61111 non-mergers ←

chunk 32: 63091 lengthening rules

→ 64019 cchvoz

63091 Pronoun to A . AsarvanAmnaH
63097 ap- to I after dvi-, antar, preverbs. dvyantarupasargebhyopaIt
63106 optionally before puruSa. vibhASApuruSe
63111 Lengthen a i u before deleted Dh r. DhralopepUrvasyadIrghoNaH
63112 a A of sah vah to o . sahivahorodavarNasya
63137 Sometimes other lengthenings are seen. anyeSAmapidRzyate
63138 before c. cau
64001 Replace stem. aGgasya
64002 after consonant. halaH
64003 before nAm. nAmi
64004 but not tisR- catasR- natisRcatasR
64006 nR nRca
64007 Nexttolast of n . nopadhAyAH
64008 before strong that is not the calling. sarvanAmasthAnecAsambuddhau
64010 of s -enders and mahat- when they got num. sAntamahatassaMyogasya
64011 of ap- tRn tRc, svasR naptR neSTR, tvaSTR kSattR hotR, potR prazastR. aptRntRcsvasRnaptRneSTRtvaSTRkSattRhotRpotRprazAstRRNAm
64012 Rule rAjAnam won't work on in han puSan aryaman before au jas am. inhanpUSAryamNAMzau
64013 Before su too. sauca
64014 Non-rootnoun atu-as-enders . atvasantasyacAdhAtoH
64015 of nasal-enders before kvi or serious kGit. anunAsikasyakvijhaloHkGiti
64016 san lengthens vowel and han gam. ajjhanagamAMsani




 

A sarvanAmnaH ONPANINI 63091
Pronoun to A (before dRz- dRza- dRkSa- vatu).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 580

Examples --

tad- + dRz- + su → ta + A + dRz + su akassa tAdRz + stAd + dRz + s halGyA tAdRz kvinpratyayasyakuH tAdRk "such a"

tad- + vatu + su → .. → tAvAn "that much"

yad- + dRza- + su → .. → yAdRza- "of whatever kind or nature"

tad- + dRkSa- + su → .. → tAdRkSas "such a"




 

dvy;antar;upasargebhyo 'pa:: It ONPANINI 63097
ap- to I after dvi-, antar, preverbs.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 581

This rule may be reworded into "the Ipa part of dvIpa- antarIpa- samIpa- means water ".

Examples with dvi-, antar, and the preverb sam --

dvi + ap- → dvi + Ip akassa dvIp RkpUra dvIpa- "island"

antar + ap → antar + Ip RkpUra antarIpa- "island"

sam + ap → .. → samIpa- "vicinity"

Rule Ap;jJapy;RdhAm It is sort of like this one; it makes Ap into Ip after san.




 

vibhASA puruSe ONPANINI 63106
( ku to kA) optionally before puruSa.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 582

Only example --

kupuruSa- "miserable man, coward" → kApuruSa- "miserable man, coward"

If the ku means ISad, then replacing with kA is compulsory --

ISat puruSa-kupuruSa- → kApuruSa- "he's a bit of a mensch"




 

Dh;ra-lope pUrvasya dIrgho 'NaH ONPANINI 63111
Lengthen a i u before deleted Dh r.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 583

Example when rori deletes r before r --

kapir + ramate rori kapi ramate → kapI ramate "monkey has fun"

Example when DhoDhelopaH deletes Dh before Dh --

guh + kta hoDhaH guDh + ta jhaSastatho guDh + dha STunA guDh + Dha DhoDhelopaH gu + Dha → gUDha- "hidden"

See also long before r .




 

sahi;vahor od avarNasya ONPANINI 63112
a A of sah vah to o (before disappeared Dh).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 584

Examples of va sa replaced with vo so --

vah + tRc hoDhaH vaDh + tR jhaSastatho vaDh + dhR STunA vaDh + DhR DhoDhe va + DhR → voDhR- "carrier, puller"

sah + tumun → .. → soDhum "to endure"

Example of vA replaced with vo --

ud + vah + luG tas → .. → udavADh + DhAm DhoDhe udavA + DhAm → udavoDhAm "both lifted"




 

anyeSAm api dRzyate ONPANINI 63137
Sometimes other lengthenings are seen.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 585

More than a "rule", this is an excuse. This says that in some cases we are going to hear words that have a long vowel where, according to grammar rules, a short belongs, but that they can be considered correct nonetheless if the Big Schtrumpfs agree that they are correct.

Example. In this line ( BHG 6:36) --

atha kena prayukto 'yamM pApaJM carati pUruSaH "what compels a man to do evil?"

The word pUruSas has a long, even though according to grammar it should be puruSas. But grammarians agree that this is good anyway, and pUruSas is found in many old books, so it's good. And a grammarian might comment here "pUruSa is good by anyeSAm api dRzyate ".




 

cau ONPANINI 63138
(Lengthen vowel) before c(u).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 586

This c(u) is the aJc(u) root (aka aJcati or ac''') that became ac(u) by aniditA and then c(u) by acaH.

Examples --

prati + aJc + TAprati + ac + TA acaH prati + c + A → pratIcA "with the eastern dude"

prati + aJc @f + su → .. → prati + c + GI + su → pratIcIs halGyA pratIcI "the eastern woman"




 

aGgasya ONPANINI 64001
Replace stem.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 587

headline. The following rules, down to 81001 sarvasyadve exclusive, replace only the stem of affixes when those affixes are added.

Example.

Rule nAmi teaches: " lengthen the short that is before nAm".

However, because of this headline, this does not mean that every short is lengthened before every nAm. It just means that the AFFIX nAm lengthens the stem of nAm, that is, lengthens the short vowel of whatever the affix nAm is added to.

Therefore, rule nAmi will lengthen the a of pUta- when the affix nAm is added to the nounbase pUta --

pUta- + nAmpUtAnAm "of clean ones"

But it will not lengthen the a of pUta in the sentence --

jaghAna pUtanAGM kRSNaH "kRSNa killed the demoness pUtanA"

because those nAm letters are not the affix nAm.




 

halaH ONPANINI 64002
(Lengthen a stem-final stretched a i u,) after consonant.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 588

After stretching roots like jyA hveJ vyA etc, they end in a consonant plus a stretched short vowel, ji hu vi etc. That vowel must then be lengthened, making jI hU vI.

Examples --

jyA + kta grahijyA ji + ta → jIta- lvAdi jIna- "grown old"

hve + kta vacisvapi hu + ta → hUta- "called"

( Not same as huta- "poured", from hu + ktvA )

vyA + kta vacisvapi vi + ta → vIta

A + hve + lyap vacisvapi Ahu + ya → AhUya "after calling"

so we say hUta-, jIna-, saMvIta-, AhUya.

veJ + ktauta- "woven"

veJ + ktavatuutavat- "he wove"




 

nAmi ONPANINI 64003
( Lengthen) before nAm.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 589

Examples --

vRkSa- + Am hrasvanadyA vRkSa + nAm → vRkSA + nAm Natvam vRkSANAm "of trees"

azva- + nAm → azvAnAm "of horses"

kapi- + nAm → kapInAm "of horses"

guru- + nAm → gurUnAm Natvam gurUNAm "of teachers"

pitR- + nAm → pitRRnAm Natvam pitRRNAm "of ancestors"

See exception natisRcatasR right below.




 

na tisR;catasR ONPANINI 64004
but not tisR- catasR-mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 590

Exception to nAmi. tisR- catasR- don't lengthen before nAm.

tri- f + Am tricaturo tisR + AmtisR + nAm → tisRnAm Natvam tisRNAm f "of three"

catur- f + Am → .. → catasRNAm f "of four"




 

nR ca ONPANINI 64006
nR (lengthens optionally before nAm)mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 591

Only example --

nR + Am hrasvana nR + nAm → nRRnAm Natvam nRRNAm "of men"

If we don't take the option --

nR + Am → .. → nRNAm "of men"




 

n%opadhAyAH ONPANINI 64007
Nexttolast of n (-ender- stem lengthens before nAm).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 592

There are exactly five examples --

paJcan- + Am SaTcaturbhyazca paJcan + nAm → paJcAn + nAm svAdiSva paJcAn (word) + nAm nalopaHprA paJcAnAm "of five"

saptAnAm "of seven"

aSTAnAm "of eight"

navAnAm "of nine"

dazAnAm "of ten"




 

sarva-nAma-sthAne c'.Asambuddhau ONPANINI 64008
( Nexttolast of n stem lengthens) before strong that is not the calling.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 593

I nicknamed this rule as the " rAjAnam rule", after the first example below. That's way better than calling it "sarva rule".

Examples with n-ender nounbases --

rAjan- + am → rAjAn- + amrAjAnam "king"

rAjan- + su → rAjAn- + s → .. → rAjA "king"

yogin- + su → yogIn + s halGyA yogIn nalopaHprA yogI "yogi"

Examples with vowel-ender nounbases that got n added at the end by rule nonfunny before zi --

phala- n + jasphala- + zi napuMsakasyajhalacaH phalan + zi → phalAni "fruits, results"

dadhIni "kinds of curds"

madhUni "kinds of honey"

rAjan- + @calling su halGyA rAjan "hey king; Your Highness"

yogin- + @calling su halGyA yogin "hey yogi; Your Holiness"




 

sAnta;mahataH saMyogasya ONPANINI 64010
(Lengthen last vowel) of s -enders and mahat- when they got num.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 594 num

Lengthen last vowel of s -enders and mahat-, when they got num, before a strong that is not the calling.

Examples. mahat- "big" and zreyas- "better" get num from ugidacA before all strong (because they are udit). So this rule works too --

mahat- m + su ugidacA mahant- + s → mahAnt + s halGyA mahAnt saMyogAnta mahAn "big"

zreyas- m + su ugidacA zreyanss → zreyAnss halGyA zreyAns saMyogAnta zreyAn "best"

Before zi, neuter s-enders and neuter mahat- get their num from napuMsakasyajhalacaH, then this rule lengthens the last vowel --

manas- + zi napuMsakasyajhalacaH manansi → manAnsi nazcA manAMsi "minds"

cakSus- + zi napuMsakasyajhalacaH cakSUnsi nazcA cakSUMsi kric cakSUMSi "eyes"

mahat- + zi napuMsakasyajhalacaH mahant + i → mahAnti "big"

zreyas- m + @calling su ugidacA zreyanss halGyA zreyan "hey best man"

mahat- m + @calling su ugidacA mahant- + s halGyA mahant saMyogAnta mahan "hey big man"




 

ap;tRn;tRc; svasR;naptR;neSTR; tvaSTR;kSattR;hotR; potR;prazAstRRNAm ONPANINI 64011
(Before strong except calling, lengthen nexttolast) of ap- tRn tRc, svasR naptR neSTR, tvaSTR kSattR hotR, potR prazastR.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 595

Example after ap- --

ap- + jas → Apas "the waters"

After a tRc-ender --

netR- + am RtoGi netar + am → netAram "leader"

After svasR- --

svasR- + jas RtoGi svasar + jas → svasAras "sisters"

Counterexample before a weak --

ap- + zasapas "the waters"

Counterexample before strong calling --

kSattR- + @calling RtoGi kSattar- + @calling halGyA kSattar "hey charioteer"

as in --

droNasya vacanaM zrutvA dhRtarASTro 'bravId idam | samyag Aha guruH kSattar upAvartaya pANDavAn ||




 

in;han;pUS';.AryamNAM zau ONPANINI 64012
Rule rAjAnam won't work on in han puSan aryaman before au jas am.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 596

So the i of in-enders does not lengthen before strong au jas am --

yogin- m + au → yoginau

yogin- m + jas → yoginas

yogin- m + am → yoginam

The rootnoun han- is unaffected too --

vRtrahan- m + am → vRtrahanam ekAjutta vRtrahaNam "soldier; the god indra"

puSan- and aryaman- are names of the Sun (used in the veda I guess).

he yogin

This rule literally says

"in han lengthen before zi".

The next rule, sauca, translates as "and before su". Therefore, the two rules together state:

"in han etc lengthen before zi and strong su".

Now, the true meaning of this must be

"But in han etc only lengthen before zi and su".

because without the "only", this rule would be useless. (See niyama for more examples of skipped "only".)




 

sau ca ONPANINI 64013
Before su too.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 597

I translated this rule and the previous rule ( inhan) together. See examples there.




 

atv;as-antasya c/AdhAtoH ONPANINI 64014
Non- rootnoun atu-as-enders (lengthen their nexttolast before non- calling strong su).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 598

The atu-enders are the nounbases that end in at and have label u. For instance, all ktavatu and matup are atu-enders --

dRSTavat- m + su → dRSTavAt + s ugidacA dRSTavAnts halGyA dRSTavAnt saMyogAnta dRSTavAn m "he saw"

gomat- m + su → gomAt + s → .. → gomAn "cattleowner"

This rule affects all as-enders regardless of labels, but only before non- calling strong su --

triziras m + su → trizirAs + s halGyA trizirAs "three-headed, tricephalous, Threeheads (nickname)"

apsaras- f + su → apsarAs + s halGyA apsarAs "naiad"

This rule won't work when the su is not strong --

gomat- n + su svamorna gomat "cattle ranch"

ziras- n + su svamorna ziras "head"

Also won't work when the at-ender is not udit. For instance, sat- "true, real, truth" has no labels --

sat- m + su halGyA sat "true"

and hasat- from has + zatR is Rdit, but not udit --

has + zatR m + su → .. → hasat(R) + su ugidacA hasants halGyA hasant saMyogAnta hasan "that laughs, laughing"

he goman

he bhagavan

he triziraH

he apsaraH

piNDa + gras mf + su halGyA piNDagras "piNDa-eater, crow, ancestor"




 

anunAsikasya kvi;jhaloH kGiti ONPANINI 64015
(Lengthen nexttolast) of nasal-enders before kvi or serious kGit.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 599

Examples before kta, ktin, that are serious kit --

zam + kta → zAm + ta nazcA zAMta anusvA zAnta- "calmed down"

zam + ktin f + su → .. → zAntis "peace of mind"

Example before kvip, one of the kvi affixes --

pra + zam + kvip + su → prazAm + kvip + su verapRktasya prazAm + su halGyA prazAm monodhAtoH prazAn "calm"

This prazAn word is an exception to rule naz chavy a-prazAn, so we say --

prazAn tarati "he crosses calmly"

This rule won't work before ktic, because of exception naktici way below.




 

aj;jhana;gamAM sani ONPANINI 64016
( iT-less) san lengthens vowel and han gam.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 600 iT

Examples with vowelender roots plu zru mR --

plu + san → plU + sa → .. → puplUSa "want to jump"

zru + san → zrU + sa → .. → zuzrUSa "want to hear"

mR + san → mRR + sa → .. → mumUrSa "want to die, be about to die"

Example with han --

han + sanjighAMsa

Example with gam (that's the gam(i) that replaces iG) --

adhi + iG + san + laT ta iGazca adhi + gam + sa + ta → adhi + gAm + sa + ta → .. → adhijigAMsate "he wants to study"

Even though pANini does not bother to say so, this rule does not affect gamL "go". So no A here --

saJjigaMsate vatso mAtre "the calf wants to meet his mom"
















61111 non-mergers ←

chunk 32: 63091 lengthening rules

→ 64019 cchvoz