vRddhir Ad;aic ONPANINI 11001
A and aic are vRddhi.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 15

definition rule. This teaches that the letters A ai au are called vRddhi letters.

Example.

Rule vRddhireci says that when joining tathA + eva, we must replace the A and the e with one vRddhi letter.

That means that we must erase the A and the e, and put in their place one of A ai au.

Because of another rule (the most-alike rule), we must use ai --

tathA + eva →vRddhireci tathaiva "indeed so"

You can hear this rule here.

KAZIKA vRddhi-zabdaH saMjJAtvena vidhIyate, praty-ekam Ad;aicAM varNAnAM sAmAnyena tadbhAvitAnAm, a-tadbhAvitAnAM ca. tapara-karaNam aij-artham tAdapi paraH taparaH iti, khaTv%aiDakAdiSu trimAtra-caturmAtra-prasaGga. nivRttaye. AzvalAyanaH. aitikAyanaH. aupagavaH. aupamanyavaH. zAlIyaH. mAlIyaH. vRddhipradezAH sici vRddhiH parasmaipadeSu ity evam AdayaH.

ad;eG guNaH ONPANINI 11002
a and eG are guNa.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 16

definition rule. It says that the letters a e o are called guNa letters.

Example --

(1) According to rule hardsoft, the I of nI must be replaced with guNa when it is before tumun.

(2) Therefore, that I must be replaced with one of a e o. But we don't knowwith which one.

(3) rule most-alike explains that the replacement must be e, not a or o --

nI + tumun →hardsoft ne + tumun → netum "to lead"

As in the sentence --

tAGM grAmanM netum icchAmi "I want to lead her to the village"

KAZIKA guNazabdaH saMjJAtvena vidhIyate, pratyekam, adeGAM varNAnAM sAmAnyena tadbhAvitAnAm, atadbhAvitAnAM ca. taparakaraNaM tviha sarvArtham. taritA. cetA. stotA. jayanti. ahaM pace. guNapradezAH mider guNa ityevam AdayaH.

iko guNa;vRddhI ONPANINI 11003
guNa and vRddhi replace ik.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 17

This is a talkaround, and means --

When any rule says "replace with guNa", or with vRddhi, without specifying what exactly it will replace, it will replace the ik only.

Example 1 --

Rule hardsoft sArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayoH says -- " guNa before root affix"

and that means ikasHsArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayoH -- "replace ik with guNa before root affix"

so that rule will replace bibhI with bibhe before tip, bhI being an ik letter

but will not replace dadA with dada before tip, as A is not an ik letter

Example 2 --

miderguNaH says -- "replace mid with guNa"

and that means miderikoguNaH -- "replace the ik of mid with guNa".

So mid will turn into med.

Example 3 --

AdguNaH says "after a A replace with guNa"

And that means "after a A replace ik with guNa"

So rAjA + icchati turns into rAjecchati "king wants".

Similarly, rules jusica, hrasvasyaguNaH, guNoyaG;lukoH work only on the ik.

KAZIKA paribhASA iyaM sthAniniyamArthA. aniyamaprasaGge niyamo vidhIyate. vRddhiguNau svasaMjJayA ziSyamANau ikaH eva sthAne veditavyau. vakSyati sArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayor aGgasya guNa iti. sa iko eva sthAne viditavyaH. nayati. bhavati. vRddhiH khalvapi akArSIt. ahArSIt. acaiSIt. anaiSIt. alAvIt. astAvIt. guNavRddhI svasaMjJayA vidhIyete, tatra ikaH iti etadupasthitaM draSTavyam. kiM kRtaM bhavati? dvitIyayA SaSThI prAdurbhAvyate. midimRjipugantalaghauupardhAcchidRzikSiprakSudreSvaGgena ig vizeSyate. jusi sArvadhAtukA'diguNeSu ikAGgaM vizeSyate. medyate. abighayuH. ikaH iti kim? AtsandhyakSaravyaJjanAnAM mA bhUt. yAnam. glAyati. umbhitA. punar guNavRddhigrahaNaM svasaMjJyA vidhAne niyamArtham. iha mA bhUt dyauH, panthAH, saH, imam iti.

na dhAtu-lopa:: ArdhadhAtuke ONPANINI 11004
But not before a soft that erased part of a root.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 18

In more words --

" When a soft affix makes a root lose a piece, the last ik letter remaining in that root is unaffected by any rules that would replace them with guNa or vRddhi. "

Example --

The yaGluk root lolU is made by erasing the ya of lolUya, a yaG-ender root.

We add ac'' to this lolU. ac'' is a soft affix, so this rule applies.

Now, lolU would ordinarily be affected by hardsoft. But because of this exception, hardsoft won't replace this U --

lolU "reap lots" + ac'' →aciznu loluva- "a great reaper"

KAZIKA dhAtv-ekadezo dhAtuH, tasya lopo yasminn ArdhadhAtuke tad ArdhadhAtukaM dhAtu-lopaM, tatra ye guNa-vRddhI prApnutaH, te na bhavataH. loluvaH. popuvaH. marImRjaH. lolUyAdibhyo yaG-antebhyaH pacAdy aci vihite yaGo 'ci ceti yaGo luki kRte tam eva acam Azritya ye guNa-vRddhI prApte tayoH pratiSedhaH. dhAtugrahaNaM kim? lUJ, lavitA. reDasi. parNaM na veH. anubandhapratyayalope mA bhUt. riSerhisArthasya vicpratyayalopa udAharaNaM reTiti. ArdhadhAtuke iti kim? tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti iti. sArvadhAtuke mA bhUt. ikaH ityeva abhAji, rAgaH. bahuvrIhi-samAzrayaNaM kim? knopayati, preddham.

kGiti ca ONPANINI 11005
(Do NOT replace ik with guNa vRddhi) before kGit.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 19

This stops all rules that replace with guNa or vRddhi before root affixes if the affix is kGit.

As for instance, rules hardsoft and puganta replace things with guNa before many root affixes, such as soft tumun, hard tip, soft Nal --

nI + tumun →hardsoft netum "to lead"

dviS + tip →puganta dveS + tip →STunA dveSTi "hates"

cikSip + Nal →puganta cikSepa "threw"

But those rules won't work before kGit affixes such as kta, caG, and the tas that replaces laT --

nI + kta → nIta- "led"

anInRt + caG + t''' → anInRtat "he made (them) dance"

dviS + laT tas →STunA dviSTas "both hate"

(This tas is Git because of rule hard apit is Git .)

If you have trouble chanting kGitica, chant kiGitica instead.

Some books spell this rule as gkGitica. Please don't do that.

KAZIKA nimittasaptamyeSA. kGinnimitte ye guNavRddhI prApnutaH, te na bhavataH. citaH, citavAn. stutaH, stutavAn. bhinnaH, bhinnavAn. mRSTaH, mRSTavAn. Giti khalvapi cinutaH, cinvanti. mRSTaH, mRjanti. gakAro 'pi atra cartvabhUto nirdizyate. glAjisthazca gstuH 3-2-139 jiSNuH. bhUSNuH. ikaH itym eva kAmayate, laigavAyanaH. mRjerajAdau saGtrame vibhASA vRddhiriSyate. saGkramo nAma guNavRddhipratiSedhaviSayaH. parimRjanti,parimArjanti. parimRjantu, parimArjantu. laghUpadhaguNasya apyatra pratiSedhaH. acinavam, asunavam ityAdau lakArasya satyapi Gittve yAsuTo GidvacanaM jJApakam Giti yatkAryaM tallakAre Giti na bhavati iti.

halo 'nantarAH saMyogaH ONPANINI 11007
cluster means group of consonants.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 20

The word cluster means two or more consonants with no vowels in between.

Example.

Rules halGyA and others turn hanumat- + su into hanumAnt.

The " nt " in hanumAnt is a cluster because this rule says so.

Rule saMyogAnta works here because nt is a cluster ----

hanumat m + su →atvasanta hanumAts →ugidacA hanumAnts →halGyA hanumAnt →saMyogAnta hanumAn

Is nts a cluster?

Indeed it is.

Then, why didn't rule saMyogAnta chop the s of hAnumAnts?

Rule cantgoback says that saMyogAnta cannot work before halGyA works.

mukha;nAsikA-vacano 'nunAsikaH ONPANINI 11008
nasalized means "some air leaks off the nose".mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 21

A sound is nasalized (anunAsika) when it is pronounced with the flap that is between the back of the mouth and the nasal cavity lowered, so that some air leaks through the nose ( noseleak). Maybe in addition to the air leaking through the mouth, maybe not.

In Sanskrit there are two sorts of nasalized sounds --

(1) The five nasals (J m G N n) and the M sound are always nasalized.

(2) Some of the other consonants, and all the vowels, can either be pronounced normally, with the flap up, or nasalized, with the flap down allowing a noseleak. This seldom happens -- only when some special rules, such as torli, force it, or others like aNopra allow it optionally. Notice that a nasalized d is a n.

If you have never heard the difference between a nasalized vowel and a normal vowel, listening to this video might help --

a pro teacher explaining the nasalized vowels of French

Does the topdot letter mean that the vowel before it must be nasalized, like in French or Hindi?

No. coulson said so, but he was wrong. The topdot letter in Sanskrit means that an anusvAra sound comes after the vowel.

In this website, the sounds of type (2) are written with a moondot (~) right after the letter that represent that sound when it is not nasalized. Yet, in ordinary Sanskrit spelling, the nasalization is not written at all (outside of grammar books).

The exception is nasalized ell sound made by torli. This one, in theory, should be spelled with a moondot on top of an ordinary ell, but in practice nearly always ends up mispelled as Ml or lM. The indology epics spell that one as "&l" plus space.

tulyAsya-prayatnaM savarNam ONPANINI 11009
What has same position and openness is similar.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 22

Example 1. The letters ch and j are pronounced with the same position ( palatal) and openness (fully closed). Therefore ch and j are similar.

Example 2. D and N have same position ( curledback) and same openness (fully closed). So they are similar. One of them is nasalized, but NVM that.

Example 3. I and i are similar to each other. They have the same position (middle of tongue raised) and openness (half-open). They have different duration (see UkAlo), but NVM that.

Counterexample. s and t are not similar, because they have different openness -- t is closed, while s is almost closed. The position is the same, dental, but NVM.

Counterexample. s and z have the same openness (a bit open) but not the same position, so not similar.

Exceptions:

nAjjhalau.

a::a

The most important groups of similar letters are --

a A

i I

u U

R RR L

(the ec aren't savarNa to anything, not even to themselves)

ku -- k kh g gh G ( also known as tavarga )

cu -- c ch j jh J ( cavarga )

Tu -- T Th D Dh N ( Tavarga )

tu -- t th d dh n ( tavarga )

pu -- p ph b bh m ( pavarga )

Wait. You said elsewhere that L is dental while R is curledback. How can they be similar?

Because a vArttika says so.

nAj;jhalau ONPANINI 11010
vowel and consonant aren't ( similar).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 23

Exception to tulyAsya-prayatnaM savarNam -- vowels are never similar to consonants, not even if they have the same position and openness.

Examples --

R and r have the same position ( curledback) and openness ("makes contact"), but they are not similar.

i and z have the same position ( palatal) and openness ("slightly open"), but they are not similar.

I can't see how this rule can have any use.

Were it not for this exception, rule akassa would have to work on udadhi zItam.

KAZIKA ac ca hal ca, ajjhalau. tuly'-Asya-prayatnAv api ajjhalau parasparaM savarNasaMjJau na bhavataH. avarNa-hakArau daNDa-hastaH, ivarNa-zakArAu udadhi zItam, savarNadIrghatvaM na bhavati. vaipAzo matsyaH, AnaDuhaM carma iti yasyeti ceti lopo na bhavati.

I can't make any sense of the original rule. Why does it mention jhal letters?

It doesn't. The word ajjhalau in the rule is built this way --

ac + hal + au →jhalAJjazonte aj + hal + au →jhayoho aj + jhal + au → ajjhalau "vowel and consonant"

Shouldn't coHkuH have turned aj into ag? Looks to me as if the rule should have been nAgghalau.

Grammatically speaking, yes, it should. Commonsensicaly no, as we don't want our students to think that the rule means " ak and consonant aren't similar"; in fact all vowels are affected, not just the ak. The lack of coHkuH here shows by jJApaka the existence of the general principle "your students are already confused enough, so don't go overboard".

Id;Ud;ed dvivacanaM pragRhyam ONPANINI 11011
I U e duals are nonjoiners.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 24

By rule pluta;pragRhyA, nonjoiner vowels do not change; they are unaffected by ikoyaNaci, akassa, eGaHpa, ecoya.

Examples with the dual nouns zakunI, gurU, dRSTe --

zakunI: apatatAm "two birds flew"

gurU: UcatuH "both teachers said"

dRSTe: aje: anaDuhA "the ox saw two she-goats"

kadalIphale: icchAmi "i want two bananas"

And with plavete, a dual verb --

plavete: azvau "two horses jump"

The colons in the above examples show the places where a hiatus must be pronounced. You must not write them.

See also next rule, amI "those" is a nonjoiner .

KAZIKA Id-Ud-ed ity evam-antaM dvi-vacanaM zabda-rUpaM pragrhya-saMjJaM bhavati. agnI iti. vAyu iti. mAle iti. pacete iti. IdUdetiti kim? vRkSAv atra. plakSAv atra. dvivacanam iti kim? kumAry atra. kizory atra. taparakaraNam asaMdehArtham. pragRhyapradezAH plutapragRhyA aci nityam ity evam AdayaH. Id-AdInAM pragRhyatve maNIvAdInAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. maNI voSTrasya lambete priyau vatsatarau mama. dampatIva. jampatIva. rodasIva.

adaso mAt ONPANINI 11012
amI "those" (is a nonjoiner).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 25

This amI "those" is masculine adas- with jas. The m came from eta::Idbahuvacane.

Example --

amI azvAH "those horses"

KAZIKA adasaH sambadhI yo makArastasmAt pare IdUdetaH pragrhyasaMjJA bhavanti. amI atra. amI Asate. amU atra. amU AsAte. ekArasya udAharaNaM na asti. adasaH iti kim? zamyatra. dADimyatra. mAtiti kim? amuke 'tra.

The original rule appears to say "after the m of adas-". Why do you translate it as "amI is a nonjoiner?".

Adding the trickle, the rule says "the wordfinal e I U that is after the m of adas- is a nonjoiner". The only such wordfinals are in amU "those two" and amI "those".

That being so, shouldn't you have translated as "amU and amI are nonjoiners"?

No, there was no need to do that.

ze ONPANINI 11013
(z)e (is nonjoiner)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 26

vedic rule.

The ONLY thing this rule teaches is that the asme in the following stanza of the Rgveda is correct, in spite of ecoya etc --

asm(e) indrA;bRhaspatI "to us, O Indra and bRhaspati"

ray(i)nM dhattaM zatagv(i)nam "riches vouchsafe hundredfold"

(a)zvAvantaM sahasr(i)Nam "With store of horses, thousandfold."

Rgveda 4.49.4

ze is a vedic replacement of fourth bhyas, so asme is the same thing as asmabhyam "to us" (see bhyaso bhyam for the small details).

KAZIKA ze ityetat pragRhyasaMjJaM bhavati. kim idaM ze iti? supAm Adezaz chandasi. na yuSme vAjabandhavaH. asme indrAbRhaspatI. yuSme iti. asme iti. tve rAyaH. me rAyaH. tve iti. me iti. chAndasam etadevaikam udAharaNam asme indrAbRhaspatI iti. tatra tathA pAThAt. itarat tu laukikam anukaraNam yuSme iti, asme iti, tve iti, me iti.

U~ ONPANINI 11018
U~ (is optionally nonjoiner before iti).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 27

So we may say either

U~ iti "saying oo"

or

viti "saying oo"

The letter U of this rule carries a moondot, not a topdot. So this rule is chanted as a nasalized U, and not as an U followed by an M sound.

This word U~ is some sort of interjection.

dA;dhA ghv adAp ONPANINI 11020
ghu are the dA dhA roots, except dAp daip.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 28

The most common of the ghu roots are dA "give" and dhA "put", both zluclass --

dA + laT tip → dA + zlu + ti → dadA + ti → dadAti "gives"

dhA + laT tip → dhA + zlu + ti → dadhAti "puts"

The roots do dhe are also ghu, because they turn into dA dhA by Adeca_u.

Being ghu triggers some rules, such as dodadghoH, aca::upa, ghumA, ghvasore, gAti;sthA;, IhalyaghoH .

tarap;tamapau ghaH ONPANINI 11022
gha are tarap and tamapmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 29

tara(p) means "-er", "more", "very". Examples --

kRSNaH "black"

kRSNataraH "blacker ; very black"

The "than" word gets fifth --

kAkAt kRSNataraH "blacker than crow"

and if we use one, tarap is optional --

kAkAt kRSNaH "blacker than crow"

tama(p) means "-est", "most", "very". Examples --

kRSNaH "black"

kRSNatamaH "blackest; very black"

The "of" word gets sixth or seventh --

kAkAnAGM kRSNatamaH "the blackest of crows"

kAkeSu kRSNatamaH "the blackest of crows"

zakuniSu dhImattamaH kAkaH "among birds crow is smartest"

and if we use an "of" word, the tamap is optional --

kAkAnAm kRSNaH "the blackest of crows"

sa buddhimAn manuSyeSu "he's the smartest among humans"

dhImAn kAkazH zakuniSu "among birds crow is smartest"

KAZIKA tarap tamapityetau pratyayau ghasaMjJau bhavataH. kumAritarA. kumaritamA. brAhmaNitarA. brAhmaNitamA. ghapradezAH gharUpakalpacelaDbruvagotramatahateSu Gyo 'nekAco hrasvaH 63043 ityevam AdayaH.