63091 Pronoun to
63097
63106 optionally before
63111 Lengthen
63112
63137 Sometimes other lengthenings are seen.
63138 before
64001 Replace stem.
64002 after consonant.
64003 before
64004 but not
64006
64007 Nexttolast of
64008 before strong that is not the calling.
64010 of
64011 of
64012 Rule
64013 Before
64014 Non-rootnoun
64015 of nasal-enders before
64016
Examples --
tad- +
KAZIKA sarvanAmnaH AkArAdezo bhavati dRg-dRza-vatuSu. tAdRk. tAdRzaH. tAvAn. yAdRk. yAdRzaH. yAvAn. dRkSe ceti vaktavyam. tAdRkSaH. yAdRkSaH.
You said that rule kvinpratyayasyakuH works on
No, but look at rule tyadAdiSudRzo right below that. It says that when dRz root is in one of these compounds it gets kvin.
That
True, it comes from a vArttika.
This rule may be reworded into "the
Examples with dvi-,
Rule Ap;jJapy;RdhAm It is sort of like this one; it makes
KAZIKA dvi antarityetAbhyAM upasargAc ca uttarasya apityetasya IkArAdezo bhavati. dvIpam. antarIpam. upasargAt nIpam. vIpam. samIpam. samApa Itve pratizedho vaktavyaH. samApaM nAma devayajanam. apara Aha ItvamanavarNAd iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt, prApam, parApam. ap-zabdaM prati kriya-yog%AbhAvAt upasarga-grahaNaM prAdy-upalakSaN%Artham.
How did "twowaters" come to mean "island"?
In old times
And how did "joined waters" came to mean "vicinity"?
You see, I'm making up these stories about "old times" so as to help you to remember. But now you already are old enough to make up your own stories.
Only example --
If the ku means ISad, then replacing with
KAZIKA puruSa-zabde uttara-pade vibhASA koH kA ity ayam Adezo bhavati. kApuruSaH, kupuruSaH. aprAptavibhASeyam. ISad-arthe tu pUrvavipratiSedhena nityaM kA bhavati. ISat puruSaH kApuruSaH.
Example when rori deletes
Example when DhoDhelopaH deletes
See also long before r .
KAZIKA DhakAra-rephayoH lopaH yasmin sa Dhra-lopaH, tatra pUrvasya aNaH dIrgho bhavati. lIDham. mIDham. upagUDham. mUDhaH. ralope nIraktam. agnIrathaH. indUrathaH. punA raktaM vAsaH. prAtA rAjakrayaH. pUrvagrahaNam anuttarapade 'pi pUrvamAtrasya dIrghArtham. aNaH iti kim? AtRDham. AvRDham.
Examples of
Example of
ud + vah + luG tas
KAZIKA sahi vahi ityetayoH avarNasya okAra Adezo bhavati Dhralope. soDhA. soDhum. soDhavyam. voDhA. voDhum. voDhavyam. avarNasya iti kim? UDhaH. UDhavAn. varNagrahaNaM kim? kRtAyAm api vRddhau yathA syAt. udavoDhAm. udavoDham. tAdapi paraH taparaH, taparatvAd AkArasya grahaNaM na syAt.
What does the
It means "replace
Why did
No clue, sorry.
But the kAzikA appears to explain that. Why didn't you translate for us what the kAzikA says?
Because I think it's wrong, or at least highly unlikely.
More than a "rule", this is an excuse. This says that in some cases we are going to hear words that have a long vowel where, according to grammar rules, a short belongs, but that they can be considered correct nonetheless if the Big Schtrumpfs agree that they are correct.
Example. In this line ( bhg 6:36) --
The word
KAZIKA anyeSAm api dIrgho dRzyate, sa ziSTa-prayogAd anugantavyaH. yasya dIrghatvaM vihitaM, dRzyate ca prayoge, tadanena kartavyam. kezA-kezi. kacA-kaci. jalASAT. nArakaH pUruSaH. zuno danta-daMSTrA-karNa-kunda-varAha-puccha-padeSu. zvAdantaH. zvAdaMSTraH. zvAkarNaH. zvAkundaH. zvAvarAhaH. zvApucchaH. zvApadaH.
So who are the Big Schtrumpfs, exactly?
Basically the agreement of old writers.
This
Examples --
prati +
KAZIKA cau parataH pUrvapadasya dIrgho bhavati. cau iti aJcatir luptanakArAkAro gRhyate. dadhIcaH pazya. dadhIcA. dadhIce. madhUcaH pazya. madhUcA. madhUce. antaraGgo 'pi yaNAdezo dIrghavidhAnasAmarthyAn na pravartate.
headline. The following rules, down to 81001 sarvasyadve exclusive, replace only the stem of affixes when those affixes are added.
Example.
Rule nAmi teaches: " lengthen the short that is before
However, because of this headline, this does not mean that every short is lengthened before every
Therefore, rule nAmi will lengthen the
But it will not lengthen the
because those
After stretching roots like
Examples --
hUta- "called"
( Not same as
so we say
KAZIKA aGgAvayavAd dhalo yaduttaraM samprasAraNam tadantasya aGgasya dIrgho bhavati. hUtaH. jInaH. saMvItaH. halaH iti kim? utaH. utavAn. aGgAvayavAtiti kim? nirutam. tadantasya iti kim? viddhaH. vicitaH. aNaH ityeva, tRtIyaH. tRtIyA iti vA nipAtanAd atra dIrghAbhAvaH. aGga-grahaNam Avartayitavyam halvizeSaNArtham, aGga-kArya-pratipatty-arthaM ca.
Why do we bother to say "after consonant"? Won't the final vowel of the root be always after a consonant, as in
Not so. Root veJ, after stretching, is just
Examples --
See exception natisRcatasR right below.
Exception to nAmi.
tri- f + Am →
Only example --
If we don't take the option --
There are exactly five examples --
KAZIKA nAntasya aGgasya upadhAyAH nAmi parato dIrgho bhavati. paJcAnAm. saptAnAm. navAnAm. dazAnAm. naH iti kim? caturNAm. nAmIty eva, carmaNAm.
Why does the rule say "before nAm", not "before Am"?
nAm comes after
I nicknamed this rule as the " rAjAnam rule", after the first example below. That's way better than calling it "
Examples with
rAjA "king"
Examples with vowel-ender nounbases that got
phalAni "fruits, results"
KAZIKA sarvanAmasthAne ca parato 'sambuddhau nopadhAyAH dIrgho bhavati. rAjA, rAjAnau, rAjAnaH. rAjAnam, rAjAnau. sAmAni tiSThanti. sAmAni pazya. sarvanAmasthAne iti kim? rAjani. sAmani. asambuddhau iti kim? he rAjan. he takSan.
Why do we say "that is not the calling"?
The calling is strong, but does not trigger this rule --
am is strong in yogin- m + am. Why no lengthening in
Exception inhan.
For me, it feels sort of strange that this rule can lengthen
I understand your feelings. Yet, no one ever said that this rule should work only on bare nounbases. As we are in the shadow of the headline aGgasya, this rule is supposed to work on the stem of any strong affix, that is, on whatever the strong affix was originally added to, even if it grew afterwards.
Lengthen last vowel of
Examples. mahat- "big" and
Before zi, neuter
KAZIKA sakArAntasya saMyogasya yo nakAraH mahatazca tasya upadhAyAH dIrgho bhavati sarvanAmasthAne parataH asambuddhau. zreyAn, zreyAMsau, zreyAMsaH. zreyAMsi. payAMsi. yazAMsi. mahataH svalvapi mahAn, mahAntau, mahAntaH. asambuddhau iti kim? he zreyan. he mahan.
What happens before the calling?
Nothing special. This rule does not work, so the last vowel stays --
The
Because these nounbases can only end in a cluster if they got num.
Why didn't then
To save space , both of us used the shortest wording we could think of.
Example after ap- --
After a tRc-ender --
After
Counterexample before a weak --
Counterexample before strong calling --
as in --
KAZIKA ab ity etasya, tRn-antasya, tRj-antasya, svasR naptR neSTR tvaStR kSattR hotR potR pazAstR ity eteSAM cAGgAnAm upadhAyA dIrgho bhavati sarvanAmasthAne parato 'sambuddhau. ap ApaH. bahvAmpi taDAgAni iti kecid icchanti, tatra samAsAnto vidhir anityaH iti samAsAnto na kriyate. nityam api ca numam akRtva dIrghatvam iSyate. tRn kartArau kaTAn. vaditArau janApavAdAn. kartAraH. tRc kartArau kaTasya. kartAraH. hartArau bhArasya. hartAraH. svasR svasA, svasArau, svasAraH. naptR naptA, naptArau, naptAraH. neSTR neSTA, neSTArau, neSTAraH. tvaSTR tvaSTA, tvaSTArau, tvaSTAraH. kSattR kSattA, kSattArau, kSattAraH. hotR hotA, hotArau, hotAraH. potR potA, potArau, potAraH. prazAstR prazAstA, prazAstArau, prazAstAraH. naptrAdinAM grahaNamavyutpattipakSe vidhyartham. vyutpattipakSe niyamArtham, evam bhUtAnAm anyeSAM saMjJAzabdAnAM dIrgho mA bhUd iti. pitarau, pitaraH. mAtarau, mAtaraH. asambuddhau iti kim? he kartaH. he svasaH.
Because
So the
The rootnoun han- is unaffected too --
KAZIKA in han pUSan aryaman ity evam antAnAm aGgAnAM zau parata upadhAyA dIrgho bhavati. bahudaNDIni. bahucchatrINi. bahuvRtrahANi. bahubhrUNahAni. bahupUSANi. bahvaryamANi. siddhe satyArambho niyamArthaH, inhanpUSAryamNAm upadhAyaH zAveva dIrgho bhavati na anyatra. daNDinau. chatriNau. vRtrahaNau. pUSaNau. aryamaNau. dIrghavidhirya ihenprabhRtInAM taM viniyamya suTIti suvidvAn. zau niyamaM punareva vidadhyAt bhrUNahanIti tathAsya na duSyet. zAsmi nivartya suTItyavizeSe zau niyamaM kuru vApyasamIkSya. dIrghavidherupadhAniyamAnme hanta yi dIrghavidhau ca na doSaH. suTy api vA prakRte 'navakAzaH zau niyamo 'prakRtapratiSedhe. yasya hi zau niyamaH suTi naitattena na tatra bhavedviniyamyam. hanteH anunAsikasya kvijhaloH kGiti 64015 iti dIrghatvaM yat tadapi niyamena bAdhyate vRtrahaNi, bhrUNahani iti. katham? yogavibhAgaH kriyate. inhanpUSAryamNAm sarvanAmasthAne eva dIrgho bhavati, na anyatra iti. tataH zau iti dvitIyo niyamaH. zau eva sarvanAmasthAne dIrgho bhavati na anyatra iti. sarvasya upadhAlakSaNasya dIrghasya niyamena nivRttiH kriyate. yas tu na upadhAlakSaNaH sa bhavatyeva. vRtrahAyate. bhrUNahAyate. atha va anuvartamAne 'pi sarvanAmasthAnagrahaNe sAmarthyAdayam avizeSeNa niyamaH. zizabdo hi sarvanAmasthA'M napuMsakasya, na ca tasya anyat sarvanAmasthAnam asti ityavizeSeNa niyamaH. tatra tu napuMsakasya ityetan na azrIyate. tena anapuMsakasya api dIrgho na bhavati. sarvanAmasthAnasaMjJAvidhAne tu napuMsakasya vyApAro 'sti iti tatra niyamaH kriyamaNo napuMsakasya syAt.
Will these
No. Rule rAjAnam does not lengthen those. Neither does this rule. So we say --
The original rule says: "
Because that's what it boils down too. See --
This rule literally says
"
The next rule, sauca, translates as "and before su". Therefore, the two rules together state:
"
Now, the true meaning of this must be
"But
because without the "only", this rule would be useless. (See niyama for more examples of skipped "only".)
I translated this rule and the previous rule ( inhan) together. See examples there.
KAZIKA sAv asambuddhau parataH inhan-pUS%AryamNAm upadhAyA dIrgho bhavati. daNDI. vRtrahA. pUSA. aryamA. asambuddhau iti kim? he daNDin. he pUSan. he aryaman.
The
This rule affects all
This rule won't work when the su is not strong --
Also won't work when the at-ender is not udit. For instance,
and
KAZIKA avu as ity evam antasya adhAtor upadhAyAH sAv asambuddhau parataH dIrgho bhavati. Davatu bhavAn. ktavatu kRtavAn. matup gomAn. yavamAn. atra kRte dIrghe num-AgamaH kartavyaH. yadi hi paratvAn@ nityatvAc ca num syat, dIrghasya nimittam atUpadhA vihanyeta. as-antasya supayAH. suyazAH. suzrotAH. adhAtoH iti kim? piNDaM grasate iti piNDagraH. carma vaste iti carmavaH. anarthako 'py as-zabdo gRhyate, aninasmaGgrahaNAnyarthavatA ca anarthakena ca tadantavidhiM prayojayanti iti. anta-grahaNam upadeza-prayogaikadezasya apy atvantasya parigrah%Artham, anyathA matupo grahaNam na syAd, upadeze rUpa-nirgraha-hetau nAyam atvantaH iti. asambuddhau ity eva, he goman. supayaH.
Why do we say "non- calling su" ?
The calling su does not lengthen --
May I say
Sure you may, in fact, accpo5ding to the rules, you must. I wrote
Why do we say "non- rootnoun"?
For instance, the root
So how do I say hello to a crow?
Examples before kta, ktin, that are serious kit --
Example before kvip, one of the
pra +
This
This rule won't work before ktic, because of exception naktici way below.
KAZIKA anunAsikAntasya aGgasya upadhAyAH dIrgho bhavati kvipratyaye parato jhalAdau ca kGiti. prazAn. pratAn. jhalAdau kiti zAntaH. zAntavAn. zAntvA. zAntiH. Giti khalvapi zaMzAntaH. tantAntaH. yaGlugantAdayaM tas. anunAsikasya iti kim? odanapak. pakvaH. pakvavAn. kvijhaloH iti kim? gamyate. ramyate. kGiti iti kim? gantA. rantA.
Examples with vowelender roots plu zru
plu + san
puplUSa "want to jump"
zru + san
zuzrUSa "want to hear"
mumUrSa "want to die, be about to die"
Example with han --
Example with gam (that's the
adhi + iG + san + laT ta →
Even though
KAZIKA ajantAnAm aGgAnaM hani-gamyoz ca sani jhal-Adau pare dIrgho bhavati. ajantAnAm vivISati. tuSTUSati. cikIrSati. jihIrSati. han jighAMsati. gam adhijigAMsate. gameriGAdezasya iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt saJjigaMsate vatso mAtra iti. svargaM lokaM samajigAMsatiti chandasi yadaniGAdezasya api dIrghatvaM dRzyate, tad anyeSAm api dRzyate ityanena bhavati. atha vA iha ajgrahaNaM na kartavyam. sani dIrgho bhavati ityetAvadeva sUtraM kartavyam. tatrAcA gRhyamANasya vizeSaNe sati siddham ajantasya dIrghatvam? tat kriyate pravRttibhedena gamer api vizeSaNArtham, aj-antasya aGgasya dIrgho bhavati, ajAdezasya gamer iti. tato na vaktavyam idaM gamer iG-Adezasya iti.
Because