Gy;Ap;prAtipadikAt ONPANINI 41001
Add sup after GI, Ap, and nounbase.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 420

LISTENTO this sutra at "The Complete Sutrapath"

All nounbases have to get some sup (other rules decide which one they get). Examples --

azva- m ( meaning a horse ) azva- m + su azvas "horse"

kukkuTa- ( meaning many roosters ) kukkuTa- m + jas kukkuTAs "roosters"

If there is a feminine affix after the nounbase, the sup goes after the affix --

kukkuTa- ( meaning many hens ) kukkuTa- f + jas →jAtera kukkuTa + GI + jas →yasyetica kukkuT + GI + jas →ikoyaNaci kukkuTyas "hens"

azva- f ( meaning a mare ) azva- + su → azva- + Ap + su →yasyetica azvA- + su →halGyA azvA "mare"

sv;au;jas; am;auT;chaS; TA;bhyAm;bhis; Ge;bhyAm;bhyas; Gasi;bhyAm;bhyas; Gas;os;Am; Gy;os;sup ONPANINI 41002
sup are svaujas amauTchaS TAbhyAmbhis GebhyAmbhyas GasibhyAmbhyas GasosAm Gyossup.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 421

These twenty-one affixes are called sup affixes because they go from su to p (see Adirantyena). Or " noun endings", because what has one of these at the end is a noun (rule suptiGantampadam says so).

The affixes are divided into seven groups of three affixes each --

su au jas first endings -- svaujas

am au zas second endings -- amauTchaS

TA bhyAm bhis third endings -- TAbhyAmbhis

Ge bhyAm bhyas fourth endings -- GebhyAmbhyas

Gasi bhyAm bhyas fifth endings -- GasibhyAmbhyas

Gas os Am sixth endings -- GasosAm

Gi os sup' seventh endings -- Gyossup

See also tAnyeka.

See also western names of the cases .

See also table of sup affixes .

Back to types of affixes .

striyAm ONPANINI 41003
When meaning a woman...mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 422

headline. The following rules only work after nounbases that mean a woman. That is, they only work after feminine nounbases.

Those are rules that add the feminine affixes Ap, GI to nounbases. Not all nounbases get a feminine affix, but most do.

Examples --

The nounbase vidyut- "lightning" always means a woman, but gets no feminine affix because no rule gives it any. Same with prakRti- "matter" and mati- "opinion".

siMha- "lion" means a woman when it is used to refer to a lioness, and in that case it gets GI from rule jAtera below. And turns into siMhI-.

azva- "horse" means a woman when it refers to a mare, but it gets Ap from ajAdyataSTAp, an exception to jAtera. And turns into azvA-.

All zAnac enders and all kta enders get Ap by ajAdyataSTAp. So the feminine of supta- "(he) sleeps" is suptA- "(she) sleeps", of plavamAno vAnaraH "jumping monkey" is plavamAnA vAnarI "jumping she-monkey".

KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. yaditi Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH striyAm ityevaM tad veditavyam. Gy-Ap-prAtipadikAt iti sarvAdhikAre 'pi prAtipadikamAtram atra prakaraNe sambadhyate, NyAporanena eva vidhAnAt. striyAm ityucyate. keyaM strI nAma? sAmAnyavizeSAH strItvAdayo gotvAdaya iva bahuprakArA vyaktayaH. kvacidAzrayavizeSAbhAvAtupadezavyaGgayA eva bhavanti, yathA brAhmaNatvAdayaH. strItvaM ca pratyayArthaH. prakRtyarthavizeSaNaM ca ityubhayathA api prayujyate, striyAm abhidheyAyAM striyAM vA yat prAtipadikaM vartate iti. vakSyati

There are also affixes, such as ktin and a', that make a feminine nounbase when added to a root. When I say feminine affix, I don't mean those.

ajAdy;ataS TAp ONPANINI 41004
a-enders, and aja-class, get (T)A(p) (when meaning women).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 423

This means that most feminines that end in a get an A added at the end. Example --

drSTo giriH "the mountain was seen"

drSTA nadI "the river was seen"

Here the nounbase dRSTa- became feminine because it describes a feminine, nadI. So this rule added TAp to it. In detail, the word dRSTA is made this way --

dRSTa- f + su dRSTa- + Ap + su →akassa drSTA- + su →halGyA dRSTA "she was seen"

This rule will not work if any of the exceptions below do. For instance, according to rule jAtera, a race word that ends in a gets GI when meaning a woman. Tigers are a race, so when we say tigress, exception jAtera below works, stopping this rule that would have added Ap --

vyAghra- f + su →jAtera vyAghra + GI + su →yasyetica vyAghrI- + su →halGyA vyAghrI "tigress"

The exceptions rules below, such as jAtera and dvigoH, will not work on the a-enders of the aja-class, which is a list of exceptions to those exceptions. For instance, aja- "goat" is listed in the aja class, so rule jAtera does not work on it, but this rule does --

aja- f aja + Ap → ajA- "she-goat"

Similarly azvA- "mare", mUSikA- "she-mouse".

KAZIKA ajAdibhyaH prAtipadikebhyaH akArAntAc ca prAtipadikAt striyAM TAp pratyayo bhavati. ajA. devadattA. striyAm iti kim? ajaH. devadattaH. pakAraH sAmAnyagrahaNArthaH. TakAraH sAmAnyagrahaNAvighAtArthaH. ajA eDakA. kokilA. caTakA. azvA. khaTvA. devadattA. taparakaraNaM tatkAlArtham. zubhaMyAH. kIlAlapAH brAhmaNI. halGyAbbhyo dIrghAt sutisyapRktaM hal iti sulopaH syAt. ajAdigrahaNaM tu kvacij jAti-lakSaNe GISi prApte, kvacit tu puMyoga-lakSaNe, kvacit tu puSpaphalauttaralakSaNe, kvacit tu vayolakSaNe GIpi, kvaciT TillakSaNe. halantAnAM tavaprApta eva kasmiMzcidAb vidhIyate. zUdrA ca amahatpUrvA jAtiH iti paThyate. tasya ayam arthaH. zUdrazabdaS TApam utpAdayati jAtiz ced bhavati. zUdrA. puMyoge GISaiva bhavitavyam. zUdrasya bhAryA zUdrI. mahatpUrvasya pratiSedhaH. mahAzUdrI. mahAzUdrazabdo hyAbhIrajAtivacanaH, tatra tadantavidhi-nA TAp prAptaH pratiSidhyate. grahaNavatA prAtipadikena tadantavidhir na iti kathaM tadantavidhiH? etad eva jJApakaM bhavati asmin prakaraNe tadantavidhiH iti. tena atidhIvarI, atipIvarI, atibhavatI, atimahatI iti bhavati. ajA, eDakA, caTakA, azvA, mUsikA iti jAtiH. bAlA, hoDhA, pAkA, vatsA, mandA, vilAtA iti vayaH. pUrvApahANA, aparApahANA. Tit, nipatanAN Natvam. saMbhastrAjInazaNapiNDebhyaH phalAt. samphalA. bhastraphalA. ajinaphalA. zaNaphalA. piNDaphalA. triphalA dvigau. bahuvrIhau triphalI saMhatiH. sadacprAkkANDaprAntaztaikebhyaH puSpAt. satpuSpA. prAkpuSpA. kAnDapuSpA. prAntapuSpA. zatapuSpA. ekapuSpA. pAkakarNa iti GISo 'pavAdaH. zUdrA ca amahatpUrvA jAtiH. kruJcA, uSNihA, devavizA halantAH. jyeSThA, kaniSThA, madhyamA puMyogaH. kokilA jAtiH. mUlAnnaJaH. amUlA.

Rn@;nebhyo GIp ONPANINI 41005
R n get GIp (when f).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 424

Add (G)I(p) after nounbases that end in R n and are feminine.

This (G)I(p) is a variant of GI. The p label makes it accentless (by anudAttau).

Examples --

kartR- f + su kartR- + GIp + su →ikoyaNaci kartr + I + su →halGyA kartrI "makeress"

rAjan- f + su rAjan- + GIp + su →alloponaH rAjnIs →halGyA rAjnI →stozzcu rAjJI "queen; main wife of king"

yogin- f + su yoginI + su →halGyA yoginI "female yogi"

The svasrAdi do not get this I.

KAZIKA RkArAntebhyo nakArAntebhyazca prAtipadikebhyaH striyAM GIp pratyayo bhavati GakAraH sAmAnyagrahaNArthaH. kartrI. hartrI. daNDinI. chatriNI.

ugitaz ca ONPANINI 41006
ugit (gets GIp when f).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 425

The ugit nounbases are those that end in an udit affix or an Rdit affix. This includes those formed with zatR, matup, vasu, Iyas(un).

Examples with zatR -enders --

pac + zatR f →atoguNe pacat pacat- + GIp →zapzyanornityam pacantI- f "that cooks"

bhU + zatR f bhavat- f bhavat- + GIp → bhavantI- f "that becomes"

With matup -enders --

go- + matup f gomatI- "cattleowneress"

saras- "lake" + vatup f sarasvat- + GI → sarasvatI- "she that has lakes" (name of a river)

bhA + (D)avat(up) f →TeH bh + (D)avat(up) → bhavatu- f bhavatI- "your ladyship"

And with vid + vasu --

vid + vasu f vid + vas + GI →vasossamprasAraNam vidusI- →kric viduSI- "female sage"

KAZIKA ugiti yatra sambhavati yathAkathaMcit tadugicchAbdarUpaM, tadantAt striyAM GIp pratyayo bhavati. bhavatI. atibhavatI. pacantI. yajantI. dhAtorugitaH pratiSedho vaktavyaH. ukhAsrat. parNadhvat brAhmaNI. aJcatezca upasaGkhyAnam. prAcI. pratIcI. udIcI.

na SaT-svasr-AdibhyaH ONPANINI 41010
svasrAdi and sixlike don't (get any feminine affix).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 426

Exception to Rnne. The svasrAdi (svasR-class) are these seven feminine nounbases --

svasR- "sister"

tisR- "three" (see tricaturo)

catasR- "four" (see tricaturo)

nanAndR- "husband's sister"

duhitR- "daughter"

yAtR- "husband's brother's wife"

mAtR- "mother"

and the sixlike are the numerals from paJcan- to dAzan-.

Examples. svasR- and paJcan- got no GI in --

svasAraH paJca tiSThanti "five sisters wait"

svasRRH paJca pazyAmi "I see five sisters"

Here svasR- got no GI because it is a svasrAdi, and paJcan- didn't because it's a sixlike.

KAZIKA SaT-saMjJAkebhyaH svasrAdibhyaz ca prAtipadikebhyaH strI-pratyayo na bhavati. yo yataH prApnoti sa sarvaH pratiSidhyate. paJca brAhmaNyaH. sapta. nava. daza. svasrAdibhyaH svasA. duhitA. nanAndA. yAtA. mAtA. tisraH. catasraH. SaT-saMjJAnAm ante lupte TAb-utpattiH kasmAn na syat. pratyAhArAc cApA siddhaM doSastvittve tasmAn na ubhau.

paJcan- got no jas because of SaDbhyoluk.

Summarizing several rules: 3 4 get no GI because they are svasrAdi, 5 6 7 8 9 10 get no GI because they are sixlike. eka- dvi- get no GI because no rule gives them any, and get Ap from ajAdya. So with uSTrI- "female camel" --

uStry ekA "one camelette"

uStryau dve "two camelettes"

uStryas tisraH "three camelettes"

uStryaH paJca "five camelettes"

TiD;Dh';.AN; aJ;dvayasaj;daghnaJ; mAtrac;tayap;Thak; ThaJ;kaJ;kvarapaH ONPANINI 41015
Tit Dha aN aJ dvayasac daghnac mAtrac tayap Thak ThaJ kaJ kvarap (-enders get GIp when feminine).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 427

More exceptions to ajAdyataSTAp. Nounbases that end in these affixes get GIp when feminine, instead of Ap.

The Tit word in the rule includes all Tit affixes that end in a, such as Ta and Tac --

kuru + car + Ta f kurucara + GIp →yasyetica kurucarI- "she that walks with the kurus"

The Dha means " Dhak (eyak) and other Dha affixes" --

vRSNi + Dhak f vRSNi + Dhak + I →AyaneyI vRSNi- + eyak + I →kitica vArSNi + eyak + I →yasyetica vArSNeya + I →yasyetica vArSNeyI- "daughter of vRSNi-"

Example with tayap --

paJca + tayap f + jas paJca + taya + GI + jas paJcatayyas "there are five sorts of them"

dvigoH ONPANINI 41021
(a-ender) dvigu gets ( GIp).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 428

So from pUla- m "bundle" we get--

paJcapUlI- f "a group of five bundles"

This rule didn't work on triphalA- ("a certain mixture made of three fruits") because phAla- is an ajAdi (see ajAdyata).

KAZIKA dvigu-saMjJakAt prAtipadikAt striyAM GIp pratyayo bhavati. paJcapUlI. dazapUlI. kathaM triphalA? ajAdiSu dRzyate.

Sid;gaurAdibhyaz ca ONPANINI 41041
Sit and gaura-class (get GIS).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 429

Sit means words made with Sit affixes, for instance the affix Svun (which is (S)aka(n) by yuvora). nartaka- "pro dancer" has Svun (see zilpiniSvun), so the feminine is

nartaka- @f nartaka- + GIS →yasyetica nartakI- "pro danseuse"

The gaura class are a list of exceptions that should not take GIS, but they do. For instance, matsya "fish" is a gaura-class --

matsya- @f matsya- + GIS →yasyetica matsyI- →sUryatiSyA matsI- "female fish"

and so is zRGga- "horn" --

tri- + gaura- @f trizRGgI- "female triceratops"

मत्स्य । मनुष्य । शृङ्ग । पिङ्गल

KAZIKA GIS anuvartate. SidbhyaH prAtipadikebhyo gaurAdibhyazca striyAm GIS pratyayo bhavati. zilpini Svun nartakI. khanakI. rajakI. gaurAdibhyaH gaurI. matsI. gaura. matsya. manuSya. zRGga. haya. gavaya. mukaya. RSya. puTa. druNa. droNa. hariNa. kaNa. paTara. ukaNa. Amalaka. kuvala. badara. bamba. tarkAra. zarkAra. puSkara. zikhaNDa. suSama. salanda. gaDuja. Ananda. sRpATa. sRgeTha. ADhaka. zaSkula. sUrma. suba. sUrya. pUSa. mUSa. ghAtaka. sakalUka. sallaka. mAlaka. mAlata. sAlvaka. vetasa. atasa. pRsa. maha. maTha. cheda. zvan. takSan. anaDuhI. anaDvAhI. eSaNaH karaNe. deha. kAkAdana. gavAdana. tejana. rajana. lavaNa. pAna. medha. gautama. AyasthUNa. bhauri. bhauliki. bhauliGgi. audgAhamAni. AliGgi. Apicchika. AraTa. ToTa. naTa. nATa. malATa. zAtana. pAtana. savana. Astarana. AdhikaraNa. eta. adhikAra. AgrahAyaNI. pratyavarohiNI. sevana. sumaGgalAt saMjJAyAm. sundara. maNDala. piNDa. viTaka. kurda. gUrda. paTa. pANTa. lophANTa. kandara. kandala. taruNa. taluna. bRhat. mahat. saudharma. rohiNI nakSatre. revatI nakSatre. vikala. niSphala. puSkala. kaTAcchroNivacane. pippalyAdayazca. pippalI. harItakI. kozAtakI. zamI. karIrI. pRthivI. kroSTrI. mAtAmaha. pitAmaha. mAtAmaha-pitAmahayoH mAtari Sic ca 42036 iti SittvAd eva siddhe jJApanArthaM vacanam, anityaH SillakSaNo GISiti, tena daMSTrA ity upapannaM bhavati.

svAGgAc c%opasarjanAd asaMyog%opadhAt ONPANINI 41054
GIS (is optional) after a latter that means one's own limb, is subordinate, and ends in non- cluster plus a.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 430

Exception to ajAdya. If a latter is subordinate and ends in non- cluster plus a, the feminine gets Ap or GIS.

Example. Here mukham is a limb, and is a subordinate part of the longhorn compound candramukha- "moon-faced" --

candra iva mukham asyAH "her face is like the moon" candramukha- candramukha + GIS →yasyetica candramukhI "beautiful lady"

(BTW, "moonfaced" means beautiful .)

But if we don't take this option, we say candramukhA-, with ajAdya.

Please remember that keza- m "strand of hair of the head" is a limb. So, when f, it gets Ap or GIS --

atikrantA kezAn → atikezA "a woman that is beyond hair, a female ascetic that shaves herself"

atikrantA kezAn atikezI "a woman that is beyond hair, a female ascetic that shaves herself"

KAZIKA bahuvrIheH ktAntAdantodAttAd iti sarvaM nivRttam. vA-grahaNam anuvartate. svAGgaM yadupasarjanam asaMyogopadhaM tadantAt prAtipadikAt striyAM vA GIS pratyayo bhavati. candramukhI, candramukhA. atikrAntA kezAn atikezI, atikezA mAlA. svAGgAd iti kim? bahuyavA. upasarjanAtiti kim? azikhA. asaMyog%opadhAtiti kim? sugulphA. supArzvA. aGgagAtrakaNThebhya iti vaktavyam. mRdvaGgI, mRdvaGgA. sugAtrI, sugAtrA. snigdhakaNThI, snigdhakaNThA. adravaM mUrtimat svAGgaM prANistham avikArajam. atatsthaM tatra dRSTaM cet tena cettattathAyutam.

na kroD^Adi;bahv-acaH ONPANINI 41056
kroDA-class and many-voweled (body-parts) don't (get GIS.)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 432

Exception to svAGgAcco above, that would have made GIS optional. These always get Ap by ajAdya.

Example with a kroDA-class, kroDA- f --

kalyANa-kroDA @f "beautifully-breasted"

Example with a many-voweled nounbase, jaghana- m --

pRthu-jaghanA @f "big-butted"

KAZIKA svAGgAd iti GIS prAptaH pratiSedhyate. kroDAdy-antAt bahv-aj-antAt prAtipadikAt striyAM GIS pratyayo na bhavati. kalyANa-kroDA. kalyANA-khurA. kalyANokhA. kalyANabAlA. kalyANazaphA. kalyANagudA. kalyANaghoNA. kalyANanakhA. kalyANamukhA. kroDAdirAkRtigaNaH. subhagA. sugalA. bahvacaH khalvapi pRthu-jaghanA. mahA-lalATA.

jAter a-strIviSayAd a-yopadhAt ONPANINI 41063
Race (that ends in a gets GIS when f). Unless it ends in ya or includes only women.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 434

Exception to ajAdyataSTAp.

This GIS is a variant of GI.

A race is a group of living beings related by common descent, place of residence, way of life, etc. Such as brahmins, newyorkers, third-sex people.

brAhmaNa- f brAhmaNa- + GI →yasyetica brAhmaNI- "brahmin lady"

vyAghra- f vyAghra-+ GI →yasyetica vyaghrI- "tigress"

This rule won't work on ya-enders --

kSatriya- + Ap →ajAdya kSatriyA- "kSatriya lady"

Nor on the "races" that have only women, such as amazons, nuns, and flies --

makSika- f →ajAdya makSikA- "fly"

KAZIKA jAtivAci yat prAtipadikaM na ca striyAm eva niyatam astrIviSayam ayakAropadhaM ca tasmAt striyAM GIS pratyayo bhavati. AkRtigrahaNA jAtir liGgAnAM ca na sarvabhAk. sakRdAkhyAtanirgAhyA gotraM ca caraNaiH saha. kukkuTI. sUkarI. brAhmaNI. vRSalI. nADAyanI. cArAyaNI. kaThI. bahvRcI. jAteH iti kim? muNDA. astrIviSayAtiti kim? makSikA. ayopadhAtiti kim? kSatriyA. yopadhapratiSedhe hayagavayamukayamatsyamanuSyANam apratiSedhaH. hayI. gavayI. mukayI. matsI. manuSI.

About the third-sex people, see Wikipedia on Hijra (South Asia).

yaGaz cAp ONPANINI 41074
JyaG and SyaG get cAp.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 435

cAp is a variant of Ap. It works the same as TAp, but makes citaH work.

These (J)ya(G) and (S)ya(G) are taddhita that form names of descendants. For instance, a descendant of kausalya is called a kausalya --

apatyaGM kausalyasya "descendant of kausalya" → kausalya- + JyaG + → kausalya- "descendant of kausalya"

Now, if the descendant is female, it needs to get a feminine affix. Then this rule says it gets (c)A(p) --

kausalya- "descendant of kausalya" + cAp kausalyA- "a female descendant of kausalya"

Back to Ap.

KAZIKA yaG-antAt prAtipadikAt striyAM cAp pratyayo bhavati. JyaGaH SyaGazca sAmAnyagrahaNam etat. AmbaSThyA. sauvIryA. kausalyA. SyaG kArISagandhyA. vArAhyA. bAlAkyA. SAc ca yaJaH. SAt paro yo yaJ tadantAc cAp vaktavyaH. zArkarAkSyA. aputimASyA. gaukakSyA. uttarasUtre cakAro 'nuktasamuccayArthaH, tena vA bhaviSyati.