Thasy' .ekaH ONPANINI 73050
Th to ik (at the start of a taddhita).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 809

The affixes Thak and ThaJ always turn into ika(k) and ika(J).

Example --

akSa + Thak akSa + ika (k) →kitica AkSa + ika →yasyetica AkSika- "dicer, gambler"

ca;joH ku ghiN;NyatoH ONPANINI 73052
c j to ku before ghit and Nyatmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 810

The ghit meant here are the nounbases made with ghit affixes. The most common such affix is ghaJ, that makes masculine action nouns such as --

pac + ghaJ + su pak + ghaJ + s →acoJNiti pAk + a + s → pAkas "(act of) cooking"

tyaj + ghaJ + su tyAgaH "abandonment"

raJj + ghaJ + su → raj + ghaJ + s →ata::upa rAj + a + s rAgaH "passion"

Examples with Nyat --

mRj + Nyat mRg + ya →mRjervRddhiH mArgya- "to be cleansed"

vac + Nyat vak + Nyat → vAkya- n "speech"

ho hanter JNin@;neSu ONPANINI 73054
h of han (to gh) before JNit and n.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 811

Examples before the JNit affixes Nic and ghaJ --

han + Nic + laT tip ghan + Nic + ti →hanasto ghat + Nic + ti →ata_upa ghAt + Nic + ti →kartarizap ghAt + i + zap + tip →hardsoft ghAte + tip →ecoya ghAtayati "makes (them) kill"

han + ghaJ (allowed by bhAve) ghan + ghaJ →ata::upa ghAn + a →hanasto ghAta- "a hit, a stroke, a killing"

Examples with h before n. The h of han is right before n when the a disappears by either gamahana or alloponaH --

han + laT jhi → han + anti''' →gamahana hn + anti ghnanti "they kill"

vRtrahan- + zas →alloponaH vRtrahn- + zas vRtraghnas "soldiers"

In the last example, rule ekAjutta did not work because hn is not an ekAc. But when this rule does not work, ekAjutta might work --

vRtrahan- + jas →ekAjutta vRtrahaNas "soldiers"

See also next rule, abhyAsAcca.

abhyAsAc ca ONPANINI 73055
(han to gh) after stammer.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 812

As in --

han + liT tip → han + Nal →ata::upa hAn + a →liTidhA hAhAna →hrasvaH hahAna →kuhozcuH jahAna jaghAna "he killed"

han + liT jhi → han + us jahanus ( like above ) →gamahana jahnus jaghnus "they killed"

has + Nal → jahAsa "he laughed"

san;liTor jeH ONPANINI 73057
ji (to gi) before san and liT.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 813

Example with ji before san --

/i + san + zatR + Am gi + sa + at + Am →sanyaGoH jigi + sa + at + Am →ajjhanagamAMsani jigIsa + at + Am jigIsatAm →kric jigISatAm "for those that want to win"

As in --

nItir asmi jigISatAm "for those that want to win, I'm strategy"

Example with ji before a liT --

ji + liT → ji + Nal gi + Nal →acoJNiti gai + a →liTidhA gai + gai + a →hrasvaH gi + gai + a →kuhozcuH ji + gai + a →ecoya jigAya "won"

jejIyate "keeps winning"

jyA + liT jhi →grahijyA ji + jhi →liTidhA ji + ji + jhi jijyus "they became old"

vibhASA ceH ONPANINI 73058
ci to ( ku) optionally (after stammer of san liT).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 814

With san --

cicISati cikISati "he wants to pile up"

With liT --

cikAya cicAya "he piled up"

cecIyate "keeps piling up, hoards"

vaco '-zabda-saMjJAyAm ONPANINI 73067
vac to (k before Nyat) only when meaning speech.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 815

Exception to cajoHku.

My translation can be reworded into --

" vAkyam means 'words', but vAcyam means 'it should be said' "

Only example --

vac + Nyat vAcya- "that should be said"

Conterexample --

vac + Nyat →cajoHku vAkya- "speech"

As in --

viSIdantam idaM vAkyam uvAca madhusUdanaH "kRSNa said these words to arjuna"

na cAzuzrUSave vAcyam "and it should not be told to one that does not want to hear"

iSu;gami;yamAM chaH ONPANINI 73077
iS gam yam to ch before zit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 816

There are exactly three examples --

gam + zap gach + zap →checa gacch + zap → gaccha

iS + za ich + za →checa iccha

yam + zap yach + zap →checa yaccha

Example sentences --

gRhaGM gacchati "goes home"

bhoktum icchati "wants to eat, is hungry"

pA;ghrA;dhmA; sthA;mnA;dAN; dRzy;artti;sartti; zada;sadAm piba;jighra;dhama; tiSTha;mana;yaccha; pazyarccha;dhau; zIya;sIdAH ONPANINI 73078
(Before zit,) pA ghrA dhmA to piba jighra dhama, sthA mnA dAN to tiSTha mana yaccha, dRz R sR to pazya Rccha dhau, zad sad to zIya sIda.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 817

As in --

dRz + zap + laT tip pazya + a + ti →atoguNe pazyati "sees"

sthA + zap + loT sip tiSTha + a + si →atoguNe tiSTha + si →serhyapicca tiSTha + hi →atoheH tiSTha "wait!"

All examples --

pA → pibati "drinks"

ghrA + laT tip → ghrA + zap + tip jighra + zap + ti →atoguNe jighrati "he smells"

dhmA → dhamati "blows"

sthA → tiSThati "stands"

mnA → manati "thinks" (same as manyate "thinks")

dAN → yacchati "gives"

dRz → pazyati "sees"

R → Rcchati "goes, rises"

sR + laT tip → sR + zap + tip dhau + zap + tip →ecoya dhAvati "runs"

zada + laT ta → zIya + zap + ta →atoguNe zIya + ta →Tita zIyate "decays"

sada → sIdati "sits"

Only the zapclass pA that means "drink" is affected by this rule; the lukclass pA meaning "protect" stays unchanged --

pA ( drink ) + laT tip → pA + zap + tip piba + zap + tip →atoguNe pibati "drinks"

pA ( protect ) + laT tip → pAti "protects"

The dAN is the zapclass root AD 01.1079 dA dAN dAne (to give). The yacchati in pattramM puSpamM phalanM toyaM yo me bhaktyA prayacchati is supposed to come from this root, as opposed to another yacchati, from root yam, that means "holds, bears, supports".

The zada of this rule means the two zadL roots at AD 01.0991 and 06.0164, that are zapclass and zaclass respectively.

jJA;janor jA ONPANINI 73079
jJA and jan to jA before zit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 818

These roots are AD 09.0043 jJA avabodhane and AD 04.0044 jan janI~ prAdurbhAve.

Examples --

jJA + laT tip → jJA + znA + ti jAnAti "knows"

jan + laT ta → jan + te''' → jan + zyan + te jAyate "appears"

as in romaharSaz ca jAyate "and I get the goosebumps"

pv..-AdInAM hrasvaH ONPANINI 73080
Shorten pUclass (before zit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 819

Examples --

pU + laT tip → pU + znA + tip punAti "cleans"

lU + tip lunAti "reaps"

pRR + laT tip → pRR + znA + tip pr + nA + ti →Natvam pRNAti "fills"

The pUclass roots are --

pUJ lUJ stRRJ kRRJ

vRRJ dhUJ zRR pRR

vRR bhRR mRR jRR

jhRR ghRR nRR dhvRR

kRR RR gRR jyA

rI lI vlI plI

mider guNaH ONPANINI 73082
mid to guNa (before zit).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 820

Example --

mid + laT → mid + zyan + tip medyati "grows fat"

jusi ca ONPANINI 73083
ik to ( guNa) before laG jus.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 821

This jus is the replacement of laG jhi made by sijabhyasta after a stammered.

This rule is necessary because jhi is Git by hard apit is Git , so it won't make hardsoft work.

Examples with the stammered juhu and bibhI --

ajuhu + laG jhi ajuho + us →ecoya ajuhavus "they poured"

abibhI + laG jhi abibhe + us →ecoya abibhayus "they feared"

This rule works only on the laG jus coming from sijabhya, and not on the liG jus made by jherjus --

juhu- + liG jhi →jherjus juhu + jus → juhu + yus''' → juhuyus "they would pour"

sArvadhAtuk'-ArdhadhAtukayoH ONPANINI 73084
( ik to guNa) before hard and soft.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 822

In the classroom we ended up nicknaming this rule as "the hardsoft rule", as its true name is sort of clumsy.

All root affixes turn any ik that is just before them into guNa. Even the long ik.

Examples before the soft affixes tumun u thal --

nI + tumun netum "to lead"

nI + liT sip → nI + thal ne + thal →liTidhA ninetha "I'm told you led"

nI + liT sip → nI + thal → nI + ithal ne + ithal →liTidhA nine + itha →ecoya ninayitha "I'm told you led"

kR + u + tip karu- + tip karoti "makes, does"

Examples before the hards tip and zap --

iN' + laT tip → eti "goes"

karu- + tip kar + o + tip → karoti "makes"

nI + zap + tip ne + zap + tip →ecoya nay + zap + tip → nayati "leads"

bhU + zap + jhi bho + zap + jhi → bho + zap + anti''' bhavanti "they are"

tRR + zap + sip tar + zap + sip → tarasi "you cross"

If you see that this rule did not work it means that some exception came in the way.

The exception will be kGitica almost always --

In nIta- (from nI + kta) this rule did not work. That's because kta is kit.

Same in cakRma (from kR + ma). That's because ma is kit (rule asaMyogAlliTkit says so).

I must confess that I have an awful tendency to type "because of puganta" when I mean "because of hardsoft". So please check puganta rule, just in case I mistyped the link that brought you here.

pug-anta;lagh%Upadhasya ca ONPANINI 73086
Replace nexttolast short ik (with guNa before hard and soft).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 824

Replace the nexttolast i u R L of a root with e o ar al before all root affixes.

Examples --

zuc + zap + tip zocati "is sad, is depressed"

siv + zap + te''' sevate "serves"

dviS + mip dveSmi "I hate"

dviS + tip dveS + ti →STunA dveSTi "hates"

vRt + zap + te''' vartate "spins, turns out"

kLp + zap + te''' kalpate "it befits; it is prepared, ready"

This rule won't work before kGit affixes (see kGitica) --

kSip + kta → kSipta- "was thrown"

kSip + ktvA → kSiptvA "threw and, after throwing"

akSip + yak + ta → akSipyata "it was thrown"

cikSip + us →asaMyogAlliTkit cikSip + (k)us → cikSipus "they threw"

kSip + za + tip →sArvadhAtukamapit kSip + (z)a(G) + tip → kSipati "throws"

bhU;suvos tiGi ONPANINI 73088
bhU sU get no hardsoft before hard tiG.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 825

Examples with bhU --

bhU + luG tip →luGlaG abhU + tip → abhU + t''' → abhUt "he was"

bhU + luG mip abhU + am''' →bhuvovuglu abhUvam "I was"

This rule will not work before affixes such as zap, that are hard but not tiG --

bhU + laT tip → bhU + zap + tip →hardsoft bho + zap + tip →ecoya bhavati "there is"

The sU root mentioned here is the lukclass 02.0025 "create living beings", that is bendy. Examples --

sU + loT iT' → sU + ai''' →aciznu suvai "I shall give birth"

suvAvahai

suvAmahai

The lukclass root sU 02.0036, same meaning but flatty, is unaffected by this rule --

sU + loT mip → sU + Ani''' →hardsoft so + Ani →ecoya savAni "I shall give birth"

uto vRddhir luki hali ONPANINI 73089
Replace last u of a lukclass with au before consonant ( pit hard).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 826

Two such roots are stu "praise" and yu "bind, tie, attach". Examples --

stu + laT tip → stauti "praises"

yu + laT tip → yauti "binds"

With UrNu this rule is optional, so we may say either prorNauti or prorNoti.

tRNaha:: im ONPANINI 73092
tRnah gets im (before consonant hard pit).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 827

The tRNah in the rule means tRnah, which is the result of combining tRh + znam, before it gets Natvam. The i(m) is a mitaugment. So, before consonant hard pit, this tRnah turns into tRNeh like this --

tRh + znam → tRnah tRnah + im → tRna + i + m →AdguNaH tRneh →Natvam tRNeh

Examples --

tRh + laT mip → tRh + znam + mip → tRnah + mip tRneh + mi →Natvam tRNehmi "I crush, bruise"

tRh + laT sip tRnah + sip tRneh + sip →SaDhoH tRnekSi →Natvam tRNekSi "you crush"

tRh + laT tip tRnah + tip tRneh + tip →hoDhaH tRneDhti →jhaSastatho tRneDhdhi →STunA tRneDhDhi →DhoDhelopaH tRneDhi →Natvam tRNeDhi "he crushes"

tRh + laG sip atRnehs →halGyA atRneh →hoDhaH atRneDh →jhalAJjazonte atRneD →Natvam atRNeD →beforepause atRNeT "you crushed"

tRh + laG mip → tRh + am''' atRNaham "I crushed"

tRh + loT mip tRNahAni "let me crush"

tRh + laT jhi →znam tRnah + jhi →znasora tRnh + jhi → tRnh + anti''' →Natvam tRNhanti "they crush"

tRh + laT tas → tRnah + tas →znasora tRnhtas →hoDhaH tRnDhtas →jhaSastatho tRnDhdhas →STunA tRnDhDhas →DhoDhelopaH tRnDhas →Natvam tRNDhas "both crush"

bruva:: IT ONPANINI 73093
(Consonant pit) gets IT after brU.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 828

Careful. This Titaugment I(T) has long I, unlike the i(T) of svapiti, made by rudAdibhyassArvadhAtuke.

As in --

brU + laT tip brU + Itip →hardsoft bro + Iti →ecoya bravIti "says"

brU + laG tip → brU + t''' brU + It →hardsoft bro + It →luGlaG abro + It →ecoya abravIt "said"

Similarly bravISi, bravImi, abravam.

yaGo vA ONPANINI 73094
( Consonant pit hard gets IT) optionally after yaGluk.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 829 yaGluk

As in --

lAlap + tip lAlapIti "prates senselessly"

roru + tip →hardsoft roro + tip roro + Iti →ecoya roravIti "roars loudly"

asti;sico 'pRkte ONPANINI 73096
t''' s''' (get IT) after asti and sic.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 830 luG

"Gets IT" means that an I is added in front. So this rule turns t''' s''' into It''' Is'''.

Examples after root as --

as + laG tip →ADajAdInAm AT + as + tip →akassa As + tip → As + t''' As + It → AsIt "there was"

as + laG sip AsIs "there was you"

Examples after sic --

dRz + luG tip adrAk- + sic + t''' adrAk + s + It''' →kric adrAkSIt "he saw"

dRz + luG sip adrAkSIs "you saw"

mAG + bhI + luG sip mA bhaiSIs "don't be afraid"

vad + luG tip avad + sic + t''' → avad + iSic + t →vada;vraja avAd + iS + t → avAd + iS + It''' →iTa::ITi avAd + It

adaH sarveSAm ONPANINI 73100
( t''' s''' get aT) after ad.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 831 laG

Only examples --

ad + laG tip →ADajAdInAm Ad + tip → Ad + t''' Adat "he ate"

ad + laG sip →ADajAdInAm Ad + sip → Ad + s''' Adas "you ate"