11001
11002
11003
11004 But not before a soft that erased part of a root.
11005 before
11007 Cluster means group of consonants.
11008 nasalized means "some air leaks off the nose".
11009 What has same position and openness is similar.
11010 vowel and consonant aren't .
11011
11012
11013
11018
11020
11022
definition rule. This teaches that the letters
Example.
Rule vRddhireci says that when joining
That means that we must erase the
Because of another rule (the most-alike rule), we must use
You can hear this rule here.
KAZIKA vRddhi-zabdaH saMjJAtvena vidhIyate, praty-ekam Ad;aicAM varNAnAM sAmAnyena tadbhAvitAnAm, a-tadbhAvitAnAM ca. tapara-karaNam aij-artham tAdapi paraH taparaH iti, khaTv%aiDakAdiSu trimAtra-caturmAtra-prasaGga. nivRttaye. AzvalAyanaH. aitikAyanaH. aupagavaH. aupamanyavaH. zAlIyaH. mAlIyaH. vRddhipradezAH sici vRddhiH parasmaipadeSu ity evam AdayaH.
definition rule. It says that the letters
Example --
(1) According to rule hardsoft, the
(2) Therefore, that
(3) rule most-alike explains that the replacement must be
As in the sentence --
KAZIKA guNazabdaH saMjJAtvena vidhIyate, pratyekam, adeGAM varNAnAM sAmAnyena tadbhAvitAnAm, atadbhAvitAnAM ca. taparakaraNaM tviha sarvArtham. taritA. cetA. stotA. jayanti. ahaM pace. guNapradezAH mider guNa ityevam AdayaH.
This is a talkaround, and means --
When any rule says "replace with guNa", or with vRddhi, without specifying what exactly it will replace, it will replace the ik only.
Example 1 --
Rule hardsoft sArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayoH says -- " guNa before root affix"
and that means
so that rule will replace
but will not replace
Example 2 --
miderguNaH says -- "replace
and that means
So
Example 3 --
AdguNaH says "after
And that means "after
So
Similarly, rules jusica, hrasvasyaguNaH, guNoyaG;lukoH work only on the ik.
KAZIKA paribhASA iyaM sthAniniyamArthA. aniyamaprasaGge niyamo vidhIyate. vRddhiguNau svasaMjJayA ziSyamANau ikaH eva sthAne veditavyau. vakSyati sArvadhAtukArdhadhAtukayor aGgasya guNa iti. sa iko eva sthAne viditavyaH. nayati. bhavati. vRddhiH khalvapi akArSIt. ahArSIt. acaiSIt. anaiSIt. alAvIt. astAvIt. guNavRddhI svasaMjJayA vidhIyete, tatra ikaH iti etadupasthitaM draSTavyam. kiM kRtaM bhavati? dvitIyayA SaSThI prAdurbhAvyate. midimRjipugantalaghauupardhAcchidRzikSiprakSudreSvaGgena ig vizeSyate. jusi sArvadhAtukA'diguNeSu ikAGgaM vizeSyate. medyate. abighayuH. ikaH iti kim? AtsandhyakSaravyaJjanAnAM mA bhUt. yAnam. glAyati. umbhitA. punar guNavRddhigrahaNaM svasaMjJyA vidhAne niyamArtham. iha mA bhUt dyauH, panthAH, saH, imam iti.
In more words --
" When a soft affix makes a root lose a piece, the last ik letter remaining in that root is unaffected by any rules that would replace them with guNa or vRddhi. "
Example --
The yaGluk root lolU is made by erasing the
We add ac'' to this lolU. ac'' is a soft affix, so this rule applies.
Now, lolU would ordinarily be affected by hardsoft. But because of this exception, hardsoft won't replace this
lolU "reap lots" + ac'' →
KAZIKA dhAtv-ekadezo dhAtuH, tasya lopo yasminn ArdhadhAtuke tad ArdhadhAtukaM dhAtu-lopaM, tatra ye guNa-vRddhI prApnutaH, te na bhavataH. loluvaH. popuvaH. marImRjaH. lolUyAdibhyo yaG-antebhyaH pacAdy aci vihite yaGo 'ci ceti yaGo luki kRte tam eva acam Azritya ye guNa-vRddhI prApte tayoH pratiSedhaH. dhAtugrahaNaM kim? lUJ, lavitA. reDasi. parNaM na veH. anubandhapratyayalope mA bhUt. riSerhisArthasya vicpratyayalopa udAharaNaM reTiti. ArdhadhAtuke iti kim? tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti iti. sArvadhAtuke mA bhUt. ikaH ityeva abhAji, rAgaH. bahuvrIhi-samAzrayaNaM kim? knopayati, preddham.
This stops all rules that replace with guNa or vRddhi before root affixes if the affix is kGit.
As for instance, rules hardsoft and puganta replace things with guNa before many root affixes, such as soft tumun, hard tip, soft Nal --
But those rules won't work before kGit affixes such as kta, caG, and the tas that replaces laT --
(This tas is Git because of rule hard
If you have trouble chanting
Some books spell this rule as
KAZIKA nimittasaptamyeSA. kGinnimitte ye guNavRddhI prApnutaH, te na bhavataH. citaH, citavAn. stutaH, stutavAn. bhinnaH, bhinnavAn. mRSTaH, mRSTavAn. Giti khalvapi cinutaH, cinvanti. mRSTaH, mRjanti. gakAro 'pi atra cartvabhUto nirdizyate. glAjisthazca gstuH 3-2-139 jiSNuH. bhUSNuH. ikaH itym eva kAmayate, laigavAyanaH. mRjerajAdau saGtrame vibhASA vRddhiriSyate. saGkramo nAma guNavRddhipratiSedhaviSayaH. parimRjanti,parimArjanti. parimRjantu, parimArjantu. laghUpadhaguNasya apyatra pratiSedhaH. acinavam, asunavam ityAdau lakArasya satyapi Gittve yAsuTo GidvacanaM jJApakam Giti yatkAryaM tallakAre Giti na bhavati iti.
The word cluster means two or more consonants with no vowels in between.
Example.
Rules halGyA and others turn
The "
Rule saMyogAnta works here because
Is
Indeed it is.
Then, why didn't rule saMyogAnta chop the
Rule cantgoback says that saMyogAnta cannot work before halGyA works.
A sound is nasalized (
In Sanskrit there are two sorts of nasalized sounds --
(1) The five nasals (
(2) Some of the other consonants, and all the vowels, can either be pronounced normally, with the flap up, or nasalized, with the flap down allowing a noseleak. This seldom happens -- only when some special rules, such as torli, force it, or others like aNopra allow it optionally. Notice that a nasalized
If you have never heard the difference between a nasalized vowel and a normal vowel, listening to this video might help --
a pro teacher explaining the nasalized vowels of French
Does the topdot letter mean that the vowel before it must be nasalized, like in French or Hindi?
No. coulson said so, but he was wrong. The topdot letter in Sanskrit means that an anusvAra sound comes after the vowel.
In this website, the sounds of type (2) are written with a moondot (
The exception is nasalized ell sound made by torli. This one, in theory, should be spelled with a moondot on top of an ordinary ell, but in practice nearly always ends up mispelled as
Example 1. The letters
Example 2.
Example 3.
Counterexample.
Counterexample.
Exceptions:
The most important groups of similar letters are --
(the ec aren't savarNa to anything, not even to themselves)
ku --
cu --
Tu --
tu --
pu --
Wait. You said elsewhere that
Because a vArttika says so.
Exception to tulyAsya-prayatnaM savarNam -- vowels are never similar to consonants, not even if they have the same position and openness.
Examples --
I can't see how this rule can have any use.
Were it not for this exception, rule akassa would have to work on
KAZIKA ac ca hal ca, ajjhalau. tuly'-Asya-prayatnAv api ajjhalau parasparaM savarNasaMjJau na bhavataH. avarNa-hakArau daNDa-hastaH, ivarNa-zakArAu udadhi zItam, savarNadIrghatvaM na bhavati. vaipAzo matsyaH, AnaDuhaM carma iti yasyeti ceti lopo na bhavati.
I can't make any sense of the original rule. Why does it mention jhal letters?
It doesn't. The word
ac + hal + au →
Shouldn't coHkuH have turned
Grammatically speaking, yes, it should. Commonsensicaly no, as we don't want our students to think that the rule means " ak and consonant aren't similar"; in fact all vowels are affected, not just the ak. The lack of coHkuH here shows by jJApaka the existence of the general principle "your students are already confused enough, so don't go overboard".
By rule pluta;pragRhyA, nonjoiner vowels do not change; they are unaffected by ikoyaNaci, akassa, eGaHpa, ecoya.
Examples with the dual nouns
And with
The colons in the above examples show the places where a hiatus must be pronounced. You must not write them.
See also next rule,
KAZIKA Id-Ud-ed ity evam-antaM dvi-vacanaM zabda-rUpaM pragrhya-saMjJaM bhavati. agnI iti. vAyu iti. mAle iti. pacete iti. IdUdetiti kim? vRkSAv atra. plakSAv atra. dvivacanam iti kim? kumAry atra. kizory atra. taparakaraNam asaMdehArtham. pragRhyapradezAH plutapragRhyA aci nityam ity evam AdayaH. Id-AdInAM pragRhyatve maNIvAdInAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. maNI voSTrasya lambete priyau vatsatarau mama. dampatIva. jampatIva. rodasIva.
This amI "those" is masculine adas- with jas. The
Example --
KAZIKA adasaH sambadhI yo makArastasmAt pare IdUdetaH pragrhyasaMjJA bhavanti. amI atra. amI Asate. amU atra. amU AsAte. ekArasya udAharaNaM na asti. adasaH iti kim? zamyatra. dADimyatra. mAtiti kim? amuke 'tra.
The original rule appears to say "after the
Adding the trickle, the rule says "the wordfinal
That being so, shouldn't you have translated as "
No, there was no need to do that.
vedic rule.
The ONLY thing this rule teaches is that the
KAZIKA ze ityetat pragRhyasaMjJaM bhavati. kim idaM ze iti? supAm Adezaz chandasi. na yuSme vAjabandhavaH. asme indrAbRhaspatI. yuSme iti. asme iti. tve rAyaH. me rAyaH. tve iti. me iti. chAndasam etadevaikam udAharaNam asme indrAbRhaspatI iti. tatra tathA pAThAt. itarat tu laukikam anukaraNam yuSme iti, asme iti, tve iti, me iti.
So we may say either
or
The letter
This word
The most common of the ghu roots are
The roots
Being ghu triggers some rules, such as dodadghoH, aca::upa, ghumA, ghvasore, gAti;sthA;, IhalyaghoH .
The "than" word gets fifth --
and if we use one, tarap is optional --
The "of" word gets sixth or seventh --
and if we use an "of" word, the tamap is optional --
KAZIKA tarap tamapityetau pratyayau ghasaMjJau bhavataH. kumAritarA. kumaritamA. brAhmaNitarA. brAhmaNitamA. ghapradezAH gharUpakalpacelaDbruvagotramatahateSu Gyo 'nekAco hrasvaH