svaujas are the first group of case affixes, su au jasmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1118

singular s(u)

azva + su → azvas "horse"

dual au

azva + au →vRddhireci azvau "two horses"

plural (j)as

azva + jas →prathamayo azvAs "horses"

As in the sentences --

nadIm azvas tarati "horse crosses river"

nadIm azvau tarataH "two horses cross river"

nadIm azvAs taranti "horses cross river"

In inria reader, these go by the nicknames of --

su = sg nom (normal su) OR sg voc ( calling su)

au = du nom OR du voc

jas = pl nom OR pl voc

The voc is painted green.

The first group affixes are added to nounbases when there is no particular reason to add any other group. See first ending by default for examples.

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amauTchaS are the second group of case affixes, am au zas.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1119

They are --

singular am

azva + am → azvam "horse"

azvamM pazyAmi "I see horse"

dual au

azva + au →vRddhireci azvau "two horses"

azvau pazyAmi "I see two horses"

plural (z)as

azva + zas →prathamayo azvAs →tasmAccha azvAn "horses"

azvAn pazyAmi "I see horses"

The second affixes are added mainly to the object of a root that means the doer (see karmaNidvitIyA). See also uses of the second endings .

In inria reader, these three affixes go by the nickname of " accusative". So if you type vRkSam into inria and it says "vRkSa m sg acc", the " sg acc" means that am was added. So, vRkSa is a m nounbase, and when we add am to it, we get vRkSam. The codes are --

am = sg acc

au = du acc

zas = pl acc

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TAbhyAmbhis are the third case affixes, TA bhyAm bhismmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1120

These are the third group of affixes in the list svaujas --

singular (T)A or A(G)

vidyut- + TA → vidyutA "by lightning"

dual bhyAm

gurubhyAm "with two teachers"

plural bhis

kapibhis "by monkeys"

They are used --

on the doer of a root that does not mean the doer ( kartRkaraNayostRtIyA)

to mean using a tool ( kartRkaraNayostRtIyA )

to mean accompanied with someone

with "far" and "near" ( dUrAntikA )

inria nicknames --

TA = sg i

bhyAm = du i

bhis = pl i

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GebhyAmbhyas are the fourth case affixes, Ge bhyAm bhyasmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1121

The fourth group of svaujas affixes are --

singular (G)e --

namazH zivAya homage to ziva

zivAya is ziva- + Ge

namas te homage to you

te is yuSmad- + Ge

dual bhyAm --

namo 'zvibhyAm homage to the two ashwins

azvibhyAm is azvin- + bhyAm

plural bhyas --

namaH prajApatibhyaH homage to the creators

prajApatibhyas is prajApati- + bhyas

These affixes may mean --

aim -- see caturthIsampradAne

result or purpose -- see what means purpose or result is an aim

object of deleted purpose word -- see kriyArtho

The inria codenames for these affixes are --

Ge sg dat

bhyAm du dat

bhyas pl dat

Important advice for beginners: never use the fourth to translate an English "to" into Sanskrit. That will almost always fail. For instance, when saying "I went to the beach" in Sanskrit, the beach gets second, never fourth.

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GasibhyAmbhyas are the fifth case affixes, Gasi bhyAm bhyasmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1122

These affixes are --

singular (G)as(i)

vidyut- + Gasi → vidyutas "from lightning"

parvata- + Gasi →TAGasi parvata + At →akassa parvatAt "from mountain"

dual bhyAm

parvatAbhyAm "from two mountains"

plural bhyas

parvatebhyAm "from mountains"

inria codes

Gasi = sg abl

bhyAm = du abl

bhyas = pl abl

The fifth enders and the sixth enders sound the same, except the singular Gas Gasi when they follow a (see TAGasi and GasiGyoHsmAtsminau).

rAjan- + Gasi rAjJas "from king"

rAjan- + Gas rAjJas "of king"

GasosAm are the sixth case affixes, Gas os Am.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1123

These are the sixth group of case affixes.

singular (G)as

nAvas "of the ship"

dual os

nAvos "of two ships"

plural Am

nAvAm "of ships"

Their inria codes have g "genitive" in them --

Gas sg g

os du g

Am pl g

The sixth most often translate as "of" --

mahAnti gavAM zRGgANi "horns of cows are big"

or as "have" (see owner gets sixth ) --

mahAnti gavAM zRGgANi "cows have big horns"

In comparisons, as "among" (see yatazcani) --

zakunInAGM kAkaH paNDita-tamaH "the crow is the smartest of birds"

They can also express viewpoint --

nItir asmi jigISatAm "for those that want to conquer, I'm strategy"

With verbs of giving the sixth means "to" --

kapInAGM kadalIphalAni dadAti "he's giving bananas to the monkeys"

and with hetu it shows the cause ( SaSThI hetu-prayoge) --

dhanasya hetoH "for the sake of money"

Back to table of sup affixes .

Gyossup are the seventh group of case affixes, Gi os sup'.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1124

These are the seventh group in the svaujas list and often mean "in, or, at".

singular (G)i

udyAne "in the garden"

dual os

nadyos "in both rivers"

plural su(p)

zvasu "on the dogs"

In inria, they go by their code names --

Gi = sg loc

os = du loc

sup' = pl loc

These mean --

the location, namely, the place where something is or happens -- saptamyadhikaraNe

"among", in comparisons -- see yatazcani

"about"

the object of feelings. As in putreSu snehaH "affection for sons".

Back to table of sup affixes .