya TeH iti, plutaH iti ca, udAttaH iti ca, etat trayam apy adhikRtaM veditavyam ApAda-parisamApteH. yad iti Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH vAkyasya TeH pluta udattaH ity evaM tad veditavyam.
As in --
A "cliffhanger" is the first of two sentences that together make one idea. Example. To express that someone else is impolite, we may say --
Here the first sentence is a cliffhanger.
The first sentence must have a verb at the end for this rule to work, so I translate the next two examples into Yodaese --
A blessing made of two closely related sentences --
And a compound command --
BTW, this
KAZIKA svaritaH iti vartate. kSiyA AcarabhedaH, AzIH prArthanAvizeSaH, zabdena vyApAraNam praiSaH, eteSu gamyamAneSu tiGantam AkAGkSaNaM yat tasya svaritaH pluto bhavati. AkAGkSati iti AkAGkSam, tiGantam uttarapadam AkAGkSati ityarthaH. kSiyAyAM tAvat svayaM rathena yAti3, upAdhyAyaM padAtiM gamayati iti. svayam odanaM ha bhuGkte3, upAdhyAyaM saktUn pAyayati. pUrvam atra tiG-antam uttarapadam AkAGkSati iti sAkAGkSaM bhavati. AziSi sutAMz ca lapsISTa3 dhanaM ca tAta. chando 'dhyeSISTa3 vyAkaraNam ca bhadra. praiSe kaTaM kuru3 grAmaM ca gaccha. yavAn lunIhi3 saktUMzca piba. AkAGkSam iti kim? dIrghaM te Ayur astu. agnIn vihara.