→ 72087 rules for /yuSmad- /asmad-
72010 After some one-vowel roots there's no
72011
72012
72013
72014
72015 after roots after which other affixes get
72022
72035
72037 After
72038 optionally after
72041
72044
72049
72053 after
72056 After
72061 After a vowel,
72062 after a root that has
72063 The two previous rules are optional after non-
72070
72073
72075 after
72076 hard after
72079 hard
72080 After
72081 Merge
72082 get
72083 to
72084 Optionally
72085
72086
Some one-vowel roots do not make the valAdi get iT.
According to rule
Example. The root
But this exception here says that rule
How do I know which roots exactly are affected by this rule?
My advice is: do not learn in advance which roots are affected with this. Wait until you find some form such as
KAZIKA upadeze ya ekAc dhAturanudAttazca tasmAdiDAgamo na bhavati. prakRtyAzrayo 'yaM pratiSedhaH. ke punarupadeze 'nudAttAH? ye tathA gaNe paThyante, ta eva vispaSTArtham aniTkArikAsu pravibhaktAH pradarzyante. aniTsvarAnto bhavati iti dRzyatAmimAMstu seTaH pravadanti tadvidaH. adantamRRdantamRtAM ca vRGvRJau zviDIGivarNeSvatha zIGzriJAvapi. guNasthamUdantamutAM ca rusnuvau kSuvaM tathorNotimatho yuNukSNavaH.
So the root
KAZIKA zri ity etasya uk-antAnAM ca kiti pratyaye parataH iD-Agamo na bhavati. zri zritvA. zritaH. zritavAn. ugantAnAM ca yutvA. yutaH. yutavAn. lUtvA. lUnaH. lUnavAn. vRtvA. vRtaH. vRtavAn. tIrtvA. vIrNaH. tIrNavAn. zryukaH iti kim? viditaH. kiti iti kim? zrayitA. zrayitum. zrayitavyam. kecid atra dvikakAra-nirdezena gakAraprazleSaM varnayanti, bhUSNuH ity evaM yathA syAt. sautratvAc ca nirdezasya zryukaH kiti ity atra cartvasya asiddhatvamanAzritya rorutvaM na kRtam visarjanIyazca kRtaH iti. glAjisthazca ksnuH ity atra sthA A ityAkAraprazleSeNa sthAsnoH siddhatvAn na kiMcidetat. upadeze ityeva, tIrNa ityatra api yathA syAt. itve hi kRte raparatve cana syAt. mA bhUdevam. iT sani veti vikalpe vihite yasya vibhASeti niSThAyAM pratiSedho bhaviSyati? kasya punaH sA vibhASA? RRtaH. yadyevam itve hi kRte na ayam RRkarAnto bhaviSyati? sthAnivadbhAvAd bhaviSyati. analvidhau sthAnivadbhAvaH, alvidhizcAyam? tasmAdanuvartayitavyam upadeze iti. tathA ca sati jAgaritaH, jAgaritavAnityatra api prApnoti, tadartham ekAcaH ityanuvartayitavyam. UrNotes tu vAcya UrNorNuvadbhAvo yaGprasiddhiH prayojanam. Amazca pratiSedhArtham ekAcazceDupagrahAt. prorNutaH. prorNutavAn.
So, even though
As in --
jighRkSa + laT tip →
See also exception iTsanivA below.
In that
That
Exception to ekAca::u, which would have made the roots get iT or not depending on whether they are seT or aniT.
Therefore: a valAdi liT gets no iT after
and gets iT after all other roots, even the aniT roots like
This rule has dozens of exceptions, most of which affect thal. So thal will get iT always after some roots, never after others, and optionally after others. eg, thal gets iT optionally after
Do not lose sleep trying to learn the iT rules of the liT. You'll seldom need to know them, because non-third person
KAZIKA kR sR bhR vR stu dru sru zru ityeteSAM liTi pratyaye iDAgamo na bhavati. kR cakRva, cakRma. sR sasRva, sasRma. bhR babhRva, babhRma. vRJ vavRva, vavRma. vRG vavRvahe, vavRmahe. stu tuSTuva, tuSTuma. dru dudruva, dudruma. sru susruva, susruma. zru zuzruva, zuzruma. siddhe satyArambho niyamarthaH , krAdaya eva liTi aniTaH, tato 'nye seTaH iti. bibhidiva, bibhidima. luluviva, luluvima. anudAttopadezAnAm atra prakRtyAzrayaH pratiSedhaH, vRJvRGostu prtyayAzrayaH, tadubhayasya apyayaM niyamaH. vRJo hi thali vavartha iti nipAtanAd vyavasthA. studrusruzruvAM tu Rto bhAradvAjasya ityasmAdapi niyamAt ya iT prApnoti so 'pi neSyate. tuSTotha. dudrotha susrotha. zuzrotha. kRJo 'suTkasya iti vaktavyam. sasuTkasya iDagamo yathA syAt. saJcaskariva, saJcaskarima. Rto bhAradvAjasya ity etad apy asuTkasya eva iSyate, saJcaskaritha.
The original translates literally into "
Adding the trickle, the rule says " liT gets no iT after
" liT gets no iT ONLY after
Which is the same thing as saying that liT gets iT after all the other roots, even if they are aniT roots. Whip yourself, for atonement.
Exception to ArdhadhAtukasyeD.
Example with the seT roots
Example with the seT root
KAZIKA zvayater Iditaz ca niSThAyAm iDAgamo na bhavati. zUnaH. zUnavAn. IditaH olajI lagnaH. lagnavAn. ovijI udvignaH. udvignavAn. oditazceti niSthAtakArasya nakAraH. dIpI dIptaH. dIptavAn. DIGastvoditAM madhye pATho jJApako niSThAyAm aniT-tvasya. sa hi natvArthaH, natvaM ca niSthAto 'nantarasya vidhIyate. uDDInaH. uDDInavAn. niSThAyAm ityadhikAraH ArdhadhAtukasyeDvalAdeH iti yAvat.
Example --
(1) After the seT root
(2) Therefore, kta and ktavatu do not get iT after
Small exception. After
KAZIKA yasya dhAtoH vibhASA kvacid iD-uktaH, tasya niSThAyAM parataH iD-Agamo na bhavati. vakSyati svaratisUtisUyatidhUJUdito vA. vidhUtaH. vidhUtavAn. guhU gUDhaH. gUDhavAn. udito vA vRdhu vRddhaH. vRddhavAn. tanipatidaridrANAm upasaGkhyAnam iti pater vibhASiteTkasya api dvitIyAzritAtItapatita
The root
Or in the curse --
But in other senses,
KAZIKA kRcchra gahana ityetayorarthayoH kaSer dhAtoH niSThAyAm iDAgamo na bhavati. kaSTo 'gniH. kaSTaM vyAkaraNam. tato 'pi kaSTatarANi sAmAni. kRcchraM duHkham, tatkAraNam apyagnyAdikaM kRcchram ityucyate. gahane kaSTAni vanAni. kaSTAH parvatAH. kRcchragahanayoH iti kim? kaSitaM suvarNam.
iT is a titaugment.
Therefore, the soft affixes
See also exception ekAca::u.
As in --
The iT of liT affixes is unaffected --
Careful. This rule lengthens the normal iT from ArdhadhAtukasyeD, but not the ciNvadiT from syasicsIyu --
KAZIKA grahaH uttarasya iTaH aliTi dIrgho bhavati. grahItA. grahItum. grahItavyam. aliTi iti kim? jagRhiva. jagRhim. prakRtasyeTo dIrghatvamidam, ciNvadiTo na bhavati. grAhitA. hrAhiSyate.
Addition to graho 'liTi dIrghaH above. The lenghtening that is compulsory after
Examples with
Examples with
As in
This won't work on liT affixes --
KAZIKA vR iti vRG-vRJoH sAmAnyena grahaNam. tasmAd uttarasya RRkAr%Antebhyaz ca iTo vA dIrgho bhavati. varitA, varItA. prAvaritA, prAvarItA. RRkArAntebhyaH taritA, tarItA. AstaritA, AstarItA. vRRtaH iti kim? karSyati. hariSyati. aliTi ity eva, vavaritha. teritha.
How did the
Those two compound into
Rule sanigraha says that san is ordinarily iT-less after all uk-enders. By this exception, iT is optional after all
When we choose to add iT, rule ikojhal can no longer work, so the iSan is not kit and triggers hardsoft --
also, optional rule vRRtovA applies --
If we choose to not add iT we get --
So there are three options for
And three for
This rule has an exception: after
KAZIKA
These roots can make their valAdi affixes get iT --
Or not --
The word Udit here means the roots that have
See the kAzikA for more examples.
KAZIKA svarati sUti sUyati dhUJ ity etebhyaH, Udidbhyaz ca uttarasya valAderArdhadhAtukasya vA iDAgamo bhavati. svartA, svaritA. sUti prasotA, prasavitA. sUyati sotA, savitA. dhUJ dhotA, dhavitA. UdhidbhyaH khalvapi gAhU vigADhA, vigAhitA. gupU goptA, gopitA. vA iti vartamane punar vAgrahaNaM liGsicor nivRttyartham. sUtisUyatyor vikaraNanirdezaH SU preraNe ityasya nivRttyarthaH. dhUJiti sAnubandhakasya nirdeso dhU vidhUnane ityasay nivRtty arthaH. savitA, dhuvitA ityeva nityam etayor bhavati. svarateretasmAd vikalpAt RddhanoH sye ityetad bhavati vipratiSedhena. svariSyati. kiti tu pratyaye zryukaH kiti iti nityaH pratiSedho bhavati pUrvavipratiSedhena. svRtvA. sUtvA. dhUtvA.
Examples --
See dambha::icca for the examples
KAZIKA ivantAnAM dhAtUnAm, Rdhu bhrasja dambhu zri svR yu UrNu bhara jJapi san ity eteSAM ca sani vA iD-Agamo bhavati. ivantAnAm dideviSati, dudyUSati. siseviSati, susyUSati. Rdhu ardidhiSati, Irtsati. bhrasja bibhrajjiSati, bibhrakSati, bibharjjiSati, bibharkSati. dambhu didambhiSati, dhipsati, dhIpsati. zri ucchizrayiSati, ucchizrISati. svR sisvariSati, susvUrSati. yu yiyaviSati, yuyUSati. UrNu prorNunaviSati, prorNunaviSati, prorNunUSati. bhara iti bhRJityetasya bhauvAdikasya grahaNam, zapA nirdezAt. vibhariSati, bubhUrSati. jJapi jijJapayiSati, jJIpsaTi. san sisaniSati, siSAsati. kecidatra bharajJapisanitanipatidaridrANAm iti paThanti. tani titaniSati, titaMsati, titAMsati. pati pipatiSati, pitsati. daridrA didaridriSati, didaridrAsati. sani iti kim? devitA. bhraSTA.
So, we get
Example --
aJcu + kta
as in
This is an exception to yasyavibhASA (that would make the iT optional on kta ktavatu) and to uditovA (that would forbid iT on ktvA).
When the root aJcu does not mean "to honor", this rule won't work. As in ud + aJcu "draw up" --
ud + aJcu + kta
as in
This rule sounds a lot like n' .AJceH pUjAyAm, so be careful.
KAZIKA aJceH pUjAyAm arthe ktvA-niSThayoH iDAgamo bhavati. aJcitvA jAnu juhoti. aJcitA asya guravaH. udito veti ktvA-pratyaye vikalpaH prAptaH, niSThAyAm yasya vibhASeti pratiSedhaH prAptaH, tadartham idaM prArabdham. pUjAyAm iti kim? udaktam udakaM kUpAt. uddhRtam ity arthaH.
Mnemonic --
After a root that is udit in the dhAtupATha, ktvA can get iT or not.
Example: the seT root
, or --
where this rule prevented ArdhadhAtukasyeD.
KAZIKA udito dhAtoH ktvA-pratyaye parato vA iD-Agamo bhavati. zamu zamitvA, zAntvA. tamu tamitvA, tAntvA. damu damitvA, dAntvA.
BEGINNERS BEWARE -- you do not need to learn any of the thal rules until next year, because they are needed once in a blue moon.
This is an exception to kR;sR;bhR;vR;stu;dru;sru;zru, that makes thal get iT after most roots.
Examples. Root
Because of RtobhAradvAjasya below, this rule is optional if the root does not end in
When the root ends in
KAZIKA tAsau ye nityAniTo dhAtavaH ajantAH, tebhyastAsAviva thali iDAgamo na bhavati. yAtA yayAtha. cetA cicetha. netA ninetha. hotA juhotha. acaH iti kim? bhettA bibheditha. tAsvatiti kim? lUtvA lulavitha. thali iti kim? yAtA yayiva. yayima. aniDgrahaNaM nityam ityanena vizeSaNArtham. nityagrahaNaM kim? vidhotA, vidhavitA vidudhavitha. tAsi vibhASiteT, thali nityam iDAgamo bhavati. tAsvatiti vatinirdezaH kimarthaH? tAsau tatasthali pratiSedhArthaH. yo hi tAsAvasan, asattvAc ca nityAniT, tasya thali pratiSedho na bhavati. jaghasitha. uvayitha. uttarasUtre 'pi tAsvaditi vartate. adAdezo hi ghasiH, veJAdezazca vayistAsau na asti.
Example.
Because of RtobhAradvAjasya below, this rule is always optional. So we can still make kRsR work --
The root has to have
KAZIKA upadeze yo dhAturakAravAn tAsau nityAniT tasmAt tAsAviva thali iDAgamo na bhavati. paktA papaktha. yaSTA iyaSTha. zaktA zazaktha. upadeze iti kim? karSTA cakarSitha. atvataH iti kim? bhettA vibheditha. taparakaraNaM kim? rAddhA rarAdhitha. tAsvatityeva, jighRkSati. jagrahitha. nityam aniTaH ityeva, aGktA, aJjitA AnaJjitha.
See the two previous rules, acastAsvat and upadezetvataH, for examples.
KAZIKA RkArAntAd ghAtoH bhAradvAjasya acAryasya matena tAsAviva nityAniTasthali iDAgamo na bhavati. smartA sasmartha. dhvartA dadhvartha. siddhe satyArambho niyamArthaH, Rta eva bhAradvAjasya, nAnyeSAM dhAtUnAm. yayitha. vavitha. pecitha. zekitha. tadayam arthAt pUrvayoH yogayorvikalpaH. taparakaraNam RkArAntasya nivRttyartham. tathA hi sati vidhyartham etat syAt.
Example after
Example after han --
han + lRT mip →
KAZIKA RkArAntAnAM dhAtUnAM hantezca sye iDAgamo bhavati. kariSyati. hariSyati. hanisyati. svarater veTtvAtRddhanoH sye ityetad bhavati vipratiSedhena. svariSyati. taparakaraNaM vispaSTArtham.
Verbs with
Examples with
As always, iTa::ITi works before It''' Is''' --
KAZIKA yama rama nama ityeSAm aGgAnAm AkArAntAnAM ca sagAgamo bhavati parasmaipade sici, iDAgamazca. yam ayaMsIt, ayaMsiSTAm ayaMsiSTAM, ayaMsiSuH. ram araMsIt, araMsiSTAm, araMsiSuH. nam anaMsIt, anaMsiSTAm anaMsiSuH. akArAntAnAm ayAsIt, ayAsiSTAm, ayAsiSuH. yamAdInAM halantalakSaNA vRddhiH prAptA sA neTi pratiSidhyate. parasmaipadeSu ityeva, ayaMsta. araMsta. anaMsta.
All examples --
Wait. Wouldn't
No. That rule allows the options
These are lukclass roots.
svap + tip
KAZIKA rudAdibhyaH uttarasya valAdeH sArvadhAtukasya iDAgamo bhavati. rud roditi. svap svapiti. zvas zvasiti. an prANiti. jakS jakSiti. paJcabhyaH ityeva, jAgarti. sArvadhAtuke iti kim? svaptA. valAdeH ity eva, rudanti.
Why do we say " hard " ?
Why " val " ?
Example with flat --
Example with flat tip after
Back to hard bent
Rules yAsuTpa and liGassa teach that when the flat tiG affixes replace hard liG, they get
zRNu +
zRNu +
zRNu +
This exception, "
paca +
paca +
paca +
KAZIKA akArAntAtaGgAduttarasya yA ity etasya sArvadhAtukasya iy ity ayam Adezo bhavati, pacet, pacetAm, paceyuH iti. atra usy apadAntAd iti pararUpaM bAdhitam. ataH iti kim? cinuyAt. sunuyAt. taparakaraNam kim? yAyAt. sArvadhAtuka ityeva, cikIrSyAt. nanu ca ato lopa ity anenAtra bhavitavyam, pacetityatra api hi tarhi ato dIrgho yaJIti dIrghatvena bhavitavyam, tadanena avazyaM vidhyantaraM bAdhitavyam, sa yathaiva dIrghasya bAdhakaH evam ato lopasya api bAdhakaH syAt? syAdetadevaM yadi dIrghaH sArvadhAtuke vidhIyate. atha tu tiGi vidhIyate, tadA yena nAprAptinyAyena dIrghasyaiva bAdhakaH syAn na punarato lopasya. yeyaH ityavibhaktiko nirdezaH. yaH iti vA SaSThInirdeze yalopasya asiddhatvamanAzritya AdguNaH kRtaH, sautratvAn nirdezasya iti. kecitatra ato yAsiyaH iti sUtraM pathanti. teSAM sakArAntaH sthAnI, SaSThIsamAsazca.
Ooopsie sorry. I forgot to mention lopovyo there.
How did
See yus'''.
What do the other six hard flat
Please see hard flat
Example --
Will this work with Ate''' Athe'''?
Sure will --
It turns out that
Yuu figure that one out. As an exercise.
Examples with plava,
Counterexamples. No
zIG + zAnac →
What's kAnac?
Only example --
As + zAnac
As in --
You made up that example.
I did. So what? You'll remember it.
How'd you say "sitting cow"?
The zAnac feminines always get Ap by ajAdya, so that's
And "holy cow"?
Examples --
If we don't take this option,
KAZIKA aSTano vibhaktau parataH AkArAdezo bhavati. aSTAbhiH. aSTAbhyaH. aSTAnAm. aSTAsu. vibhaktau iti kim? aSTatvam. aSTatA. A iti vyaktinirdezo 'yam. AkRtinirdeze tu nakArasthane 'nunAsikAkAraH syAt. vikalpena ayam AkAro bhavati, etaj jJApitam aSTano dIrghAd iti dIrghagrahaNAt, aSTAbhya auz iti ca kRtAtvasya nirdezAt. tena aSTabhiH, aSTabhyaH ityapi bhavati. tadantavidhizca atra iSyate. priyAH aSTau yeSAm te priyASTAnaH. priyASTau.
As in --
rai- + bhis
This rule works only on rai-, which is the only commonly used nounbase that ends in
"excitements, adventures... such things Jedi knights must not crave"
KAZIKA rai ityetasya halAdau vibhaktau parataH AkArAdezo bhavati. rAbhyAm. rAbhiH. hali iti kim? rAyau. rAyaH. vibhaktau iti kim? raitvam. raitA. mRjer vRddhiH ity ataH prAg vibhaktyadhikAraH.
(yuSmadasmadtoAbeforeac) (!yuS)
After after yuSmad- asmad-, rules yuSmad;asmadbhyAMGasoz ff replace most consonant sup with
All examples --
yuSmad- + bhyAm →
asmad- + bhyAm
yuSmad- + bhis
What happens to the sup that start with a vowel?
See yo 'ci below.
Back to
KAZIKA yuSmad asmad ity etayoH an-Adeze vibhaktau parataH AkAr'-Adezo bhavati. yuSmAbhiH. asmAbhiH. yuSmAsu. asmAsu. anAdeze iti kim? yuSmat. asmat. hali ity adhikArAd apy atra na syAt. uttaratra tu an-Adeza-grahaNena prayojanam yo 'cIti, tad ihaiva kriyate.