Thasy' .ekaH ONPANINI 73050
Th to ik (at the start of a taddhita).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 868

The affixes Thak and ThaJ always turn into ika(k) and ika(J).

Example --

akSa + Thak akSa + ika (k) →kitica AkSa + ika →yasyetica AkSika- "dicer, gambler"

KAZIKA aGgasya nimittaM yaH ThaH, kazca aGgasya nimittam, pratyayaH, tasya pratyayaThasya ikaH ityayam Adezo bhavati. prAg vahateS Thak AkSikaH. zAlAkikaH. lavaNAT ThaJ 44052 lAvaNikaH. ThagAdiSu yadi varNamAtraM pratyayaH, uccAraNArtho 'kAraH, tadA iha api akAra uccAraNArthaH, varnamAtraM tu sthAnitvena upAdIyate. saGghAtagrahaNe tu pratyaye 'tra api saGghAtagrahaNam eva. tatra kaNeSThaH kaNThaH ityevam AdInAm uNAdInAm uNAdayo bahulam 33001 iti na bhavati. mathitaM paNyam asya mAthitikaH ityatra tu yasyeti ca iti lope kRte isusuktAntAt kaH 73051 iti sthAnivadbhAvAdikasya kAdezaH prApnoti, sannipAtalakSaNo vidhiranimittaM tadvighAtasya iti na bhavati. yasyeti ca iti lopasya sthAnivadbhAvAdvA. pUrvasmAd api hi vidhau sthAnivadbhAvaH.

ca;joH ku ghiN;NyatoH ONPANINI 73052
c j to ku before ghit and Nyatmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 869

The ghit meant here are the nounbases made with ghit affixes. The most common such affix is ghaJ, that makes masculine action nouns such as --

pac + ghaJ + su pak + ghaJ + s →acoJNiti pAk + a + s → pAkas "cooking, cuisine"

tyaj + ghaJ + su tyAgaH "abandonment"

raJj + ghaJ + su → raj + ghaJ + s →ata::upa rAj + a + s rAgaH "passion"

Examples with Nyat --

mRj + Nyat mRg + ya →mRjervRddhiH mArgya- "to be cleansed"

vac + Nyat vak + Nyat → vAkya- n "speech"

Careful. This rule cajoHku and coHkuH turn cu into ku; rule kuhozcuH turns ku into cu. Don't mix those up.

KAZIKA cakArajakArayoH kavargAdezo bhavati ghiti Nyati ca pratyaye parataH. ghiti pAkaH. tyAgaH. rAgaH. Nyati pAkyam. vAkyam. rekyam.

Note. This rule works on the vAkya- meaning "speech", but, because of the exception vacozabda, does not work on the vAcya- meaning "it has to be said ", that also has Nyat --

na cAzuzrUSave vAcyam "don't tell it to the guy that doesn't want to hear"

ho hanter JNin@;neSu ONPANINI 73054
h of han (to gh) before JNit and n.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 870

Examples before the JNit affixes Nic and ghaJ --

han + Nic + laT tip ghan + Nic + ti →hanasto ghat + Nic + ti →ata_upa ghAt + Nic + ti →kartarizap ghAt + i + zap + tip →hardsoft ghAte + tip →ecoya ghAtayati "makes (them) kill"

han + ghaJ (allowed by bhAve) ghan + ghaJ →ata::upa ghAn + a →hanasto ghAta- "a hit, a stroke, a killing"

Examples with h before n. The h of han is right before n when the a disappears by either gamahana or alloponaH --

han + laT jhi → han + anti''' →gamahana hn + anti ghnanti "they kill"

vRtrahan- + zas →alloponaH vRtrahn- + zas vRtraghnas "soldiers"

In the last example, rule ekAjutta did not work because hn is not an ekAc. But when this rule does not work, ekAjutta might work --

vRtrahan- + jas →ekAjutta vRtrahaNas "soldiers"

See also next rule, abhyAsAcca.

KAZIKA hanteH ha-kArasya kavarg'-Adezo bhavati Jiti Niti pratyaye parataH nakAre ca. ghAtayati. ghAtakaH. sAbhughAtI. ghAtaMghAtam. ghAto vartate. nakAre ghnanti. ghnantu. aghnan. haH iti kim? alo 'ntyasya mA bhUt. hanteH iti kim? prahAraH. prahArakaH. JNitpratyayo hanter vizeSaNam, nakAro hakArasya, nakAre 'nantarasya hantihakArasya iti. taccAnantarya zrutikRtaM sannipAtakRtam AzrIyate. sthAnivadbhAvazAstrakRtaM tu yadanAnantaryaM tadavighAtakam, vacanasAmarthyAt. yadyapi sarvair eva JNinnair hantihakAro viziSyate tathApi yena nAvyavadhAnaM tena vyavahite 'pi vacanaprAmANyAtiti JNiti dhAtvavayavena vyavahite 'pi sati bhavati. iha tu na bhavati, hananam icchati hananIyati, hananIyater Nvul hananIyakaH iti.

abhyAsAc ca ONPANINI 73055
(han to gh) after stammer.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 871

As in --

han + liT tip → han + Nal →ata::upa hAn + a →liTidhA hAhAna →hrasvaH hahAna →kuhozcuH jahAna jaghAna "he killed"

han + liT jhi → han + us jahanus ( like above ) →gamahana jahnus jaghnus "they killed"

has + Nal → jahAsa "he laughed"

san;liTor jeH ONPANINI 73057
ji (to gi) before san and liT.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 872

Example with ji before san --

ji + san + zatR + Am gi + sa + at + Am →sanyaGoH jigi + sa + at + Am →ajjhana jigIsa + at + Am jigIsatAm →kric jigISatAm "for those that want to win"

As in --

nItir asmi jigISatAm "for those that want to win, I'm strategy"

Example with ji before a liT --

ji + liT → ji + Nal gi + Nal →acoJNiti gai + a →liTidhA gai + gai + a →hrasvaH gi + gai + a →kuhozcuH ji + gai + a →ecoya jigAya "he won"

Only san and liT trigger this rule, not yaG --

ji + yaG + laT ta jejIyate "keeps winning"

This rule only works on the ji root that means "win", and not on the ji made by stretching jyA --

jyA + liT jhi →grahijyA ji + jhi →liTidhA ji + ji + jhi →Nalatusus jiji + us →eranekA jijyus "they became old"

KAZIKA sani liTi ca pratyaye jeH aGgasya yo 'bhyAsaH tasmAd uttarasya kavarg´Adezo bhavati. jigISati. jigAya. san-liToH iti kim? jejIyate. jinAteH samprasAraNe kRte yadyapi jirbhavati, tathApi lAkSaNikatvAt tasya grahaNaM na bhavati, jijyatuH, jijyuH ityeva bhavati.

This rule is traditionally spelled sanliTorjeH with nl, but of course chanting it as sal~liTorjeH, with torli, is way easier.

vibhASA ceH ONPANINI 73058
ci to ( ku) optionally (after stammer of san liT).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 873

With san --

cicISati cikISati "he wants to pile up"

With liT --

cikAya cicAya "he piled up"

Won't work with yaG --

cecIyate "keeps piling up, hoards"

KAZIKA cinoteH aGgasya sanliTor abhyAsAd uttarasya vibhASA ka-varg'-Adezo bhavati. cicISati cikISati. cikAya, cicAya. sanliToH ity eva, cecIyate.

na kvAdeH ONPANINI 73059
But not ku-starters.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 874

Exception to cajoHku. If the root starts with a ku, its final c j stays before ghit and Nyat. So, we don't say kUka kUkya here --

kUj + ghaJ → kUja- "murmuring"

kUj + Nyat → kUjya- "to be murmured about"

KAZIKA kavarg'-AdeH dhAtoH cajoH kavarg'-Adezo na bhavati. kUjo vartate. kharjaH. garjaH. kUjyam bhavatA. kharjyam, garjyam bhavatA.

vaco '-zabda-saMjJAyAm ONPANINI 73067
vac to (k before Nyat) only when meaning speech.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 875

Exception to cajoHku.

My translation can be reworded into --

" vAkyam means 'words', but vAcyam means 'it should be said' "

Only example --

vac + Nyat vAcya- "that should be said"

Conterexample --

vac + Nyat →cajoHku vAkya- "speech"

As in --

viSIdantam idaM vAkyam uvAca madhusUdanaH "kRSNa said these words to arjuna"

na cAzuzrUSave vAcyam "and it should not be told to one that does not want to hear"

KAZIKA cinoteH aGgasya san;liTor abhyAsAd uttarasya vibhASA kavarg'-Adezo bhavati. cicISati cikISati. cikAya, cicAya. sanliToH ity eva, cecIyate.

iSu;gami;yamAM chaH ONPANINI 73077
iS gam yam to ch before zit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 876

There are exactly three examples --

gam + zap gach + zap →checa gacch + zap → gaccha

iS + za ich + za →checa iccha

yam + zap yach + zap →checa yaccha

Example sentences --

gRhaGM gacchati "goes home"

bhoktum icchati "wants to eat, is hungry"

pA;ghrA;dhmA; sthA;mnA;dAN; dRzy;artti;sartti; zada;sadAm piba;jighra;dhama; tiSTha;mana;yaccha; pazyarccha;dhau; zIya;sIdAH ONPANINI 73078
(Before zit,) pA to piba, ghrA to jighra, dhmA to dhama, sthA to tiSTha, mnA to mana, dAN to yaccha, dRz to pazya, R to Rccha, sR to dhau, zad to zIya, sad to sIda.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 877

As in --

dRz + zap + laT tip pazya + a + ti →atoguNe pazyati "sees"

sthA + zap + loT sip tiSTha + a + si →atoguNe tiSTha + si → tiSTha + hi''' →atoheH tiSTha "wait!"

All examples --

pA + laT tip pibati "drinks"

ghrA + laT tip jighrati "smells"

dhmA + laT tip dhamati "blows"

sthA + laT tip tiSThati "stands"

mnA + laT tip manati "thinks" (same as manyate "thinks")

dAN + laT tip yacchati "gives"

dRz + laT tip pazyati "sees"

R + laT tip Rcchati "goes, rises"

sR + laT tip dhAvati "runs"

zad + laT tip zIyate "decays"

sad + laT tip sIdati "sits"

Only the zapclass pA that means "drink" is affected by this rule; the lukclass pA meaning "protect" stays unchanged --

pA ( drink ) + laT tip → pA + zap + tip piba + zap + tip →atoguNe pibati "drinks"

pA ( protect ) + laT tip → pAti "protects"

When sR has its ordinary meaning of "go, move" this rule does not work --

sR + laT tip → sR + zap + ti →hardsoft sarati "moves, goes, flows"

anusarati "follows"

It only gets dhau replacement when it means moving fast.

dhAvati "runs"

anudhAvati "runs after"

The dAN is the zapclass root ad 01.1079 dA dAN dAne (to give). The yacchati in pattramM puSpamM phalanM toyaM yo me bhaktyA prayacchati is supposed to come from this root, as opposed to another yacchati, from root yam, that means "holds, bears, supports".

The zad of this rule includes the two zadL roots 01.0991 and 06.0164, that are zapclass and zaclass respectively.

KAZIKA pA ghrA dhmA sthA mnA dAN dRzi arti sarti zada sada ity eteSAM piba jighra dhama tiSTha mana yaccha pazya Rccha dhau zIya sIda ity eta AdezA bhavanti ziti parataH. pA pibati. ghrA jighrati. dhmA dhamati. sthA tiSThati. mnA manati. dAN yacchati. dRzi pazyati. arti Rcchati. sarti dhAvati. zada zIyate. sada sIdati. pibater laghUpadhaguNaH prApnoti, saH aGgavRtte punar vRttAvavidhirniSThitasya iti na bhavati. atha vA akArAnto 'yam AdezaH AdyudAtto nipAtyate. sartervegitAyAM gatau dhAvAdezam icchanti. anyatra sarati, anusarati ityeva bhavati.

jJA;janor jA ONPANINI 73079
jJA and jan to jA before zit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 878

These roots are 09.0043 jJA avabodhane and 04.0044 jan janI~ prAdurbhAve.

Examples --

jJA + laT tip → jJA + znA + ti jAnAti "knows"

jan + laT ta → jan + te''' → jan + zyan + te jAyate "appears"

as in

romaharSaz ca jAyate "and I get the goosebumps"

pv..-AdInAM hrasvaH ONPANINI 73080
shorten puclass (before zit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 879

Examples --

pU + laT tip → pU + znA + tip punAti "cleans"

lU + tip lunAti "reaps"

pRR + laT tip → pRR + znA + tip pr + nA + ti →Natvam pRNAti "fills"

The puclass roots are --

pUJ lUJ stRRJ kRRJ

vRRJ dhUJ zRR pRR

vRR bhRR mRR jRR

jhRR ghRR nRR dhvRR

kRR RR gRR jyA

rI lI vlI plI

KAZIKA pU ityevam AdInAM hrasvo bhavati ziti parataH. pvAdayaH kryAdiSu paThyante. pUJ pavanityataH prabhRti plI gatau vRtiti yAvat keciticchanti, vRtkaraNam etat lvAdInAM pvAdInAM ca parisamAptyartham iti. apare tu lvAdInAm eva parisamAptyarthaM vRtkaraNam etadicchanti, AgaNAntAH pvAdayaH iti. pUJ punAti. lUJ lunAti. stRRJ stRNAti. yeSAm AgaNAntAH pvAdayaH teSAM jAnAti ityatra hrasvaH prApnoti, jJAjanor jA iti dIrghakaraNasAmarthyAn na bhavati. janerapi hi jAdeze sati ato dIrgho yaJi iti dIrghatvena jAyate iti sidhyati.

mider guNaH ONPANINI 73082
mid to guNa (before zit).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 880

Example --

mid + laT → mid + zyan + tip medyati "grows fat"

KAZIKA mider aGgasya iko guNo bhavati ziti pratyaye parataH. medyati, medyataH, medyanti. ziti ityeva, midyate.

jusi ca ONPANINI 73083
ik to ( guNa) before laG jus.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 881

This jus is the replacement of laG jhi made by sijabhyasta after a stammered.

This rule is necessary because jhi is Git by hard apit is Git , so it won't make hardsoft work.

Examples with the stammered juhu and bibhI --

ajuhu + laG jhi ajuho + us →ecoya ajuhavus "they poured"

abibhI + laG jhi abibhe + us →ecoya abibhayus "they feared"

This rule works only on the laG jus coming from sijabhya, and not on the liG jus made by jherjus --

juhu- + liG jhi →jherjus juhu + jus → juhu + yus''' → juhuyus "they would pour"

KAZIKA jusi ca pratyaye parataH igantasya aGgasya guNo bhavati. ajuhavuH. abibhayuH. abibharuH. atha cinuyuH, sunuyuH ityatra kasmAn na bhavati? atra hi dve Gittve, sArvadhAtukAzrayam, yAsuDAzrayaM ca. tatra na aprApte sArvadhAtukAzrayaGittvanimitte pratiSedhe jusi guNaH ArabhyamANaH tam eva bAdhate. yAsuDAzrayaGittvanimittaM tu na bAdhate, tatra hi prApte ca aprApte ca Arabhyate iti.

This rule affects the ik only because ikoguNavRddhI says so.

sArvadhAtuk'-ArdhadhAtukayoH ONPANINI 73084
ik to ( guNa) before hard and soft.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 882

All root affixes replace the ik letter that is right before them with guNa.

Examples --

nI + zap + tip ne + a + ti →ecoya nayati "leads"

cinti + zap + tip cinte + ati →ecoya cintayati "thinks"

kR + laT tip → kR + u + ti karu + ti karoti "makes, does"

nI + tumun netum "to lead"

bhU + zap + jhi bho + a + jhi → bho + a + anti''' →ecoya bhava + anti →atoguNe bhavanti "they are"

tRR + zap + sip tar + zap + sip → tarasi "you cross"

This rule will not work when exceptions stop it. The most common exception is kGitica, which makes it not work before kGit affixes, such as kta ktvA za znu --

nI + kta → nIta- "brought, led"

bhU + ktvA → bhUtvA "after turning into"

mR + laT ta → mR + za + ta → mR + za + te''' →riGza mriy + za + te''' → mriyate "dies"

( za is always a Git affix because hard apit is Git )

su + laT jhi → su + znu + anti''' →huznu su + nv + anti → sunvanti "they squeeze"

( znu too is always Git)

ci + liG tip → ci + znu + tip → cinu + yAt''' → cinuyAt "he would pile up"

( tip is usually not a kGit affix, but it is Git here because yAsuT says so)

See also puganta.

KAZIKA sArvadhAtuke ArdhadhAtuke ca pratyaye parataH ig-antasya aGgasya guNo bhavati. tarati. nayati. bhavati. ArdhadhAtuke kartA. cetA. stotA. sArvadhAtuk%ArdhadhAtukayoH iti kim? agnitvam. agnikAmyati. yadi hi pratyaye saGi iti vA ucyeta, iha api syAt.

jAgro '-vi;ciN;Nal;Gitsu ONPANINI 73085
Replace jAgR (with guNa) unless before vi ciN Nal Git.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 883

Exception to hardsoft above, and to all other rules that replace with guNa and vRddhi ( puganta, acoJNiti, etc). The root jAgR becomes jAgar before most affixes, kGit or not kGit. For instance, in --

jAgR + Nic + laT tip jAgar + i + zap + tip → jAgarayati "makes (him) wake up"

rule acoJNiti did not work.

However, before vi, ciN, Nal, and Git affixes, the ordinary rules still apply, so R is not replaced with ar in these --

jAgR + ciN →acoJNiti jAgAr + i →luGlaG ajAgAri "he was woken up"

jAgR + Nal →acoJNiti jAgAr + Nal →liTidhA jajAgAra "he woke up"

nor here, as tas is Git because hard apit is Git --

jAgR + laT tas → jAgRtas "both wake up"

KAZIKA jAgu ityetasya aGgasya guNo bhavati aviciNNalGitsu parataH. jAgarayati. jAgarakaH. sAdhujAgarI. jAgaraMjAgaram. jAgaro vartate. jAgaritaH. jAgaritavAn. vRRddhiviSaye pratiSedhaviSaye ca yathA syAtiti jAgarterayaM guNaH Arabhyate. tasmin kRte yA ata upadhAyAH 72116 vRddhiH prApnoti sA na bhavati. yadi hi syAtanarthaka eva guNaH syAt, ciNNalozca pratiSedhavacanam anarthakam. aviciNNalGitsu iti kim? jRRzRRstRrjAgRbhyaH kvin jAgRviH. ciN ajAgAri. Nal jajAgAra. Git jAgRtaH. jAgRthaH. vi iti kecidikAram uccAraNArthaM varNayanti, kvasAvapi vakArAdau guNo na bhavati. jajAgRvAn. ajAgaruH, ahaM jajAgara ityatra pratiSedhaH prApnoti? na, apratiSedhAt. aviciNNalGitsu iti paryudAso 'yam, athavA jAgraH iti praptirasAvAnantaryAd viciNNalGitsu pratiSidhyate. yA tu jusi ca 73083, sArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayoH 73084 iti ca prAptiH , sA na pratiSidhyate.

pug-anta;lagh%Upadhasya ca ONPANINI 73086
Replace nexttolast short ik (with guNa before hard and soft).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 884

This rule has two parts --

(1) Replace the nexttolast i u R L of a root with e o ar al before root affixes.

(please see How to replace with guNa or vRddhi. )

(2) In puk roots, replace I U too with e o.

Examples of (1) --

dviS + mip dveSmi "I hate"

kSip + tumun kSeptum "to throw"

zuc + zap + tip zocati "is sad, is depressed"

vRt + zap + te''' vartate "spins, turns out"

kLp + zap + te''' kalpate "it befits; it is prepared, ready"

Examples of (2) --

The puk roots to which his rule may apply are hrIp vlIp rIp knUp, formed by arttihrI.

vlI + Nic →arttihrI vlIp + i vlepi "make others fall"

knUy + Nic →arttihrI knUyp + i →lopovyo knUp + i knopi "wetten"

By kGitica, this rule won't work before kGit affixes. That's why before the kit affix kta, and before the Git affix za, kSip does not turn into kSep --

kSip + kta → kSipta- "thrown"

kSip + za + laT tip →sArvadhAtukamapit kSip + (z)a(G) + tip → kSipati "throws"

KAZIKA pugantasya aGgasya laghUpadhasya ca sArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayor guNo bhavati. pugantasya vlepayati. hrepayati. knopayati. laghUpadhasya bhedanam. chedanam. bhettA. chettA. pratyayAderaGgAvayavasya ca halorAnantarye sati lag hUpadhaguNo na vyAvartyate iti jJApitam etat knusanoH kitkaraNena, trasigRdhidhRSikSipeH knuH 32140, halantAc ca 12010 iti. saMyoge gurusaMjJAyAM guNo bhettur na sidhyati. vidhyapekSaM laghozca asau kathaM kuNDir na duSyati. dhAtonumaH kathaM raJjeH syandizranthyor nipAtanAt. anaGlopazidIrghatve vidhyapekSe na sidhyataH. abhyastasya yadAhAci laGarthaM tatkRtaM bhavet. knusanor yatkRtaM kittvaM jJApakaM syAl laghor gaNe. upadhA ca atra igeva gRhyate, tato bhinatti iti guNo na bhavati. apare puki antaH pugantaH, laghvI upadhA laghUpadhA, pugantazca laghUpadhA ca pugantalaghUypadham iti sUtrArthaM varNayanti.

bhU;suvos tiGi ONPANINI 73088
bhU sU get no hardsoft before hard tiG.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 886

Examples with bhU --

bhU + luG tip →luGlaG abhU + tip → abhU + t''' → abhUt "he was"

bhU + luG mip abhU + am''' →bhuvovuglu abhUvam "I was"

This rule will not work before affixes such as zap, that are hard but not tiG --

bhU + laT tip → bhU + zap + tip →hardsoft bho + zap + tip →ecoya bhavati "there is"

The sU root mentioned here is the lukclass 02.0025 "create living beings", that is bendy. Examples --

sU + loT iT' → sU + ai''' →aciznu suvai "I shall give birth"

suvAvahai

suvAmahai

The lukclass root sU 02.0036, same meaning but flatty, is unaffected by this rule --

sU + loT mip → sU + Ani''' →hardsoft so + Ani →ecoya savAni "I shall give birth"

KAZIKA bhU sU ity etayoH tiGi sArvadhAtuke guNo na bhavati. abhUt. abhUH. abhUvam. suvai, suvAvahai, suvAmahai. sUter lug-vikaranasya idaM grahaNam. suvatisUyayor vikaraNena tiGo vyavadhAnam. vikaraNasyaiva Git-tvAd guNAbhAvaH siddhaH. tiGi iti kim? bhavati. sArvadhAtuke ity eva, vyatibhaviSISTa. atha bobhavIti iti yaGluki guNapratiSedhaH kasmAn@ na bhavati? jJApakAt, yadayaM bobhUtu iti guNAbhAvArthe nipAtanaM karoti.

uto vRddhir luki hali ONPANINI 73089
Replace last u of a lukclass with au before consonant ( pit hard).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 887

Two such roots are stu "praise" and yu "bind, tie, attach". Examples --

stu + laT tip → stauti "praises"

yu + laT tip → yauti "binds"

With UrNu this rule is optional, so we may say either prorNauti or prorNoti.

KAZIKA sArvadhAtuke piti iti vartate. ukArAntasya aGgasya vRddhir bhavati luki sati halAdau piti sArvadhAtuke. yauti. yauSi. yaumi. nauti. nauSi. naumi. stauti. stauSi. staumi. utaH iti kim? eti. eSi. emi. luki iti kim? sunoti. sunoSi. sunomi. hali iti kim? yavAni. ravANi. piti ityeva, yutaH. rutaH. api stuyAd rAjAnam ityatra hi Gicca pinna bhavati iti pittvapratiSedhAd vRddherabhAvaH. na abhyastasya ityetadiha anuvartate, yoyoti, roroti ityevam Adyartham.

tRNaha:: im ONPANINI 73092
tRnah gets i(m) (before consonant hard pit).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 888

The tRNah in the rule means tRnah, which is the result of combining tRh + znam, before it gets Natvam. The i(m) is a mitaugment. So, before consonant hard pit, this tRnah turns into tRNeh like this --

tRh + znam → tRnah tRnah + im → tRna + i + m →AdguNaH tRneh →Natvam tRNeh

Examples --

tRh + laT mip → tRh + znam + mip → tRnah + mip tRneh + mi →Natvam tRNehmi "I crush, bruise"

tRh + laT sip tRnah + sip tRneh + sip →hoDhaH tRneDhsi →SaDhoHkassi tRnekSi →Natvam tRNekSi "you crush"

tRh + laT tip tRnah + tip tRneh + tip →hoDhaH tRneDhti →jhaSastatho tRneDhdhi →STunA tRneDhDhi →DhoDhelopaH tRneDhi →Natvam tRNeDhi "he crushes"

tRh + laG sip atRnehs →halGyA atRneh →hoDhaH atRneDh →jhalAJjazonte atRneD →Natvam atRNeD →beforepause atRNeT "you crushed"

KAZIKA tRNaha ity etasyAGgasya im-Agamo bhavati hali piti sArvadhAtuke. tRNeDhi. tRNekSi. tRNehmi. atRNeT. varNAzraye 'py atra pratyayalakSaNam iSyate. hali iti kim? tRNahAni. piti ityeva, tRNDhaH. tRNaha iti AgataznaMko gRhyate, znami kRte imAgamo yathA syAtiti.

This rule won't work before the hard pit that start with vowels --

tRh + laG mip → tRh + am''' atRNaham "I crushed"

tRh + loT mip tRNahAni "let me crush"

Nor before any apit --

tRh + laT jhi →znam tRnah + jhi →znasora tRnh + jhi → tRnh + anti''' →Natvam tRNhanti "they crush"

tRh + laT tas → tRnah + tas →znasora tRnhtas →hoDhaH tRnDhtas →jhaSastatho tRnDhdhas →STunA tRnDhDhas →DhoDhelopaH tRnDhas →Natvam tRNDhas "both crush"

This rule, speaking very technically, should be tRnaha_im, but it is chanted with tRNaha for ease of pronunciation.

bruva:: IT ONPANINI 73093
(Consonant pit) gets IT after brU.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 889

Careful here. This titaugment I(T) has long I, unlike the i(T) of svapiti, made by rudAdibhya.

Examples --

brU + laT tip brU + Itip →hardsoft bro + Iti →ecoya bravIti "says"

brU + laG tip → brU + t''' brU + It →hardsoft bro + It →luGlaG abro + It →ecoya abravIt "said"

(Notice that the very common 1abravIt is a laG, not a luG. For the luG see bruvovaci.)

Similarly bravISi, bravImi.

KAZIKA vrU ityetasmAduttarasya halAdeH pitaH sArvadhAtukasya IDAgamo bhavati. bravIti. bravISi. bravImi. abravIt. hali ityeva, bravANi. piti ityeva, brUtaH.

This rule won't work on a vowel pit --

brU + laG mip →luGlaG abrU + mip → abrU + am''' →aciznu abruvam "I said"

yaGo vA ONPANINI 73094
( consonant pit hard gets IT) optionally after yaGluk.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 890 yaGluk

As in --

lAlap + laT tip lAlapIti "prates senselessly"

roru + laT tip →hardsoft roro + tip roro + Iti →ecoya roravIti "roars loudly"

These did not get zap because of the vArttika yaGluks are lukclass . All other sanAdyanta roots get zap.

KAZIKA yaGaH uttarasya halAdeH pitaH sArvadhAtukasya IDAgamo bhavati vA. zAkuniko lAlapIti. dundubhir vAvadIti. tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti maho devo martyAM A viveza. na ca bhavati. varvarti, carkarti cakram. halAdeH pitaH sArvadhAtukasya yaGantAdabhAvaH iti yaGlugantasya udAharaNam.

The original rule just says "after yaG", but I translated that as "after yaGluk" because this rule will never work after the yaG that are not yaGluk -- those do get zap, so they are always before a vowel.

asti;sico 'pRkte ONPANINI 73096
t''' s''' (get IT) after asti and sic.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 891 luG

"Gets IT" means that an I is added in front. So this rule turns t''' s''' into It''' Is'''.

Examples after root as --

as + laG tip →AD-aj-AdInAm AT + as + tip →akassa As + tip → As + t''' As + It → AsIt "there was"

as + laG sip AsIs "there was you"

Examples after sic --

dRz + luG tip adrAk- + sic + t''' adrAk + s + It''' →kric adrAkSIt "he saw"

dRz + luG sip adrAkSIs "you saw"

mAG + bhI + luG sip mA bhaiSIs "don't be afraid"

Notice that the sic sometimes disappears AFTER this rule works --

vad + luG tip avad + sic + t''' → avad + iSic + t →vada;vraja avAd + iS + t → avAd + iS + It''' →iTa::ITi avAd + It "he said"

The word abravIt "he said" is a laG, not a luG. Its I does not come from this rule, but from bruva::IT. So, don't use abravIt if he said it today :)

KAZIKA asteraGgAt sijantAc ca parasya apRktasya sArvadhAtukasya IT-Agamo bhavati. asteH AsIt. AsIH. sijantAt akArSIt. asAvIt. alAvIt. apAvIt. apRkte iti kim? asti. akArSam. AhibhuvorITi pratiSedhaH iti sthAnivad-bhAva-pratiSedha teneha na bhavati, Attha, abhUd iti.

Why doesn't the mahAbhArata have that bhaiSIs in

mA bhais tvaM vipula-zroNi "don't be afraid, tootsie!"

?

The answer is, that bhais sux. The epics are supposed to long predate pANini, so we should ask "why?" when the mahAbhArata follows the rules, not when it doesn't.

Incidentally. If you can somehow find statistically significant evidence that the epics break some pANini rules when breaking them breaks the meter than when they don't, you will have proven that the composers were pANini-aware and didn't predate the grammar. And that would get you a PhD.

The literal translation of this rule is "one letter affixes get IT after asti and sic", and, as we are trickling the word hali from utovRddhirlukihali, only consonant affixes count. So Nal won't get IT after asti.

adaH sarveSAm ONPANINI 73100
( t''' s''' get aT) after ad.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 892 laG

Only examples --

ad + laG tip →AD-aj-AdInAm Ad + tip → Ad + t''' Adat "he ate"

ad + laG sip →AD-aj-AdInAm Ad + sip → Ad + s''' Adas "you ate"

KAZIKA ada bhakSaNe, asmAduttarasya apRktasya sArvadhAtukasya aDAgamo bhavati sarveSAm AcAryANAM matena. Adat. AdaH. apRktasya ityeva, atti. atsi.

This rule will not work on the luG of ad, because luGsanorghasL is stronger. The luG is aghasat, aghasas, aghasam "he ate, you ate, I ate".