72114 replacements before soft ←

chunk 42: 73050 more about taddhita

→ 73101 some sup-changing rules

73050 Th to ik . ThasyekaH
73052 c j to ku before ghit and Nyat cajoHkughiNNyatoH
73054 h of han before JNit and n. hohanterJNinneSu
73055 after stammer. abhyAsAcca
73057 ji before san and liT. sanliTorjeH
73058 ci to optionally . vibhASAceH
73067 vac to only when meaning speech. vacozabdasaJjJAyAm
73077 iS gam yam to ch before zit. iSugamiyamAJchaH
73078
pA ghrA dhmA to piba jighra dhama,
sthA mnA dAN to tiSTha mana yaccha,
dRz R sR to pazya Rccha dhau,
zad sad to zIya sIda. pAghrAdhmAsthAmnAdANdRzyarttisarttizadasadAmpibajighradhamatiSThamanayacchapazyarcchadhauzIyasIdAH

73079 jJA and jan to jA before zit. jJAjanorjA
73080 Shorten pUclass . pvAdInAMhrasvaH
73082 mid to guNa . miderguNaH
73083 ik to before laG jus. jusica
73084 before hard and soft. sArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayoH
73085 Replace jAgR unless before vi ciN Nal Git. jAgroviciNNalGitsu
73086 Replace nexttolast short ik . pugantalaghUpadhasyaca
73088 bhU sU get no hardsoft before hard tiG. bhUsuvostiGi
73089 Replace last u of a lukclass with au before consonant . utovRddhirlukihali
73092 tRnah gets im . tRNaha::im
73093 gets IT after brU. bruvaIT
73094 optionally after yaGluk. yaGovA
73096 t''' s''' after asti and sic. astisicopRkte
73100 after ad. adassarveSAm




 

Thasy' .ekaH ONPANINI 73050
Th to ik (at the start of a taddhita).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 809

The affixes Thak and ThaJ always turn into ika(k) and ika(J).

Example --

akSa + Thak → akSa + ika (k) kitica AkSa + ika yasyetica AkSika- "dicer, gambler"




 

ca;joH ku ghiN;NyatoH ONPANINI 73052
c j to ku before ghit and Nyatmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 810

The ghit meant here are the nounbases made with ghit affixes. The most common such affix is ghaJ, that makes masculine action nouns such as --

pac + ghaJ + su → pak + ghaJ + s acoJNiti pAk + a + spAkas "(act of) cooking"

tyaj + ghaJ + su → tyAgaH "abandonment"

raJj + ghaJ + suraj + ghaJ + s ata::upa rAj + a + s → rAgaH "passion"

Examples with Nyat --

mRj + Nyat → mRg + ya mRjervRddhiH mArgya- "to be cleansed"

vac + Nyat → vak + NyatvAkya- n "speech"




 

ho hanter JNin@;neSu ONPANINI 73054
h of han (to gh) before JNit and n.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 811

Examples before the JNit affixes Nic and ghaJ --

han + Nic + laT tip → ghan + Nic + ti hanasto ghat + Nic + ti ata_upa ghAt + Nic + ti kartarizap ghAt + i + zap + tip hardsoft ghAte + tip ecoya ghAtayati "makes (them) kill"

han + ghaJ (allowed by bhAve) → ghan + ghaJ ata::upa ghAn + a hanasto ghAta- "a hit, a stroke, a killing"

Examples with h before n. The h of han is right before n when the a disappears by either gamahana or alloponaH --

han + laT jhihan + anti''' gamahana hn + anti → ghnanti "they kill"

vRtrahan- + zas alloponaH vRtrahn- + zas → vRtraghnas "soldiers"

In the last example, rule ekAjutta did not work because hn is not an ekAc. But when this rule does not work, ekAjutta might work --

vRtrahan- + jas ekAjutta vRtrahaNas "soldiers"

See also next rule, abhyAsAcca.




 

abhyAsAc ca ONPANINI 73055
(han to gh) after stammer.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 812

As in --

han + liT tiphan + Nal ata::upa hAn + a liTidhA hAhAna hrasvaH hahAna kuhozcuH jahAna → jaghAna "he killed"

han + liT jhihan + us → .. → jahanus ( like above ) gamahana jahnus → jaghnus "they killed"

has + NaljahAsa "he laughed"




 

san;liTor jeH ONPANINI 73057
ji (to gi) before san and liT.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 813

Example with ji before san --

/i + san + zatR + Am → gi + sa + at + Am sanyaGoH jigi + sa + at + Am ajjhanagamAMsani jigIsa + at + Am → .. → jigIsatAm kric jigISatAm "for those that want to win"

As in --

nItir asmi jigISatAm "for those that want to win, I'm strategy"

Example with ji before a liT --

ji + liTji + Nal → gi + Nal acoJNiti gai + a liTidhA gai + gai + a hrasvaH gi + gai + a kuhozcuH ji + gai + a ecoya jigAya "won"

jejIyate "keeps winning"

jyA + liT jhi grahijyA ji + jhi liTidhA ji + ji + jhi → .. → jijyus "they became old"




 

vibhASA ceH ONPANINI 73058
ci to ( ku) optionally (after stammer of san liT).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 814

With san --

cicISati → cikISati "he wants to pile up"

With liT --

cikAya → cicAya "he piled up"

cecIyate "keeps piling up, hoards"




 

vaco '-zabda-saMjJAyAm ONPANINI 73067
vac to (k before Nyat) only when meaning speech.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 815

Exception to cajoHku.

My translation can be reworded into --

" vAkyam means 'words', but vAcyam means 'it should be said' "

Only example --

vac + Nyat → vAcya- "that should be said"

Conterexample --

vac + Nyat cajoHku vAkya- "speech"

As in --

viSIdantam idaM vAkyam uvAca madhusUdanaH "kRSNa said these words to arjuna"

na cAzuzrUSave vAcyam "and it should not be told to one that does not want to hear"




 

iSu;gami;yamAM chaH ONPANINI 73077
iS gam yam to ch before zit.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 816

There are exactly three examples --

gam + zap → gach + zap checa gacch + zapgaccha

iS + za → ich + za checa iccha

yam + zap → yach + zap checa yaccha

Example sentences --

gRhaGM gacchati "goes home"

bhoktum icchati "wants to eat, is hungry"




 

pA;ghrA;dhmA; sthA;mnA;dAN; dRzy;artti;sartti; zada;sadAm piba;jighra;dhama; tiSTha;mana;yaccha; pazyarccha;dhau; zIya;sIdAH ONPANINI 73078
(Before zit,) pA ghrA dhmA to piba jighra dhama, sthA mnA dAN to tiSTha mana yaccha, dRz R sR to pazya Rccha dhau, zad sad to zIya sIda.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 817

As in --

dRz + zap + laT tip → pazya + a + ti atoguNe pazyati "sees"

sthA + zap + loT sip → tiSTha + a + si atoguNe tiSTha + si serhyapicca tiSTha + hi atoheH tiSTha "wait!"

All examples --

pApibati "drinks"

ghrA + laT tipghrA + zap + tip → jighra + zap + ti atoguNe jighrati "he smells"

dhmAdhamati "blows"

sthAtiSThati "stands"

mnAmanati "thinks" (same as manyate "thinks")

dANyacchati "gives"

dRzpazyati "sees"

RRcchati "goes, rises"

sR + laT tipsR + zap + tip → dhau + zap + tip ecoya dhAvati "runs"

zada + laT tazIya + zap + ta atoguNe zIya + ta Tita zIyate "decays"

sadasIdati "sits"

Only the zapclass pA that means "drink" is affected by this rule; the lukclass pA meaning "protect" stays unchanged --

pA ( drink ) + laT tippA + zap + tip → piba + zap + tip atoguNe pibati "drinks"

pA ( protect ) + laT tippAti "protects"

The dAN is the zapclass root AD 01.1079 dA dAN dAne (to give). The yacchati in pattramM puSpamM phalanM toyaM yo me bhaktyA prayacchati is supposed to come from this root, as opposed to another yacchati, from root yam, that means "holds, bears, supports".

The zada of this rule means the two zadL roots at AD 01.0991 and 06.0164, that are zapclass and zaclass respectively.




 

jJA;janor jA ONPANINI 73079
jJA and jan to jA before zit.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 818

These roots are AD 09.0043 jJA avabodhane and AD 04.0044 jan janI~ prAdurbhAve.

Examples --

jJA + laT tipjJA + znA + ti → jAnAti "knows"

jan + laT tajan + te'''jan + zyan + te → jAyate "appears"

as in romaharSaz ca jAyate "and I get the goosebumps"




 

pv..-AdInAM hrasvaH ONPANINI 73080
Shorten pUclass (before zit).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 819

Examples --

pU + laT tippU + znA + tip → punAti "cleans"

lU + tip → .. → lunAti "reaps"

pRR + laT tippRR + znA + tip → pr + nA + ti Natvam pRNAti "fills"

The pUclass roots are --

pUJ lUJ stRRJ kRRJ

vRRJ dhUJ zRR pRR

vRR bhRR mRR jRR

jhRR ghRR nRR dhvRR

kRR RR gRR jyA

rI lI vlI plI




 

mider guNaH ONPANINI 73082
mid to guNa (before zit).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 820

Example --

mid + laTmid + zyan + tip → medyati "grows fat"




 

jusi ca ONPANINI 73083
ik to ( guNa) before laG jus.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 821

This jus is the replacement of laG jhi made by sijabhyasta after a stammered.

This rule is necessary because jhi is Git by hard apit is Git , so it won't make hardsoft work.

Examples with the stammered juhu and bibhI --

ajuhu + laG jhi → ajuho + us ecoya ajuhavus "they poured"

abibhI + laG jhi → abibhe + us ecoya abibhayus "they feared"

This rule works only on the laG jus coming from sijabhya, and not on the liG jus made by jherjus --

juhu- + liG jhi jherjus juhu + jusjuhu + yus'''juhuyus "they would pour"




 

sArvadhAtuk'-ArdhadhAtukayoH ONPANINI 73084
( ik to guNa) before hard and soft.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 822

In the classroom we ended up nicknaming this rule as "the hardsoft rule", as its true name is sort of clumsy.

All root affixes turn any ik that is just before them into guNa. Even the long ik.

Examples before the soft affixes tumun u thal --

nI + tumun → netum "to lead"

nI + liT sipnI + thal → ne + thal liTidhA ninetha "I'm told you led"

nI + liT sipnI + thalnI + ithal → ne + ithal liTidhA nine + itha ecoya ninayitha "I'm told you led"

kR + u + tip → karu- + tip → karoti "makes, does"

Examples before the hards tip and zap --

iN' + laT tipeti "goes"

karu- + tip → kar + o + tipkaroti "makes"

nI + zap + tip → ne + zap + tip ecoya nay + zap + tipnayati "leads"

bhU + zap + jhi → bho + zap + jhibho + zap + anti''' → .. → bhavanti "they are"

tRR + zap + sip → tar + zap + siptarasi "you cross"

If you see that this rule did not work it means that some exception came in the way.

The exception will be kGitica almost always --

In nIta- (from nI + kta) this rule did not work. That's because kta is kit.

Same in cakRma (from kR + ma). That's because ma is kit (rule asaMyogAlliTkit says so).

I must confess that I have an awful tendency to type "because of puganta" when I mean "because of hardsoft". So please check puganta rule, just in case I mistyped the link that brought you here.




 

jAgro '-vi;ciN;Nal;Gitsu ONPANINI 73085
Replace jAgR (with guNa) unless before vi ciN Nal Git.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ 823

TURTLETURTLETURTLE

...

Exception to hardsoft above, and to all other rules that replace with guNa and vRddhi ( puganta, acoJNiti, etc). This jAgR tuns into jAgar before most affixes, kGit or not kGit. As in --

jAgR + Nic + laT tip → jAgar + i + zap + tipjAgarayati "makes (him) wake up"

where acoJNiti did not work.

However, before vi, ciN, Nal, and Git affixes, the ordinary rules still apply --

jAgR + ciN acoJNiti jAgAr + i → .. → ajagAri

jAgR + Nal → .. → jajAgAra

jAgR + laT tasjAgRtas




 

pug-anta;lagh%Upadhasya ca ONPANINI 73086
Replace nexttolast short ik (with guNa before hard and soft).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 824

Replace the nexttolast i u R L of a root with e o ar al before all root affixes.

Examples --

zuc + zap + tip → zocati "is sad, is depressed"

siv + zap + te''' → sevate "serves"

dviS + mip → dveSmi "I hate"

dviS + tip → dveS + ti STunA dveSTi "hates"

vRt + zap + te''' → vartate "spins, turns out"

kLp + zap + te''' → kalpate "it befits; it is prepared, ready"

This rule won't work before kGit affixes (see kGitica) --

kSip + ktakSipta- "was thrown"

kSip + ktvAkSiptvA "threw and, after throwing"

akSip + yak + taakSipyata "it was thrown"

cikSip + us asaMyogAlliTkit cikSip + (k)uscikSipus "they threw"

kSip + za + tip sArvadhAtukamapit kSip + (z)a(G) + tipkSipati "throws"




 

bhU;suvos tiGi ONPANINI 73088
bhU sU get no hardsoft before hard tiG.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 825

Examples with bhU --

bhU + luG tip luGlaG abhU + tipabhU + t'''abhUt "he was"

bhU + luG mip → .. → abhU + am''' bhuvovuglu abhUvam "I was"

This rule will not work before affixes such as zap, that are hard but not tiG --

bhU + laT tipbhU + zap + tip hardsoft bho + zap + tip ecoya bhavati "there is"

The sU root mentioned here is the lukclass 02.0025 "create living beings", that is bendy. Examples --

sU + loT iT'sU + ai''' aciznu suvai "I shall give birth"

suvAvahai

suvAmahai

The lukclass root sU 02.0036, same meaning but flatty, is unaffected by this rule --

sU + loT mipsU + Ani''' hardsoft so + Ani ecoya savAni "I shall give birth"




 

uto vRddhir luki hali ONPANINI 73089
Replace last u of a lukclass with au before consonant ( pit hard).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 826

Two such roots are stu "praise" and yu "bind, tie, attach". Examples --

stu + laT tipstauti "praises"

yu + laT tipyauti "binds"

With UrNu this rule is optional, so we may say either prorNauti or prorNoti.




 

tRNaha:: im ONPANINI 73092
tRnah gets im (before consonant hard pit).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 827

The tRNah in the rule means tRnah, which is the result of combining tRh + znam, before it gets Natvam. The i(m) is a mitaugment. So, before consonant hard pit, this tRnah turns into tRNeh like this --

tRh + znamtRnah → tRnah + imtRna + i + m AdguNaH tRneh Natvam tRNeh

Examples --

tRh + laT miptRh + znam + miptRnah + mip → tRneh + mi Natvam tRNehmi "I crush, bruise"

tRh + laT sip → .. → tRnah + sip → tRneh + sip SaDhoH tRnekSi Natvam tRNekSi "you crush"

tRh + laT tip → .. → tRnah + tip → tRneh + tip hoDhaH tRneDhti jhaSastatho tRneDhdhi STunA tRneDhDhi DhoDhelopaH tRneDhi Natvam tRNeDhi "he crushes"

tRh + laG sip → .. → atRnehs halGyA atRneh hoDhaH atRneDh jhalAJjazonte atRneD Natvam atRNeD beforepause atRNeT "you crushed"

tRh + laG miptRh + am''' → .. → atRNaham "I crushed"

tRh + loT mip → .. → tRNahAni "let me crush"

tRh + laT jhi znam tRnah + jhi znasora tRnh + jhitRnh + anti''' Natvam tRNhanti "they crush"

tRh + laT tastRnah + tas znasora tRnhtas hoDhaH tRnDhtas jhaSastatho tRnDhdhas STunA tRnDhDhas DhoDhelopaH tRnDhas Natvam tRNDhas "both crush"




 

bruva:: IT ONPANINI 73093
(Consonant pit) gets IT after brU.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 828

Careful. This Titaugment I(T) has long I, unlike the i(T) of svapiti, made by rudAdibhyassArvadhAtuke.

As in --

brU + laT tip → brU + Itip hardsoft bro + Iti ecoya bravIti "says"

brU + laG tipbrU + t''' → brU + It hardsoft bro + It luGlaG abro + It ecoya abravIt "said"

Similarly bravISi, bravImi, abravam.




 

yaGo vA ONPANINI 73094
( Consonant pit hard gets IT) optionally after yaGluk.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 829 yaGluk

As in --

lAlap + tip → lAlapIti "prates senselessly"

roru + tip hardsoft roro + tip → roro + Iti ecoya roravIti "roars loudly"




 

asti;sico 'pRkte ONPANINI 73096
t''' s''' (get IT) after asti and sic.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 830 luG

"Gets IT" means that an I is added in front. So this rule turns t''' s''' into It''' Is'''.

Examples after root as --

as + laG tip ADajAdInAm AT + as + tip akassa As + tipAs + t''' → As + ItAsIt "there was"

as + laG sip → .. → AsIs "there was you"

Examples after sic --

dRz + luG tip → .. → adrAk- + sic + t''' → adrAk + s + It''' kric adrAkSIt "he saw"

dRz + luG sip → .. → adrAkSIs "you saw"

mAG + bhI + luG sip → .. → mA bhaiSIs "don't be afraid"

vad + luG tip → .. → avad + sic + t'''avad + iSic + t vada;vraja avAd + iS + tavAd + iS + It''' iTa::ITi avAd + It




 

adaH sarveSAm ONPANINI 73100
( t''' s''' get aT) after ad.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 831 laG

Only examples --

ad + laG tip ADajAdInAm Ad + tipAd + t''' → Adat "he ate"

ad + laG sip ADajAdInAm Ad + sipAd + s''' → Adas "you ate"
















72114 replacements before soft ←

chunk 42: 73050 more about taddhita

→ 73101 some sup-changing rules