sandhi tablesmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1496

The following tables answer the question: If a word ends in m and the next word starts with s, do these letters change, and what sandhi rules make the change?

If you only want the result but don't want to know the rules yet, do not use these tables; just use the sandhi gadget at inria. For instance, go there, type sarpAn at the left, sarvAn at the right, choose HK, and press SEND; it will say "the external sandhi of sarpAn and sarvAn is sarpAnsarvAn". So, wordfinal An plus s makes Ans.

(If you are curious, the word "External" means that this gadget is only guaranteed to work if both boxes contain words, and will likely spit nonsense if you write an affix at the right. )

(A) final vowels

(B) final m

(C) final n

(D) all final s r before khar or pause (the khar letters are kha pha cha Tha tha ca Ta tav ka pay za Sa sar )

(E) final as before non-khar

(F) final As before non-khar

(G) Final s that does not follow a A, and all final r

(H) Final t d T D k g p b

(I) Final G

(A) final vowelsmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1497

before ch --

the vowel stays, and if the vowel is short, the ch turns into cch (by checa).

sa + chAtraH →checa sacchAtraH "that student"

before other consonants --

the vowel and the consonant stay

atra + kapiH → atra kapiH "the monkey is here" (no rules apply)

ak before similar ak

replace both with the similar long (by akassa)

atra + azvaH →akassa atrAzvaH "the horse is here"

ik before non- similar vowel

replace the ik with the corresponding yaN (by ikoyaNaci)

madhu + atra →ikoyaNaci madhvatra "the honey is here"

I U e of a dual before any vowel

no change at all (by IdUded)

kapI + atra →IdUded kapI atra "the two monkeys are here"

a and A before ik

replace both with the guNa vowel that is most-alike to the ik (see AdguNaH and How to replace with guNa or vRddhi. )

atra + indraH →AdguNaH atrendraH "indra is here"

a and A before ec

replace both with the vRddhi vowel that is most-alike to the ec (see vRddhireci and How to replace with guNa or vRddhi. )

atra + ete →vRddhireci atraite "they are here"

e o before a

the a disappears by eGaHp

ete + atra →eGaHpa etetra "they are here"

(usually spelled ete 'tra)

e o before other vowels

turn into a_ (by ecoya and lopazzA)

te + ime → ta_ime "they are these"

ai au before all vowels

turn into A_ Av respectively (by ecoya and lopazzA)

sarvasmai + azvAya →ecoya sarvasmAy azvAya →lopazzA sarvasmA azvAya "to each horse"

tau + azvau →ecoya tAvazvau "those two horses"

Note that as, lopazzA is an optional rule, saying sarvasmAyazvAya and tA_azvau is kosher. Yet, for some reason, these are never found in print. In print, lopazzA is, for some reason, compulsory after ai e o but ignored after au.

Back to sandhi tables .

(D) all final s r before khar or pausemmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1500

No matter if the s r is after a A or any other vowel, a wordfinal s or r will turn into --

H, before pause (by sasaju and kharava)

azvas + @pause →sasaju azva + ru →kharava azvaH "horse"

s, before s t th (by sasaju, kharava, vAzari, visarjanIyasyasaH)

azvas + saH →sasaju azva + ru + saH →kharava azva + H + saH →vAzari azvassaH "that horse"

(this is pronounced azvassaH but must be spelled as azvaHsaH)

azvas + tarati →sasaju azva + ru + tarati →kharava azva + H + tarati →visarjanIyasyasaH azvastarati "horse crosses"

z before c ch z (by the earlier rules plus stozz).

azvas + carati →sasaju azva + ru + carati →kharava azva + H + carati →visarjanIyasyasaH azvas carati →stozz azvazcarati "horse walks"

S before T Th S (by the earlier rules plus STunA).

azvas + TIkate →sasaju azva + ru + carati →kharava azva + H + carati →visarjanIyasyasaH azvas carati →STunA azvazcarati "horse jumps"

before ku pu --

if the ku pu is not followed by a zar --

either H or K F (by kupvo and other rules),

sas + karoti →sasaju sar + karoti →kharava saH + karoti →kupvo saH karoti "he does"

sas + karoti →sasaju sar + karoti →kharava saH + karoti →kupvo saK karoti "he does"

if the ku pu is followed by a zar --

compulsorily H (by zarpare) --

sas + kSetrI →sasaju sar + kSetrI →kharava saH + kSetrI →zarpare saH kSetrI "that farmer"

Back to sandhi tables .

(H) Final t d T D k g p bmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1504

The wordfinal k T t p first turn into g D d b by jhalAJjazonte, no matter what follows, and then

all g D d b --

(1) turn into t T k p before khar or pause (by kharica).

madhuliD + patati →kharica madhuliTpatati "the bee falls"

and when d becomes t, that t will

combine with z into cch (by zazchoTi)

tad + zivaH →kharica tat + zivaH →zazchoTi tat + chivaH →stozz tacchivaH "that's lucky"

change into c before c ch (by stozz)

tad + ca →kharica tat + ca →stozz tacca "that too"

change into T before T Th (by STunA)

suhRd + TIkate →kharica suhRt TIkate →STunA suhRT TIkate "friend jumps"

(2) turn into n N G m before nasal (by yaronu).

tad + mimIte →yaronu tan mimIte "he measures it"

(3) combine with h into ddh DDh ggh bbh (by jhayoho).

vidyud + hanti →jhayoho vidyud dhanti "lightning kills"

(4) stay before vowel, and before the other haz (because no rules apply)

tad + akarod + @pause → tadakarot "he did that"

bhagavad + gItA → bhagavadgItA

except that d plus l makes ll (by torli).

tad + likhati →torli tallikhati "he writes it"

Back to sandhi tables .