pUrvatr/Asiddham ONPANINI 82001
From this point on, rules cantgoback.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 972

This is a talkaround. It means --

"The changes made by the following rules do not trigger earlier rules".

Example 1.

* When joining dvau + atra "there are two here", rule ecoya replaces au with Av, then rule lopazzA turns av into a, making dvA atra.

* Now, it might look like akassa should work.

* But it can't work, because rule 83019 lopazzA is after this one, and 61101 akassa is before 83019 lopazzA. So dvAtra sux, we must say dvA_atra or dvAvatra.

Example 2.

* The rules that are before 82001 turn hanumant- + su into hanumAnts first, then into hAnumant (by halGyA).

* Now, rule 82007 nalopaHprA cannot work on hanumAnt, but 82023 saMyogAnta does work, making hanumAn.

* At this point hanumAn ends in n, so it looks like nalopaHprA should work. But it won't, because 82007 nalopaHprA is before 82023 saMyogAnta.

The rules below this one, that is, chapters 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4, are called the tripAdI "the three chapters at the end". Sometimes I call them the " assembly line", because they work in order.

KAZIKA pUrvatra asiddham ityadhikAro 'yam A adhyAyaparisamApteH. yadita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH pUrvatra asiddham ityevaM tad veditavyam. tatra yeyaM sapAdasaptAdhyAyI anukrAntA, etasyAm ayaM pAdono 'dhyAyo 'siddho bhavati. ita uttaraM ca uttara uttaro yogaH pUrvatra pUrvatra asiddho bhavati asiddhavad bhavati. siddhakAryam na karoti ityarthaH. tadetadasiddhatvavacanam AdezalakSaNapratiSedhArtham, utsargalakSaNabhAvArthaM ca. asmA uddhara, dvA atra, dvA Anaya, asA AdityaH ityatra vyalopasya zasiddhatvAt, Ad guNaH iti, akaH savarNe dIrghaH iti ca na bhavati. amuSmai, amuSmAt, amuSminiti utvasya asiddhatvAt smAyAdayo bhavanti. zuSkikA zuSkajaGghA ca kSAmimAnaujaDhattathA. matorvattve jhalAM jaztve guDaliNmAn nidarzanam. zuSkikA ityatra zuSaH kaH 82051 ityasya asiddhatvAdudIcAmAtaH sthAne yakapUrvAyAH 73046 ityetan na bhavati. zuSkajaGghA iti na kopadhAyAH 63037 iti puMvadbhAvapratiSedho na bhavati. kSAmimAniti kSAmasya apatyaM kSAmiH, kSAmo vA asya asti iti kSAmI, kSAmiH kSAmI vA yasya asti iti kSAmimAn. kSAyo maH ityasya asiddhatvAn mAdupadhAyAzca iti vatvaM na bhavati. aujaDhatiti vaherniSThAyAmUDhaH, tamAkhyatiti Nic, tadantAl luG, caGi iti dvirvacane kartavye DhatvadhatvaSTutvaDhalopAnAm asiddhatvAN Nau ca yaH TilopaH, tasya sthAnivadbhAvAt tha ityetad dvirucyate. anaglope iti pratiSedhAt sanvadittvaM na asti, tena aujaDhatiti bhavati. aujiDhatityetat tu ktinnantasya uDhizabdasya bhavati. guDaliNmAniti guDaliho 'sya santi iti matup, tatra DhatvajaztvayorasiddhatvAt jhayaH iti vatvaM na bhavati. ye 'tra SaSthInirdezAH, saptamInirdezAH, paJcamInirdezAzca, teSAM SaSThI sthAneyogA, tasminniti nirdiSTe pUrvasya, tasmAdityuttarasya iti ca kartavye na asiddhatva bhavati, kAryakAlaM hi saMjJAparibhASam iti pUrvatvamAsAM paribhASANAM na asti iti. vipratiSedhe param ityeSA ca paribhASA yena pUrveNa lakSaNena saha spardhate, paraM lakSaNaM tatprati tasya asiddhatvAn na pravartate. tathA ca visphoryam, agoryam iti guNaH pareNa hali ca iti dIrgha-tvena na bAdhyate. apavAdasya tu parasya api utsarge kartavye vacanaprAmaNyAdasiddhatvaM na bhavati. tena dogdhA, dogdhum ityatra ghatvasya asiddhatvAd ho DhaH iti na bhavati.

The name of this rule is pUrvatrAsiddham , but in the classroom we ended up calling it "the cantgoback rule".

The literal translation of purvatra asiddham is "unaccomplished with respect to previous". How come that ends up meaning "the changes made by the following rules will not affect the previous rules"?

* This rule is a headline that affects all rules from here down to the end of the grammar, at a_a.

* The word asiddham, "unaccomplished", means that the changes made by those rules have to be considered null and void from the viewpoint of any previous rules.

* Therefore, when 82023 saMyogAnta turns hanumAnt into hanumAn, then rule 82007 nalopaHprA, which is before saMyogAnta, does not notice that the t has disappeared, and does not work.

* But rule 83007 nazchavya is after saMyogAnta, so that one will notice that the t has disappeared, and will work, making hanumAMs tiSThati.

na-lopaH prAtipadik%Antasya ONPANINI 82007
Nounbasefinal ( wordfinal) n to lopa.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 973

Example 1.

rAjan- is a nounbase, and when we add su after it we get rAjAns.

This rAjAns is a word, and the rAjAn part inside it is a nounbase.

So this n of rAjAns is at the end of a nounbase, but not at the end of a word.

Now, when rule halGyA deletes the s, we get rAjAn, which is both a word and a nounbase.

So the n is now both wordfinal and nounbasefinal.

Then nalopaHprA deletes it, and we say rAjA.

Example 2.

The two words rAjJaH puruSaH "man of the king" can be made into a compound that means "king's officer, policeman".

rAjJas is built from rAjan- + Gas. The rAjan- nounbase is not a word, but after we add Gas, the resulting rAjJas is a word by rule suptiG.

Rule supodhA teaches that when we form the compound, and put rAjJAs in front of puRuSas, rAjJas loses its Gas by luk, and becomes rAjan again. This rAjan is still a word because rule nalumatAGgasya says so.

Therefore now the n of rAjan is both nounbasefinal and wordfinal.

So this rule nalopaHprA deletes the n, and we say rAjapuruSaH.

KAZIKA padasya iti vartate. prAtipadikasya padasya yo 'ntyo nakAraH tasya lopo bhavati. rAjA. rAjabhyAm. rAjabhiH. rAjatA. rAjataraH. rAjatamaH. prAtipadikagrahaNaM kim? ahannahim. antagrahaNaM kim? rAjAnau. rAjAnaH. prAtipadikagrahaNam asamastam eva supAM sulukiti SaSThyA lukA nirdiSTam. ahno nalopapratiSedho vaktavyaH. ahaH. ahobhyAm. ahobhiH. ro 'supi, ahan iti repharutvayorasiddhatvAt nalopaH prApnoti, sAvakAzaM tadubhayaM sambuddhau, he 'haH, he dIrghAto nidAgheti? tatra samAdhimAhuH. ahaniti ruvidhau yadupAdIyate prathamaikavacanAntam akRtanalopaM tadAvartyate, tatra ekayA AvRttyA tadevaM rUpaM nalopAbhAvArtham anvAkhyAyate, dvitIyayApi tasya ruH vidhIyate.

na Gi;saMbuddhyoH ONPANINI 82008
But not before calling.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 974

Exception to nalopaHprA above -- the wordfinal nounbasefinal n does stay if it was before calling.

Examples --

rAjan- + @calling su →halGyA rAjan- + lopa → rAjan "hey king"

yogin- + @calling → yogin "hey yogi"

KAZIKA Gau parataH sambuddhau ca nakAra-lopo na bhavati. Ardre carman. lohite carman. supAM lukiti Gerluk. sambuddhau he rAjan. he takSan. etasmAd eva nalopapratiSedhavacanAtapratyayaH iti pratyayalakSaNena prAtipadikasaMjJA na pratiSidhyate iti jJApyate, bhasaMjJA ca na bhavati iti. tathA ca rAjJaH puruSaH rAjapuruSaH ityatra nalopazca bhavati, allopazca na bhavati. GAvuttarapade pratiSedhasya pratiSedho vaktavyaH. carmaNi tilA asya carmatilaH. he rAjan vRndAraka ityatra samudAyArthasambodhanam, na pUrvapadArthasambodhanaM pratIyate iti sambuddhyantaM pUrvapadaM na eva samasyate. vA napuMsakAnAm iti vaktavyam. he carman, he carma.

The Gi in the original rule is a vedic affix, not our super-common Gi. Just ignore it.

m;Ad upadhAyAz ca mator vo 'yavAdibhyaH ONPANINI 82009
matup to vatup after nexttolast or last m a A. Unless after yava etc.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 975

Examples with (a, m, A)-enders --

vRkSAs + matup vRkSavat- "treed"

mAlA + matup mAlAvat- "garlanded"

kim + matup kiMvat- "having what?"

Examples with nexttolast a --

yazas + matup yazasvat- "good-famed"

saras + matup sarasvat- "many-laked"

Counterexamples with no m a A --

gomat- "that has cattle"

See also exception tasauma.

See also jhayaH.

KAZIKA matoH iha kAryitvena upAdAnAt sAmarthyalabdhaM prAtipadikaM tat mAtiti makArAvarNAbhyAM viziSyate. makArAvarNaviziSTayA ca upadhayA ityayam artho bhavati. makArAntAt makAropadhAtavarNAntAdavarNopadhAt ca uttarasya matoH vaH ityayam Adezo bhavati, yavAdibhyas tu parato na bhavati. makArAntAt tAvat kiMvAn. zaMvAn. makAropadhAt zamIvAn. dADimIvAn. avarNAntAt vRkSavAn. plakSavAn. khaTvAvAn. mAlAvAn. avarNopadhAt payasvAn. yazasvAn. bhAsvAn. mAdupadhAyAzca iti kim? agnimAt. vAyumAn. ayavAdibhyaH iti kim? yavamAn. dalmimAn. UrmimAn. yava. dalmi. Urmi. bhUmi. kRmi. kruJcA. vazA. drAkSA. eteSAM mAdupadhAyAzca. iti prApnoti. dhraji, dhvaji, saJji ityeteSAM chandasIraH 82015 iti. harit, kakut, garutityeteSAM jhayaH 82010 iti. ikSu, madhu, druma, maNDa, dhUma ityeteSAM saMjJAyAm 82011 iti. AkRtigaNazca yavAdiH. akRtavattvo matub yavAdiSu draSTavyaH. yasya sati nimitte matupo vattvaM na dRzyate sa yavAdiSu draSTavyaH iha nRmataH idaM nArmatam iti bahiraGgalakSaNatvAtavarNopadhasya matupo vattvaM na bhavati.

The word yavAdibhyaH "unless after yava etc" means --

" If you come across exceptions to this rule, such as

yavamat- "that has barley"

in serious ancient writers, they are fine. Just don't make your own exceptions, okay? "

jhayaH ONPANINI 82010
( matup to vatup) after a stop.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 976

Addition to mAdupa above.

Examples:

vidyut- + matup vidyutvat- "that has lightning"

megho vidyutvAn "the cloud has (lots of) lightning"

marutvat- "that has maruts"

marutvAn indraH " indra lord of the winds"

dRSadvat- "that has (many) rocks"

dRSadvantaH parvatAH "the Rocky Mountains"

dRSadvantaH "the Rockies"

This rule has random exceptions, like --

garutmat- "that has wings"

KAZIKA jhayantAd uttarasya matoH vaH ity ayam Adezo bhavati. agnicitvAn grAmaH. vidyutvAn balAhakaH. indro marutvAn. dRSadvAn dezaH.

saMyog%Antasya lopaH ONPANINI 82023
chop wordfinal cluster.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 977

As in --

nRt + laG jhi → nRt + zyan + jhi → nRt + zyan + ant''' →luGlaG anRtyant anRtyan "they danced"

( nalopaHprA did not chop the n because of cantgoback )

hanumat(up)- + su →atvasa hanumAts →ugidacA hanumAnts →halGyA hanumAnt hanumAn "pn"

See also exception rAtsasya.

KAZIKA saMyogAntasya padasya lopo bhavati. gomAn. yavamAn. kRtavAn. hatavAn. iha zreyAn, bhUyAniti rutvam param api asiddhatvAt saMyogAntasay lopaM na bAdhate. jaztve tu nAprApte tadArabhyAte iti tasya bAdhakaM bhavati, yazaH, payaH iti. dadhyatra, madhvatra, ityatra tu yaNAdezasya bihiraGgalakSaNasya asiddhatvAt saMyogAntalopo na bhavati.

rAt sasya ONPANINI 82024
But after r, delete s only.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 978

Exception to saMyogAnta. Rule saMyogAnta will work normally on rs --

pitR + Gas →Rta::ut piturs →saMyogAnta pitur "of father"

but it won't work on the clusters that end in r plus non-s --

Urj- + su →halGyA Urj →coHkuH Urg →beforepause Urk "strength; juice"

mRj + laG tip OR sip →itazca mRj + t''' OR s''' →halGyA mRj →luGlaG aT + mRj →mRjervRddhiH amArj →vrazca amArS →jhalAJjazonte amArD →beforepause amArT "you / he / she rubbed"

The only Sanskrit words that end in two consonants are made by this exception.

KAZIKA saMyogAntapadasya yo rephaH tasmAduttarasya antasya sakArasya lopo bhavati. gobhirakSAH. pratyaJcamatsAH. kSarateH tsaratezca luGi sicaH chAndasatvAdIDabhAvaH bahulaM chandasi 73097 iti vacanAt. dIrghe sati rUpam etat. mAtuH, pituH iti Rta ut iti uttve kRte raparatve ca sati rAt sasy eti salopaH. siddhe satyArambho niyamArthaH, rAt sasya eva lopo bhavati, na anyasya iti. UrjeH kvip Urk. mRjeH laGi amArT.

dhi ca ONPANINI 82025
(Erase s) before dh.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 979

This erases the s of sic, tAs, and lukclass roots that end in s (like As), before dhvam and dhve'''.

Examples --

As + laT dhvam → As + dhve''' → Adhve "y'all sit"

As + laG dhvam →AD-aj-AdInAm AT + As + dhvAm →akassa Adhvam "y'all sat"

As + loT dhvam → As + dhvam'''' → Adhvam "please sit everybody"

kR + luT dhvam → kR + tAs + dhve''' kartAdhve "y'all will do"

jhalo jhali ONPANINI 82026
(Erase sic) after serious before serious.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 980

Examples --

bhid + luG ta →luGlaG abhid + ta → abhid + sic + ta abhid + ta →kharica abhitta "he broke"

gAh + luG thAs → gAh + sic + thAs →luGlaG agAh + s + thAs agAh + thAs →hoDhaH agADhthAs →jhaSastatho agADhdhAs →STunA agADhDhas →DhoDhelopaH agADhAs "you went into"

hrasvAd aGgAt ONPANINI 82027
iT-less ( sic to lopa) after short (before serious).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 981 luG

As in --

kR + luG ta aT + kR + sic + ta akRta "made"

but before non- serious AtAm, the s stays --

kR + luG tas aT + kR + sic + AtAm →kric akRSAtAm "both made"

and after long o too --

plu + luG ta aT + plu + sic + ta →hardsoft aplosta →kric aploSta →STunA aploSTa "jumped"

KAZIKA hrasvAntAd aGgAd uttarasya lopo bhavati jhali parataH. akRta. akRthAH. ahRta. ahRthAH. hrasvAtiti kim? acyoSTa. aploSTa. aGgAtiti kim? alAviSTAm. alAviSuH. jhali ityeva, akRSAtAm. akRSata. ayam api sica eva lopaH, tena iha na bhavati, dviSTarAm, dviSTamAm iti. sujantAd dvizabdAt taraptamapau, adravyaprakarSe AtizayikaH Am pratyayaH.

iTa:: ITi ONPANINI 82028
iSic disappears before It''' Is'''.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 982

After sic and iSic, t''' s''' turn into It''' Is''' by astisico'pRkte. The sic stays, but the iSic is completely zapped. So after the seT root lU we have --

lU + luG tip alU + iSic + t''' → alU + iSic + It''' →sicivRddhiH alau + iSic + It alau + It''' →ecoya alAvIt "he reaped"

You might want to remember this rule as " iSIt iSIs to It Is ".

After the other luG affixes, iS stays --

alU + iSic + jhi →sij;abhyasta alU + iS + jus →sicivRddhiH alau + iS + us →ecoya alAviSus "they reaped"

The sic that has no iT stays before all luG affixes. So with the aniT root dRz -- --

dRz + luG tip adrAkSIt "he saw"

dRz + luG jhi adrAkSus "they saw"

See also tanAdibhyasta;thAsoH, a similar rule that works befor ta thAs.

KAZIKA iTaH uttarasya sakArasya lopo bhavati ITi parataH. adAvIt. alAvIt. asevIt. akoSIt. amoSIt. iTaH iti kim? akArSIt. ahArSIt. ITi iti kim? alAviSTAm. alAviSuH.

skoH saMyogAdyor ante ca ONPANINI 82029
Delete s k that start a cluster that is (before serious) or is wordfinal.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 983

Exception to saMyogAnta above, that would have dropped the last letter.

Examples of deleting s --

@soft liG tip → yAsuT + tip → yAs(uT) + t''' → yAst yAt'''

as in

bhU + yAt''' → bhUyAt "may he be"

lasj + kta → lasj + na laj + na →coHkuH lagna- "stuck to"

..

masj + kta magna- "sunk"

(This root lasj "adhere" appears listed in the mmw as lag, and the root masj "sink" as majj.)

Examples of deleting k --

AkAGkS + sva''' AkAGS + sva →SaDhoHkassi AkAGk + sva →kric AkAGkSva "look for!"

takS "hew" + kta taS + ta → taSTa- "was hewn, was pared"

pra + caks + laG ta →luGlaG pra + acakSta →akassa prAcakSta prAcaSta →STunA prAcaSTa "he said"

pra + cakS + loT thAs → pracakS + sva''' pracaS + sva →SaDhoHkassi pracakSva "speak!"

Example with a wordfinal sj --

bhrasj "fry" + kvip + su →grahi;jyA bhRsj- + su →halGyA bhRsj bhRj →vrazcabhrasjas bhRS →jhalAJjazonte bhRD "frier"

This bhrasj root is listed in inria mmw as bhRjj bhrajj.

KAZIKA padasya ante yaH saMyogaH, jhali parato vA yaH saMyogaH, tadAdyoH sakArakakArayor lopo bhavati. lasjeH lagnaH. lagnavAn. sAdhulak. masjeH magnaH. kakArasya takSeH taT. taSTaH. taSTavAn. kASThatat. jhali saGIti vaktavyam. kim idaM siGi iti? sanaH saprabhRti mahiGo GakAreNa pratyAhAraH. iha mA bhUt, kaSThazakSthAtA iti. thakAre jhali kakArasya saMyogAder lopaH prApnoti. tadatra zakeH kvibantasya prayoga eva na asti ityAha kASThazageva na asti, kuto 'yaM kASThazaki tiSThetiti. vAsyartham, kAkvartham ityatra api bahiraGgalakSaNasya yaNAdezasya asiddhatvAt saMyogAdilopo na bhavati. skoH iti kim? narnarti. varvarti. saMyogAdyoH iti kim? payaHzak. ante ca iti kim? takSitaH. takSakaH.

coH kuH ONPANINI 82030
cu (that is wordfinal or before serious) to ku.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 984

This changes c ch j jh J into k kh g gh G respectively.

Example of wordfinal c to k --

vAc- + su →halGyA vAc vAk →jhalAJjazonte vAg →beforepause vAk @f "speech"

Example of non- wordfinal j to g before t, which is a serious --

bhuj + tumun →puganta bhoj + tum bhog + tum →kharica bhoktum "to eat"

Sometimes cu will change into ku before a non- serious by rule cajoHku.

KAZIKA cavargasya kavargAdezo bhavati jhali parataH, padAnte ca. paktA. paktum. paktavyam. odanapak. vaktA. vaktum. vaktavyam. vAk. kruJcA ityatra siGi iti vacanAd JakArasya cakAre jhali kutvaM na bhavati, yujikruJcAM ca iti nipAtanAd vA. nakAropadho vA dhAturayaM repharahitazca kruJca kauTilyAlpIbhAvayoH iti paThyate. nakAralope hi nikucitiH iti dRzyate. yujikruJcAM ca iti tasyaiva repho 'dhiko nakArasya lopAbhAvazca iti nipAtyate. tatra anusvArasya parasavarNasya ca asiddhatvAt JakAra eva na asti iti kutvaM na bhaviSyati.

ho DhaH ONPANINI 82031
h (that is wordfinal or before serious) to Dh.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 985

Examples of wordfinal h --

madhulih- + bhis madhuliDh + bhis →jhalAJjazonte madhuliDbhis "by bees"

madhulih- + su →halGyA madhulih madhuliDh →jhalAJjazonte madhuliD →beforepause madhuliT "bee"

Examples of h before serious --

guh + kta guDh + ta →jhaSasta guDh + dha →STunA guDh + Dha →DhoDhelopaH gu + Dha →Dhralope gU + Dha → gUDha- "hidden"

vah + tRc voDhR- "carrier, puller"

sah + tumun soDhum "to endure"

The o came from sahivahorodavarNasya.

See also exception nahodhaH below.

KAZIKA hakArasya DhakAradezo bhavati jhali parataH padAnte ca. soDhA. soDhum. soDhavyam. jalASAt. voDhA. voDhum. voDhavyam. praSThavAT. divyavAT.

dAder dhAtor ghaH ONPANINI 82032
d-starter h-ender root to gh (if wordfinal or before serious).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 986

(Exception to hoDhaH, that would have replaced h with Dh here too.)

The roots that start with d and end in h are dah druh duh. This rule turns them into dagh drugh dugh.

Examples with the root before affixes that start with t, a serious letter --

dah + kta dagh + ta →jhaSasta;tho dagh + dha →jhalAJjazjhazi dagdha- "burnt"

duh + laT ta → duh + te''' → dugh + te →jhaSasta;tho dugh + dhe →jhalAJjazjhazi dugdhe "he milks"

If the affix starts with s or dhv, there will be throwback --

duh + laT sip →puganta doh + sip dogh + si →throwback dhogh + si →kharica dhok + si →kric dhokSi "you milk"

dah + sya + tip dagh + sya + ti →throwback dhag + syati →kric dhagSyati →kharica dhakSyati "he will burn"

And also if the root is wordfinal --

kAmaduh- @f + su →halGyA kAmaduh kAmadugh →throwback kAmadhugh →jhalAJjazonte kAmadhug "desire-yielder" (name of a mythical cow)

druh + sup' →svAdiSva druh ( wordfinal ) + su drugh + su →jhalAJjazonte dhrug + su →kharica dhruk + su →kric dhrukSu "about traitors"

KAZIKA dakArAdeH dhAtoH hakArasya ghakArAdezo bhavati jhali parataH padAnte ca. dagdhA. dagdhum. dagdhavyam. kASThadhak. dogdhA. dogdhum. dogdhavyam. godhuk. dAdeH iti kim? leDhA. leDhum. leDhavyam. guDaliT. dhAtoH iti dAdisamAnAdhikaraNam etan na, kiM tarhi, tadvizeSaNam avayavaSaSThyantam, dhAtoravayavo yo dAdiH zabdas tadavayavasya hakArasya iti. kiM kRtaM bhavati? adhokityatra api ghakAraH siddho bhavati. kathaM dogdhA, dogdhum iti? vyapadezivadbhAvAt. atha vA dhAtUpadeze yo dAdiH ityevaM vijJAyate. tathA ca dAmalihamicchati dAmalihyati, dAmalihyateH kvip pratyayaH dAmaliTityatra api na bhavati.

vA druha;muha; SNuha;SNihAm ONPANINI 82033
Optionally druh muh SNuh SNih to (gh when wordfinal or before serious).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 987

Exception to hoDhaH, that would have made Dh.

When wordfinal --

druh- + su drugh + su →halGyA drugh →throwback dhrugh →jhalAJjazonte dhrug "harmer"

As in mitradhrug "friend-harmer, traitor".

druh + bhis dhrugbhis

druh + sup' dhrukSu

Before serious t --

druh- + tRc droghdhR- →jhalAMjazjhazi drogDhR-

In the alternative, hoDhaH works as usual --

druh- + su →halGyA druh →hoDhaH druDh →throwback dhruDh →jhalAJjazonte dhruD "harmer"

As in mitradhruD "friend-harmer".

druDbhis

druTsu

druh- + tRc →hoDhaH droDhdhR- →DhoDhe droDhR-

KAZIKA druha muha SNuha SNiha ityeteSAM dhAtUnAM hakArasya vA ghakArAdezo bhavati jhali parataH padAnte ca. druha drogdhA, droDhA. mitradhruk, mitradhruT. muha unmogdhA, unmoDhA. unmuk, unmuG. SNuha utsnogdhA, utsnoDhA. utsnuk, utsnuT. SNiha snegdhA, sneDhA. snik, sniT. druheH dAditvAd ghatvaMnityaM prAptam, itareSAm aprAptam eva ghatvaM vikalpyate.

Rule dAderdhA would have given druh compulsory gh replacement. This rule mentions druh to make the replacement optional.

naho dhaH ONPANINI 82034
nah to dh (when wordfinal or before serious).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 988

Exception to hoDhaH. The root nah nahyati 04.0062 "tie" turns into nadh, not naDh.

Example--

nah + kta nadh + ta →jhaSastatho nadh + dha →jhalAJjazjhazi nad + dha → naddha- "tied"

More examples in the kAzikA.

KAZIKA naho hakArasya dhakArAdezo bhavati jhali pare padAnte ca. naddham. naddhum. naddhavyam. upAnat. parINat.

Ahas thaH ONPANINI 82035
Ah to th (before serious).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 989

Exception to hoDhaH. Only example --

brU + laT sip →bruvaHpaJcA brU + thal →bruvaHpaJcA Ah + thal Aththa →kharica Attha "you say"

KAZIKA Aho hakArasya thakAr'-Adezo bhavati jhali parataH. idam Attha. kim Attha. AdezAntarakaraNaM jhaSastathordho 'dhaH ityasya nivRtty-artham. jhali ity eva, Aha, AhatuH, AhuH. hRgrahorbhazchandasi hasyeti vaktavyam. gardabhena sambharati. grabhItA. jabhrire. udgrAbhaM ca nigrAbhaM ca brahma devA avIvRdhan.

vrazca;bhrasja;sRja; mRja;yaja;rAja; bhrAja;ccha;zAM SaH ONPANINI 82036
ch z vrazc bhrasj sRj mRj yaj rAj bhrAj to S (before serious and when wordfinal).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 990

Examples before serious t --

z to S --

dRz + kta dRS + ta →STunA dRSTa- "was seen"

dRz + tumun →sRji;dRzo draz + tum draS + tum →STunA draSTum "to see"

ch to S. The cha mentioned in the rule replaces both ch proper, and its satellite c made by checa --

prach + tumun →checa pracch + tum praStum →STunA praSTum

sRj to sRS --

sRj + tRn → sRj + tR →sRjidRzo sRaj + tR →ikoya srajtR- sraStR- →STunA sraSTR- "loosener"

Examples with wordfinal --

z to S to D --

viz + su →halGyA viz viS →jhalAMjazonte viD

viz + bhis viS + bhis →jhalAMjazonte viD + bhis "by settlers"

rAj to rAS to rAD --

samrAj- ( see morAji ) + su →halGyA samrAj samrAS →jhalAJjazonte samrAD →beforepause samrAT "emperor"

parivrAj- + su parivrAD "wandering mendicant"

Counterexample. This rule will not work on a kvin-ender, because of the exception kvinpratyayasyakuH below.

diz- + su →halGyA diz →kvinpratyayasya dikh →jhalAJjazonte dig "direction"

We know that diz- has kvin because Rtvig;dadhRk says so.

KAZIKA vrazca bhrasja sRja mRja yaja rAja bhrAja ityeteSAm, chakArAntAnAm, zakArAntAnAM ca SakAraH Adezo bhavati jhali parataH padAnte ca. vrazca vraSTA. vraSTum. vraSTavyam. mUlavRT. bhrasja bhraSTA. bhraSTum. bhraSTavyam. dhAnAbhRT. sRja sraSTa. sraSTum. sraSTavyam. rajjusRT. mRja mArSTA. mArSTum. mArSTavyam. kaMsaparimRT. yaja yaSTA. yaSTum. yaSTavyam. upayaT. rAja samrAT. svarAT. virAT. bhrAja vibhrAT. rAjabhrAjoH padAntArthaM grahaNam, jhalAdirAbhyAmiTA paryavapadyate. kecit tu rASTiH, bhrASTiH iti kvinnantam icchanti. chakArAntAnAm praccha praSTA. praSTum. praSTavyam. zabdaprAT. cchvoH zUDanunAsike cety atra kGiti ity anuvartate iti cha-grahaNam iha kriyate. zakArAntAnAm liz leSTA. leSTum. leSTavyam. liT. viz veSTA. veStum. veSTavyam. viT.

ekAco bazo bhaS jhaS-antasya s;dhvoH ONPANINI 82037
Replace with bhaS the baz of an ekAc jhaS-ender root that is wordfinal or before s dhv.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 991

I call this rule as "the throwback rule", because it changes --

dugh into dhug,

budh into bhud,

guDh into ghuD,

and that looks as if the fake h jumped back.

Example when the h of duh- is wordfinal and turns into gh, which is a jhaS --

duh + laG tip →luGlaG aduh + tip → aduh + t''' →halGyA aduh →dAderdhAtorghaH adugh adhug "he milked"

duh- + su →halGyA duh →dAderdhAtorghaH dugh dhugh →jhalAMjazo'nte dhug "milker"

as in --

kAma- + duh- + su → kAmadhug "wish-yielder"

but h is not wordfinal in --

kAma- + duh- + am → kAmaduham "wish-yielder"

Examples with dh Dh gh before s --

budh + sya + te''' bhudh + syate →puganta bhodhsyate →kharica bhotsyate "he will wake up"

duh + luG tip → duh + t''' →luGlaG aduh + t → aduh + ksa + t →dAderdhAtorghaH adugh + sa + t adhughsat →kharica adhuksat →kric adhukSat "he milked"

duh + luG dhvam →luGlaG a + duh + dhvam → aduh + ksa + dhvam →dAderdhAtorghaH adugh + sa + dhvam adhughsadhvam →kharica adhuksadhvam →kric adhukSadhvam "y'all milked"

Example with duh before dhv --

duh + laG dhvam →luGlaG aduh + dhvam →dAderdhAtorghaH adugh + dhvam adhughdhvam →jhalAJjazjhazi adhugdhvam "y'all milked"

KAZIKA dhAtoravayavo ya ekAc jhaSantaH tadavayavasya bazaH sthAne bhaSAdezo bhavati jhali sakAre dhvazabde ca parataH padAnte ca. atra catvaro bazaH sthAnino bhaSAdezAzcatvAra eva, tatra saGkhyAtAnudeze prApte DakArasya sthAnino 'bhAvAt DhakArAdezo na bhavati? Antaryato vyavasthA vijJAsyate. budha bhotsyante. abhuddhvam. arthabhut. guha nighokSyate. nyaghUDhvam. parNaghuT. duha dhokSyate. adhugdhvam. godhuk. ajarghAH gudheH yaGlugantasya laGi sipi labhUpadhaguNe kRte sipo halGyAdilope ca dhAtoH avayavasya ekAco bazaH sthAne bhaSbhAvaH, tato dhakArasya jaztvam, daz ca x iti rutvam, ro ri iti pUrvarephasya lopaH, Dhralope pUrvasya dIrgho 'NaH iti dIrghatvam. gadarbhayateH apratyayaH gardhap. ekAcaH iti kim? dAmaliham icchati dAmalihyati, dAmalihyater apratyayaH, dAmaliT. asati hy ekAj-grahaNe dhAtoH ity etad bazo vizeSaNaM syAt. bazaH iti kim? krudha krotsyati. jhaSantasya iti kim? dAsyati. sdhvoH iti kim? boddhA. voddhum. boddhavyam. dhakArasya bakAropasRSTasya grahaNaM kim? dAdaddhi. dadha dhAraNe ity etasya yaGluki loTi hujhalbhyo her dhiH iti dhi-bhAve satyetad bhavati.

Last time I checked, inria admitted adugdhvam and rejected adhugdhvam. Those are two bugs. pANini says so. zrI-pANinaye namahAAA. For better performance with uncommon forms, use the hyderabad tools instead. It's quite annoying to use but gets mostly everything right afaik.

dadhas ta;thoz ca ONPANINI 82038
dadh to (dhadh-) before t th s dh.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 992

This " dadh " is the dadhA that came from dhA + zlu and lost A by znAbhyasta.

Examples before t, th, s, dh --

dhA + laT tas dadhA + tas →znAbhyasta dadh + tas dhadhthas →jhalAJjazjhazi dhadthas →kharica dhatthas "both are putting"

dhA + laT thas dadh + thas dhadh + thas dhatthas "you two are putting"

dhA + laG thAs a + dadh + se''' a + dhadhse → adhadse → adhatse "thou didst put"

dhA + laT dhvam dadh- + dhve''' dhadhdhve → dhaddhve "y'all are putting"

KAZIKA dadhaH iti dadhatiH kRtadvirvacano nirdizyate. tasya jhalantasya bazaH sthAne bhaSAdezo bhavati takArathakArayoH parataH, cakArAt sdhvozca parataH. dhattaH. dhatthaH. dhatse. dhaddhvam. vacanasAmarthyAdAto lopasya sthAnivadbhAvo na bhavati. abhyAsajaztvasya ca asiddhatvam. tathoH iti kim? AnantaryAt sdhvoreva vijJAyeta. cakAraH tayoranuvRttyarthaH. jhaSantasya ityeva, dadhAti.