vRddhir Ad;aic ONPANINI 11001
A and aic are vRddhi.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 15

definition rule: the letters A ai au are called vRddhi letters.

Example --

Rule vRddhireci says that when joining tathA + eva, we must erase the A and the e and put in their place one of the vRddhi letters, tht is, one of the three letters A ai au.

This rule does not say which one, but the most-alike rule says that vRddhireci must replace e with ai --

tathA + eva →vRddhireci tathaiva "indeed so"

You can hear this rule here.

KAZIKA vRddhi-zabdaH saMjJAtvena vidhIyate, praty-ekam Ad;aicAM varNAnAM sAmAnyena tadbhAvitAnAm, a-tadbhAvitAnAM ca. tapara-karaNam aij-artham tAdapi paraH taparaH iti, khaTv%aiDakAdiSu trimAtra-caturmAtra-prasaGga. nivRttaye. AzvalAyanaH. aitikAyanaH. aupagavaH. aupamanyavaH. zAlIyaH. mAlIyaH. vRddhipradezAH sici vRddhiH parasmaipadeSu ity evam AdayaH.

ad;eG guNaH ONPANINI 11002
a and eG are guNa.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 16

definition rule. It says that the letters a e o are called guNa letters.

Example --

(1) According to rule hardsoft, the I of nI must be replaced with guNa when it is before tumun, zap and other affixes.

(2) Therefore, that I must be replaced with one of a e o. But we don't know with which one.

(3) The most-alike rule clarifies that when any rule says "replace I with guNa", we replace I with e --

nI + tumun →hardsoft ne + tum → netum "to lead"

As in --

tAGM grAmanM netum icchAmi "I want to lead her to the village"

KAZIKA guNazabdaH saMjJAtvena vidhIyate, pratyekam, adeGAM varNAnAM sAmAnyena tadbhAvitAnAm, atadbhAvitAnAM ca. taparakaraNaM tviha sarvArtham. taritA. cetA. stotA. jayanti. ahaM pace. guNapradezAH mider guNa ityevam AdayaH.

iko guNa;vRddhI ONPANINI 11003
guNa and vRddhi replace ik.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 17

This is a talkaround, and means --

' When any rule says "replace with guNa", or with vRddhi, without specifying what exactly it will replace, it will replace only the ik letters. '

Example. Rule hardsoft, if we take into account the trickle, literally says --

' Replace with guNa before verb affixes '

But it does not say WHAT is to be replaced with guNa. However, thanks to this talkaround, we know that hardsoft means --

' Replace ik with guNa before verb affixes '

There are many other rules that replace only ik with guNa or vRddhi even though do not have a word meaning "replace ik". Some of them are --

miderguNaH

AdguNaH

jusica

hrasvasyaguNaH

guNoyaG;lukoH

KAZIKA paribhASA iyaM sthAni-niyam%ArthA. aniyamaprasaGge niyamo vidhIyate. vRddhiguNau svasaMjJayA ziSyamANau ikaH eva sthAne veditavyau. vakSyati sArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayor aGgasya guNa iti. sa iko eva sthAne viditavyaH. nayati. bhavati. vRddhiH khalvapi akArSIt. ahArSIt. acaiSIt. anaiSIt. alAvIt. astAvIt. guNavRddhI svasaMjJayA vidhIyete, tatra ikaH iti etadupasthitaM draSTavyam. kiM kRtaM bhavati? dvitIyayA SaSThI prAdurbhAvyate. midi-mRji-puganta-laghuupadhAc chidRzikSiprakSudreSvaGgena ig vizeSyate. jusi sArvadhAtuk'-AdiguNeSu ikAGgaM vizeSyate. medyate. abighayuH. ikaH iti kim? AtsandhyakSaravyaJjanAnAM mA bhUt. yAnam. glAyati. umbhitA. punar guNavRddhigrahaNaM svasaMjJyA vidhAne niyamArtham. iha mA bhUt dyauH, panthAH, saH, imam iti.

na dhAtu-lopa@ ArdhadhAtuke ONPANINI 11004
But not before a soft that erased part of a root.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 18

Exception to the previous rule, ikoguNavRddhI. The rules that replace ik letters with guNa or vRddhi letters, such as for instance rule hardsoft, will not work at all on chopped roots when they are before soft affixes.

"Chopped roots" are the roots that have lost a piece. This exception says that chopped roots, when before a soft, are unaffected by rules that ordinarily would replace their last ik with guNa or vRddhi. For instance, hardsoft will not work on them.

An example of root that has lost a piece is the root lolU. This root was formed from root lU this way --

lU + yaG lolUya →yaGluk lolU

therefore lolU lost a ya, and it is a chopped root.

Now, if we add the soft affix ac'' after lolU, ordinarily, hardsoft would work, turning lolU into lolo. But that does not happen, because of this exception. Therefore lolU stays lolU.

Now, lolU being a root that ends in i I u U, aciznu will replace its U with uv --

lolU "to reap lots" + ac'' →aciznu loluv + a → loluva- "a great reaper"

If you did not understand any of the above, do not lose sleep about it. Chopped roots are seldom found.

KAZIKA dhAtv-ekadezo dhAtuH, tasya lopo yasminn ArdhadhAtuke tad ArdhadhAtukaM dhAtu-lopaM, tatra ye guNa-vRddhI prApnutaH, te na bhavataH. loluvaH. popuvaH. marImRjaH. lolUyAdibhyo yaG-antebhyaH pacAdy aci vihite yaGo 'ci ceti yaGo luki kRte tam eva acam Azritya ye guNa-vRddhI prApte tayoH pratiSedhaH. dhAtugrahaNaM kim? lUJ, lavitA. reDasi. parNaM na veH. anubandhapratyayalope mA bhUt. riSerhisArthasya vicpratyayalopa udAharaNaM reTiti. ArdhadhAtuke iti kim? tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti iti. sArvadhAtuke mA bhUt. ikaH ityeva abhAji, rAgaH. bahuvrIhi-samAzrayaNaM kim? knopayati, preddham.

kGiti ca ONPANINI 11005
(Do NOT replace ik with guNa vRddhi) before kGit.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 19

In other words:

"rules that replace ik with guNa or vRddhi before root affixes do not work if the affix is kGit."

As for instance, rules hardsoft and puganta replace things with guNa before many root affixes, such as tumun, tip, Nal --

nI + tumun →hardsoft netum "to lead"

dviS + tip →puganta dveS + tip →STunA dveSTi "hates"

cikSip + Nal →puganta cikSepa "threw"

But those rules won't work before root affixes such as kta, caG, and the tas that replaces laT --

nI + kta → nIta- "led"

anInRt + caG + t''' → anInRtat "he made (them) dance"

dviS + laT → dviS + tas →STunA dviSTas "both hate"

(Notice: tas is Git because rule hard apit is Git says so.)

Some books spell this rule as gkGitica. Please don't do that.

KAZIKA nimittasaptamyeSA. kGinnimitte ye guNavRddhI prApnutaH, te na bhavataH. citaH, citavAn. stutaH, stutavAn. bhinnaH, bhinnavAn. mRSTaH, mRSTavAn. Giti khalvapi cinutaH, cinvanti. mRSTaH, mRjanti. gakAro 'pi atra cartvabhUto nirdizyate. glAjisthazca gstuH 3-2-139 jiSNuH. bhUSNuH. ikaH itym eva kAmayate, laigavAyanaH. mRjerajAdau saGtrame vibhASA vRddhiriSyate. saGkramo nAma guNavRddhipratiSedhaviSayaH. parimRjanti,parimArjanti. parimRjantu, parimArjantu. laghUpadhaguNasya apyatra pratiSedhaH. acinavam, asunavam ityAdau lakArasya satyapi Gittve yAsuTo GidvacanaM jJApakam Giti yatkAryaM tallakAre Giti na bhavati iti.

halo 'nantarAH saMyogaH ONPANINI 11007
cluster means group of consonants.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 20

A more literal translation --

' The word cluster means two or more consonants with no vowels in between. '

Example 1.

The STr in uSTras "camel" is a cluster, made of the three consonants S T r.

Example 2.

The " nt " in hanumAnt is a cluster.

Several rules turn hanumat- + su into hanumAnt.

Rule chop wordfinal cluster erases that t because nt is a cluster --

hanumat m + su →atvasa hanumAts →ugidacA hanumAnts →halGyA hanumAnt →saMyogAnta hanumAn

KAZIKA bhinnajAtIyairajbhiravyavahitaH zliSTauccAritA halaH saMyogasaMjJA bhavanti. samudAyaH saMjJI. jAtau cedaM bahuvacanam. tena dvayor bahUnAM ca saMyogasaMjJA siddhA bhavati. agniH iti ganau. azvaH iti zavau. karNaH iti raNau. indraH, candraH mandraH iti nadarAH. uSTraH, rASTram, bhrASTram iti SaTarAH. tilAnstryAvapati iti nasatarayAH, natasatarayA vA. halaH iti kim? tita_ucchatram saMyog%Antasya lopaH iti lopaH syAt. anantarAH iti kim? pacati panasam skoH saMyogAdyor ante ca iti lopaH syAt. saMyogapradezAH saMyog%Antasya lopaH ity evam AdayaH.

mukha;nAsikA-vacano 'nunAsikaH ONPANINI 11008
nasalized means "some air leaks off the nose".mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 21

The letters that are pronounced whith air coming out of the mouth and nose are said to be nasalized.

Examples.

1. Ordinarily A, meaning "from", is not nasalized, that is, while saying A the air comes out of the mouth only. But in some cases in the veda, that A must let out air from both mouth and nose. That sound is written with a moondot on top, A~.

2. The consonant l is ordinarily not nasalized. But according to rule torli, when an n and a l come together, the n sound must be replaced with a nasalized l sound. That should be written as l~l with a moondot on the first l.

3. According to nazchavya and other rules, we can say either hanumAMstiSTati (with a normal A followed by an anusvAra sound), or hanumA~stiSTati (with a nasalized A).

4. According to aNo 'pragRhya, we can nasalize if we want almost all vowels that are before pause.

A~ is routinely misprinted as AM if your font has no moondot.

KAZIKA mukha-sahitA nAsikA mukha-nAsikA, tayA ya uccAryate varNaH so 'nunAsika-saMjJo bhavati. AGo 'nunAsikaz chandasi. abhra A~ apaH. gabhIra A~ ugraputre. ca na A~ indraH. mukha-grahanaM kim? anusvArasyaiva hi syAt. nAsikA-grahaNaM kim? kacaTa-tapAnAM mA bhUt. anunAsika-pradezAH AGo 'nunAsikaz chandasIty evam AdayaH.

tulyAsya-prayatnaM savarNam ONPANINI 11009
What has same position and openness is similar.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 22

Example 1. The letters ch and j are pronounced with the same position ( palatal) and openness (fully closed). Therefore ch and j are similar. They differ in puff and in voicedness, but that does not matter.

Example 2. D and N have same position ( curledback) and same openness (fully closed). So they are similar. One of them is nasalized, but NVM that.

Example 3. I and i are similar to each other. They have the same position (middle of tongue raised) and openness (half-open). They have different duration (see UkAlo), but NVM that.

Counterexample. s and t are not similar, because they have different openness -- t is closed, while s is almost closed. The position is the same, dental, but NVM.

Counterexample. s and z have the same openness (a bit open) but not the same position, so not similar.

Exceptions:

(1) nAjjhalau -- vowels are never similar to consonants

(2) a::a -- a and A are similar in spite of having different openness

(3) The ec aren't similar to anything, not even to themselves.

(4) L is similar to R (a vArttika says this)

The most important groups of similar letters are --

a A

i I

u U

R RR L

ku -- k kh g gh G ( also known as kavarga )

cu -- c ch j jh J ( cavarga )

Tu -- T Th D Dh N ( Tavarga )

tu -- t th d dh n ( tavarga )

pu -- p ph b bh m ( pavarga )

If when you say I your tongue has not the same position as when you say i, you have a good English accent or a good Hindi accent, but your Sanskrit sux. They should have the same tongue position.

If when you say A your tongue has the exact same position as when you say a, your Sanskrit sux. See a_a.

KAZIKA tulya-zabdaH sadRza-paryAyaH. Asye bhavamAsyaM tAlvAdisthAnam. prayatanaM prayatnaH spaRSTatAdir varNa-guNaH. tulya Asye prayatno yasya varNasya yena varNena saha sa samAnajAtIyaM prati savarNa-saMjJo bhavati. catvAra AbhyantarAH prayatnAH savarNa-saMjJAyAm AzrIyante - spRSTatA, ISat-spRSTatA, saMvRtatA, vivRtatA ca iti. a a a iti trayo 'kArA udAtt%AnudAtta-svaritAH pratyekaM s%AnunAsikA nir-anunAsikAz ca hrasva-dIrgha-pluta-bhedAd aSTAdaza-dhA bhidyante. tathA ivarNaH, tathA uvarNaH, tathA RvarNaH. LvarNasya dIrghA na santi, taM dvAdazabhedam AcakSate. sandhy-akSarANAM hrasvA na santi, tAny api dvAdaza-prabhedAni. antaHsthA dviprabhedAH, repha-varjitA yavalAH sAnunAsikA nir-anunAsikAz ca. rephoSmaNAM savarNA na santi. vargyo vargyeNa savarNaH. daNDAgram. khaTvAgram. Asya-grahaNaM kim? kacaTa-tapAnAM bhinnasthAnAnAM tulyaprayatnAnAM mA bhUt. kiM ca syAt? tarptA, tarptum ity atra jharo jhari savarNe iti pakArasya takAre lopaH syAt. prayatna-grahaNaM kim? icuyazAnAM tulyasthAnAnAM bhinnajAtIyAnAM mA bhUt. kiM ca syAt? aruzcyotati ity atra jharo jhari savarNe iti zakArasya cakAre lopaH syAt. RkAra-LkArayoH savarNa-saMjJA vaktavyA. hotLkAraH. hotRkAraH. ubhayoH RvarNasya LvarNasya ca AntaratamaH savarNo dIrgho nAsti iti rkAra eva dIrgho bhavati. savarNapradezAH akaH savarNe dIrghaH ityevam AdayaH.

nAj;@jhalau ONPANINI 11010
vowel and consonant aren't ( similar).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 23

Exception to tulyAsya-prayatnaM savarNam -- vowels are never similar to consonants, not even if they have the same position and openness.

Examples --

R and r have the same position ( curledback) and openness ("makes contact"), but they are not similar.

i and z have the same position ( palatal) and openness ("slightly open"), but they are not similar.

This rule is necessary because otherwise udadhi zItam "the water-container is cold" would trigger akassa.

The rule splits as na + ac + hal + au. c became j by jhalAMjazonte, and h became jh by jhayoho. coHkuH did not apply because of the talkaround "common sense overrides everything".

KAZIKA ac ca hal ca, ajjhalau. tuly'-Asya-prayatnAv api ajjhalau parasparaM savarNasaMjJau na bhavataH. avarNa-hakArau daNDa-hastaH, ivarNa-zakArAu udadhi zItam, savarNadIrghatvaM na bhavati. vaipAzo matsyaH, AnaDuhaM carma iti yasyeti ceti lopo na bhavati.

Id;Ud;ed dvivacanaM pragRhyam ONPANINI 11011
I U e duals are nonjoiners.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 24

By rule pluta;pragRhyA, nonjoiner vowels do not change; they are unaffected by ikoyaNaci, akassa, eGaHpa, ecoya.

Examples with the dual nouns zakunI, gurU, dRSTe --

zakunI: apatatAm "two birds flew"

gurU: UcatuH "both teachers said"

dRSTe: aje: anaDuhA "the ox saw two she-goats"

kadalIphale: icchAmi "i want two bananas"

And with plavete, a dual verb --

plavete: azvau "two horses jump"

The colons in the above examples show the places where a hiatus must be pronounced. You must not write them.

See also next rule, amI "those" is a nonjoiner .

KAZIKA Id-Ud-ed ity evam-antaM dvi-vacanaM zabda-rUpaM pragrhya-saMjJaM bhavati. agnI iti. vAyu iti. mAle iti. pacete iti. IdUdetiti kim? vRkSAv atra. plakSAv atra. dvivacanam iti kim? kumAry atra. kizory atra. taparakaraNam asaMdehArtham. pragRhyapradezAH plutapragRhyA aci nityam ity evam AdayaH. Id-AdInAM pragRhyatve maNIvAdInAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. maNI voSTrasya lambete priyau vatsatarau mama. dampatIva. jampatIva. rodasIva.

adaso mAt ONPANINI 11012
amI "those" (is a nonjoiner).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 25

This amI "those" is masculine adas- with jas. The m came from eta::Idbahuvacane.

Example --

amI azvAH "those horses"

KAZIKA adasaH sambadhI yo makArastasmAt pare IdUdetaH pragrhyasaMjJA bhavanti. amI atra. amI Asate. amU atra. amU AsAte. ekArasya udAharaNaM na asti. adasaH iti kim? zamyatra. dADimyatra. mAtiti kim? amuke 'tra.

The literal translation of adaso mAt plus trickle is "what is after the m of adas- is a nonjoiner". Figuring out why this can be safely paraphrased as "amI is a nonjoiner" may be left as an exercise for the masochist student.

ze ONPANINI 11013
(z)e (is nonjoiner)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 26

vedic rule.

The ONLY thing this rule teaches is that the asme in the following stanza of the Rgveda is correct, in spite of ecoya etc --

asm(e) indrA;bRhaspatI "to us, O Indra and bRhaspati"

ray(i)nM dhattaM zatagv(i)nam "riches vouchsafe hundredfold"

(a)zvAvantaM sahasr(i)Nam "With store of horses, thousandfold."

Rgveda 4.49.4

ze is a vedic replacement of fourth bhyas, so asme is the same thing as asmabhyam "to us" (see bhyaso bhyam for the small details).

KAZIKA ze ityetat pragRhyasaMjJaM bhavati. kim idaM ze iti? supAm Adezaz chandasi. na yuSme vAjabandhavaH. asme indrAbRhaspatI. yuSme iti. asme iti. tve rAyaH. me rAyaH. tve iti. me iti. chAndasam etadevaikam udAharaNam asme indrAbRhaspatI iti. tatra tathA pAThAt. itarat tu laukikam anukaraNam yuSme iti, asme iti, tve iti, me iti.

U~ ONPANINI 11018
U~ (is optionally nonjoiner before iti).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 27

So we may say either

U~ iti "saying oo"

or

viti "saying oo"

The letter U of this rule carries a moondot, not a topdot. So this rule is chanted as a nasalized U, and not as an U followed by an M sound.

This word U~ is some sort of interjection.

KAZIKA uJaH iti vartate. uJaH itAvanArSe UM ityayamAdezo bhavati dIrgho 'nunAsikazca, zAklyasya matena pragRhyasaMjJakazca. zAkalyasya grahaNaM vibhASA'rtham iha apyanuvartate. tena trINi rUpANi bhavanti u iti, viti, UM iti.

dA;dhA ghv adAp ONPANINI 11020
ghu are the dA dhA roots, except dAp daip.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 28

The most common of the ghu roots are dA "give" and dhA "put", both zluclass --

dA + laT tip → dA + zlu + ti → dadA + ti → dadAti "gives"

dhA + laT tip → dhA + zlu + ti → dadhAti "puts"

The roots do dhe are also ghu, because they turn into dA dhA by Adeca_u.

Being ghu triggers some rules, such as dodadghoH, aca::upa, ghumA, ghvasore, gAti;sthA;, IhalyaghoH .

KAZIKA dA-rUpAz catvAro dhAtavaH, dhA-rUpau ca dvau dAb-daipau varjayitvA ghu-saMjJakA bhavanti. DudAJ praNidadAti. dAN praNidAtA. do praNidyati. deG praNidayate. DudhAJ praNidadhAti. dheT praNidhayati vatso mAtaram. adAb iti kim? dAb lavane dAtaM barhiH. daip zodhane avadAtaM mukham. ghu-pradezAH ghu-mA-sthA- gA-pA-jahAti- sAM hali ity evam AdayaH.

tarap;tamapau ghaH ONPANINI 11022
gha are tarap and tamapmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 29

tara(p) means "-er", "more", "very". Examples --

kRSNaH "black"

kRSNataraH "blacker ; very black"

The "than" word gets fifth --

kAkAt kRSNataraH "blacker than crow"

and if we use one, tarap is optional --

kAkAt kRSNaH "blacker than crow"

tama(p) means "-est", "most", "very". Examples --

kRSNaH "black"

kRSNatamaH "blackest; very black"

The "of" word gets sixth or seventh by rule yatazcanirdhAraNam --

kAkAnAGM kRSNatamaH "the blackest of crows"

kAkeSu kRSNatamaH "the blackest of crows"

zakuniSu dhImattamaH kAkaH "among birds crow is smartest"

and if we use an "of" word, the tamap affix is optional --

kAkAnAm kRSNaH "the blackest of crows"

sa buddhimAn manuSyeSu "he's the smartest among humans"

dhImAn kAkazH zakuniSu "among birds crow is smartest"

KAZIKA tarap tamapityetau pratyayau ghasaMjJau bhavataH. kumAritarA. kumaritamA. brAhmaNitarA. brAhmaNitamA. ghapradezAH gharUpakalpacelaDbruvagotramatahateSu Gyo 'nekAco hrasvaH 63043 ityevam AdayaH.