61084 Replace previous and next with one.
61085 That one replacement counts as the end of the previous and the beginning of the following.
61086
61087
61088 with
61089 with
61090 Merge
61093 Merge
61094 "
61095 before
61096 before
61097 "
61098
61101 Merge
61102 Merge
61103 And then
61104 does not
61105 of long with
61107
61108 after stretched.
61109 After wordfinal
61110
talkaround. The rules below, down to Rta::ut, replace two things with the same thing. They are called " merge rules" (
Example 1.
Rule vRddhireci below teaches "replace
Example 2.
Rule AdguNaH below teaches "after
Translating these rules literally is sort of inconvenient, so I will be translating them in the style " merge
See also antAdivacca below.
KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. khyatyAt parasya iti prAg etasmAt sUtrAd ity uttaraM yad vakSyAmas tatra pUrvasya parasya dvayor api sthAne ekAdezo bhavati ity etad veditavyam. vakSyati Ad guNaH iti. tatrAci pUrvasya avarNAt ca parasya sthAne eko guNo bhavati. khaTvendraH mAlendraH. pUrvaparagrahaNaM dvayor api yugapad-Adeza-pratipatty-artham, ekasya eva hi syAt, nobhe saptamI-paJcamyau yugapat prakalpike bhavataH iti. ekagrahaNam pRthag-Adeza-nivRtty-arthaM, sthAnibhedAd dhi bhinnAdiSu natvavad dvAv Adezau syAtAm.
Example. Because of rule AdguNaH, when
Now, because of this rule, this
In this example, the fact that the
KAZIKA ekaH iti vartate, pUrvaparayoH iti ca. ekaH pUrvaparayoH iti yo 'yam ekAdezo vidhIyate sa pUrvasya antavad bhavati, parasyAdivad bhavati. yathA tasyAntaH Adir vA tadantarbhUtaH tadgrahaNena gRhyate, tadvadekAdezo 'pi tadgrahaNena grhyate ityeSo 'tidezArthaH. brahmabandhUH ityatra brahmabandhu iti prAtipadikam, UGiti aprAtipadikam, tayoH prAtipadikAprAtipadikayor yaH ekAdezaH sa prAtipadikasya antavad bhavati, yathA zakyate kartuM GyAp prAtipadikAt iti svAdividhiH. vRkSau ityatra subaukAraH asubakAraH, tayoH sub-asupor ekAdezaH supaH Adivad bhavati, yathA zakyate vaktuM subantaM padam iti. varNAzrayavidhau ayam anatAdivadbhAvo nisyate. tathA hi khaTvAbhiH ityatra antavadbhAvAbhAvAt ato bhisa ais iti na bhavati. hvayateH juhAva iti samprasAraNapUrvatvasya AdivadbhAvAhAvAt Ata au NalaH iti na bharvAta. asyai azvaH, asyA azvaH iti vRddhireci iti vRddhiH, eGaH padAntAdati ityatra vidhau Adivan na bhavati. pUrvaparasamudAya ekAdezasya sthAnI, sa hi tena nivartayate. tatra avayavayorAnumAnikaM sthAnitvam iti tadAzrayaM kAryaM sthAnivadbhAvAdaprAptam ityantAdivadbhAvo vidhIyate.
Example of a kric rule ignoring the effect of eGaHpa.
After rules sasaju, atoro, AdguNaH, turn
At this point
Example of a tuk rule ignoring the effect of akassa.
After we join
we would ordinarily expect hrasvasyapiti to do nothing, as
KAZIKA Satve tuki ca kartavye ekadezo 'siddho bhavati, siddhakAryaM na karoti ityarthaH. asiddhavacanam AdezalakSaNapratiSedhartham, utsargalakSaNabhAvArthaM ca. ko 'sicatityatra eGaH padAntAdati iti ekAdezasya paraM pratyAdivadbhAvAtapadAderiNa uttarasya Adezasya sakArasya SatvaM prApnoti, tadasiddhatvAn na bhavati. ko 'sya, yo 'sya, ko 'smai, yo 'smai ityekAdezasya asiddhatvAtiNaH iti SatvaM na bhavati. tugvidhau adhItya, preta ityatra ekAdezasya asiddhatvAt hrasvasya piti kRti tuk iti tug bhavati. samprasAranaGITsu pratiSedho vaktavyaH. samprasAraNe brahmahUSu. samprasAraNapUrvatvasya asiddhatvAt SatvaM na prApnoti. Gau vRkSe cchatram, vRkSe chatram. iTi apace cchatram, apace chatram. AdguNasya asiddhatvAd hrasvalakSaNo nityo 'tra tuk prApnoti, dIrghAt, padAntAd vA iti tugnikalpa iSyate.
Because of the most-alike rule, if the ik is
If the ik is
Otherwise the resulkt of the merge is
See also optional exception RtyakaH.
KAZIKA acIty anuvartate. avarNAt paro yo 'c ca pUrvo yo 'varNaH tayoH pUrva-parayoH avarNAcoH sthAne eko guNa Adezo bhavati. tavedam. khaTvendraH. mAlendraH. tavehate. khaTvehate. tavodakam. khaTvodakam. tavarzyaH. khaTvarzyaH. tavalkAraH. khaTvalkAraH. L-kArasya sthAne yo 'ne yo 'N tasya lapratvam iSyate.
Exception to AdguNaH. We replace
Examples before e o --
Examples before ai au --
KAZIKA Atiti vartate. avarNAt paro ya ec, eci ca pUrvo yaH avarNaH, tayoH pUrvaparayoH avarNaicoH sthAne vRddhirekAdezo bhavati. AdguNasya apavAdaH. brahamaiDakA. khaTvaiDakA. brahmaitikAyanaH. khaTvaitikAyanaH. brahmaudanaH. khaTvaudanaH. brahmaupagavaH. khaTvaupagavaH.
These
Before
Before Uh-, this is an exception to AdguNaH, that would have made
vizva- + vAh- + Gas →
KAZIKA vRddhireci iti vartate, Atiti ca. tad etad ej-grahaNam eter eva vizeSaNaM , na punar edhateH, avyabhicArAt, UThazca sambhavAt. iN gatau ityetasmin dhAtau eci, edha vRddhau ity etasminn UThi ca pUrvaM yadavarNaM tatazca paro yo 'c, tayoH pUrvaparyoH avarNAcoH sthAne vRddhir ekAdezo bhavati. upaiti. upaiSi. upaimi. upaidhate. praidhate. praSThauhaH. praSThauhA. praSThauhe. UThi AdguNApavAdo vRddhir vidhIyate. etyedhatyoH tu eGi pararUpApavAdaH. omAGozca 61095 ityetat tu pararUpaM na bAdhyate, yena na aprApte yo vidhirArabhyate sa tasya bAdhako bhavati iti, purastAdapavAdA anantarAn vidhIn badhante iti vA. tena iha na bhavati, upa A itaH upetaH iti. eci iteva, upa itaH upetaH. akSAdUhinyAM vRddhir vaktavyA. akSauhiNI. svAdIreriNyor vRddhir vaktavyA. svairam. svairiNI. prAdUDhoDhyeSaiSyeSu vRddhir vaktavyA. prauDhaH. prauDhiH. praiSaH. praiSyaH. Rte ca tRtIyAsamAse 'varNAd vRddhir vaktavyA. sukhena RtaH sukhArtaH. duHkhena RtaH duHkhArtaH. RtaH iti kim? sukhena itaH sukhetaH. tRtIyA iti kim? paramartaH. samAse iti kim? sukhenartaH. pravatsatarakambalavasanAnAmrNe vRddhir vaktavyA. pra prArNam. vatsatara vatsatarArNam. kambala kambalArNam. vasana vasanArNam. RNadazAbhyAM vRddhir vaktavyA. RNArNam. dazArNam.
Exception to AdguNaH, that would make
This
Examples:
iS + laG tip → AT +
KAZIKA eci iti nivRttam. aci ityanuvartate. ATaH paro yo ac, aci ca pUrvo ya AT, tayoH pUrvaparayoH ADacoH sthAne vRddhir ekAdezo bhavati. aikSiSTa. aikSata. aikSiSyata. aubhIt. Ardhnon. aubjIt. cakAro 'dhikavidhAnArthaH, usi omAGozca 61095 iti pararUpabAdhanArthaH. ausrIyat. auGkArIyat. A UDhA oDhA, tAmaicchatauDhIyat.
Before non- ik, AT behaves normally --
As + laG ta →
AT + Ge →
The only
KAZIKA otaH ami zasi ca parataH pUrvaparayoH AkAraH Adezo bhavati. gAM pazya. gAH pazya. dyAM pazya. dyAH pazya. dyozabdo 'pi okArAnta eva vidyate, tato 'pi paraM sarvanAmasthAnaM NitiSyate, tena nAprAptAyAM vRddhau ayam AkAro vidhIyamAnastAM bAdhate. am iti dvitIyaikavacanaM gRhyate, zasA sAhacaryAt, supi iti cAdhikArAt. tena acinavam, asunavam ityatra na bhavati.
Exception to vRddhireci.
Examples --
pra +
upa +
This won't work before
KAZIKA Adityeva, upasargAd dhAtau iti ca. avarNAntAt upasargAt eG-Adau dhAtau pUrvaparayoH pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. vRddhireci 61088 ityasya apavAdaH. upelayati. prelayati. upoSati. proSati. kecit vA supyApizaleH 61092 ityanuvartyanti, tac ca vAkyabhedena subdhAtau vikalpaM karoti. upeDakIyati, upaiDakIyati. upodanIyati, upaudanIyati. zakandhvAdiSu pararUpaM vAcyam. zaka andhuH zakandhuH. kula aTA kulaTA. sImantaH kezeSu. sImno 'ntaH sImantaH. anyatra sImAntaH. eve c
My translation of this rule is shoddy, but good for noobs. A better translation of the rule is "merge
This rule and the next three rules ( omAGozca, usyapadAntAt, atoguNe ) are all called " pararUpa substitutions" (with-the-latter substitutions) because they all replace two things with the second of them.
Because of the vArttika
Example with AG. The verb AG + vah means 'to take a woman home, to marry', so
AG + vah + kta + Ap
means a married woman. The initial
KAZIKA Atityeva. avarNAntAt omi AGi ca parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. kA om ityavocat, kom ityavocat. yom ityavocat. AGi khalvapi A UDhA oDhA. adya oDhA adyoDhA. kadA oDhA kadoDhA. tadA oDhA tadoDhA. vRddhireci ity asya apavAdaH. iha tu A RzyAtarzyAt, adya arzyAtadyarzyAtiti akaH savarNe dIrghatvaM bAdhate.
I have no clue what
vah + kta →
see the example
There are three
the jus made by jherjus, that always replaces liG jhi
the us made by parasmaipadAnANN that always replaces liT jhi
the jus made by sija, that sometimes replaces laG jhi and luG jhi
all three make this rule work.
KAZIKA Atityeva. avarNAtapadAntAtusi pUrvaparayoH AdguNApavAdaH pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. bhindyA us bhindyuH. chindyA us chindyuH. adA usaduH. ayA usayuH. apadAntAd iti kim? kA usrA kosrA. kA uSitA koSitA. Atityeva, cakruH. abibhayuH.
If you are curious: the literal translation of the rule is
' non- wordfinal
It is necessary to specify "nonwordfinal" so that the rule applies only to
Exception to akassa and vRddhireci --
KAZIKA apadAntAtiti vartate. akArAtapadantAt guNe parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. pacanti. yajanti. akaH savarne dIrghasya apavAdaH. pace, yaje ityatra vRddhireci iti vRddhiH prApnoti. ataH iti kim? yAnti. vAnti. guNe iti kim? apace. ayaje. apadAntAtityeva, daNDAgram. yupAgram.
There are no examples with
An onomatopoieia is a word that means a sound and sounds roughly like it. For instance, in an English comic book, the word "slam" might be used to suggest the sound of a door suddenly closing. That word is the onomatopoeia "slam", which is not the same as the verb "to slam".
An example in Sanskrit would be the word "
So, according to this rule,
KAZIKA avyaktam aparisphuTavarNam, tadanukaraNaM parisphuTavarNam eva kenacit sAdRzyena tadavyaktam anukaroti, tasya yo atzabdaH tasmAtitau pUrvaparayoH sthAne pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. paTatiti paTiti. ghaTatiti ghaTiti. jJaTatiti jJatiti. chamititi chamiti. avyaktAnukaraNasya iti kim? jagatiti jagaditi. ataH iti kim? maraTiti maraDiti. itau iti kim? paTatatra paTadatra. anekAca iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt, zratiti zraditi. katham ghaTaditi gambhIramambudairnaditam iti? dakArAntam etadanukaraNaM draSTavyam.
Examples between words --
Examples of
If I'm allowed to make up mine --
Examples inside a word --
Inside a word, exception atoguNe might apply.
KAZIKA akaH savarNe aci parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne dIrgha ekAdezo bhavati. daNDAgram. dadhIndraH. madhUdake. hotRRzyaH. akaH iti kim? agnaye. savarne iti kim? dadhy atra. aci ity eva, kumArI zete. nAj-jhalAv ity atra yataciti pratyAhAragrahaNaM tatra grahaNakazAstrasya anabhinirvRttatvAt savarNA na gRhyanta iti savarnatvamIkArazakArayorapratiSiddham. savarNadIrghatve Rti R vA vacanam. Rti savarNe parabhUte tatra R vA bhavati iti vaktavyam. hotR RkAraH hotRkAraH. yadA na R tadA dIrgha eva hotRRkAraH. lRti lR vA vaktavyam. lTti savarNe parato lR vA bhavati iti vaktavyam. hotR lRkAraH hotlRkAraH. hotRRkAraH. RkAralRkArayoH savarNAsaMjJAvidhiruktaH. dIrghapakSe tu samudAyAntaratamasya lRvarNasya dIrghasya abhAvAtRkAraH kriyate.
In old books, when this rule makes an
and other times two avagraha symbols where the
Doing this is now considered out of fashion, and you will find
In other words --
" au jas zas lose their vowel after ak, and lengthen the ak. "
Examples with short ak vowels --
(Remember that au is one vowel, not two, so the whole of it disappears, not just the part written "a".)
The long ak vowels are replaced with themselves, and the sup still loses its vowel --
(there is another word
(can also be
See also exceptions nAdici, dIrghAjjasica, jasica.
KAZIKA akaH iti dIrghaH iti vartate. prathamA-zabdo vibhaktivizeSe rUDhaH, tatsAhacaryAd dvitIyA 'pi prathamA iti uktA. tasyAM prathamAyAM dvitIyAyAM ca vibhaktau aci akaH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvasavarNadIrghaH ekAdezo bhavati. agnI. vAyU. vRkSAH. plakSAH. vRkSAn. plakSAn. ato guNe iti yad akAre pararUpaM tatakaH savarNe dIrgha-tvam eva bAdhate, na tu pUrvasavarna-dIrgha-tvam, purastAd apavAda anantarAn vidhIn bAdhante na uttarAd iti. aci ity eva, vRkSaH. plakSaH. akaH ity eva, nAvau. pUrva-savarna-grahaNaM kim? agnI ity atra pakSe parasavarNo mA bhUt. dIrgha-grahaNaM kim? trimAtre sthAnini trimAtrAdeza-nivRtty-artham.
This rule does not work after non- ak --
nau- + au →
It does not work on
Addition to prathamayo. After prathamayo lengthens the final short vowel of a masculine, replace
Examples with
KAZIKA tasmAt pUrva-savarNa-dIrghAd uttarasya zaso 'vayavasya sakArasya puMsi nakArAdezo bhavati. vRkSAn. agnIn. vAyUn. kartRRn. hartRRn. SaNDakAn. SaNDhakAn. SaNDhakAn. sthUrAn. ararakAn pazya. sarva ete puMliGgaviziSTaM svArthaM pratipAdayanti. iha tu caJceva caJcA, lummanuSye iti kano lupi kRte lupi yuktavad vyaktivacane iti puMso 'pi strIliGgata, tena natvaM na bhavati, caJcAH pazya, vadhrikAH pazya iti. tasmAtiti kim? etAMz carato gAH pazya. zasaH iti kim. vRkSAH. plakSAH. puMsi iti kim? dhenUH. bahvIH. kumarIH.
This rule only works on zas, not on jas. Therefore, with jas,
As prathamayo is an exception to vRddhireci and AdguNaH, when prathamayo does not work, those two do --
KAZIKA a-varNAd ici pUrva-savarNa-dIrgho na bhavati. vRkSau. plakSau khaTve. kuNDe. Ad iti kim? agnI. ici iti kim? vRkSAH.
When a long is before au jas, prathamayo does not work. Therefore akassa, ikoyaNaci and other rules will --
KAZIKA dIrghAt jasi ici ca parataH pUrvasavarNadIrghaH na bhavati. kumAryau. kumAryaH. brahmabandhvau. brahmabandhvaH.
Exception to atoguNe, akassa and ikoyaNaci.
Examples --
This rule does not work on neuters, because svamorna and atom work first.
It does not work after
KAZIKA akaH ityeva. ami parato'kaH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvarupam ekAdezo bhavati. vRkSam. plakSam. agnim. vAyum. pUrvagrahaNam kim? pUrva eva yathA syAt, pUrvasavarNo 'ntaratamo mA bhUd iti, kumArIm ityatra hi trimAtraH syAt. vA chandasi
talkaround rule. This rule teaches that rule igyaNassa, that says just --
" stretching means replacing yaN with ik ",
actually means --
" stretching means replacing yaN with ik and deleting the vowel that is right afterwards."
KAZIKA pUrvaH ityeva. samprasAraNAtaci parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvarUpam ekAdezo bhavati. yaji iSTam. vapi uptam. grahi gRhItam. samprasaraNavidhAnasAmarthyAt vigRhItasya zravaNe prApte pUrvatvaM vidhIyate. vA chandasi 61106 ityeva, mitro no atra varuNo yajyamAnaH. parapUrvatvavidhAne satyarthavat samprasAraNavidhAnam iti iSTa ityevam AdiSu pUrvatvabhAve yaNAdezo bhavatyeva. antaraGge ca aci iRtArthaM vacanam iti bAhye pazcAt sannipatite pUrvatvaM na bhavati. zakahvau. zakahvartham.
Exception to ecoya, that would have made
Examples --
Spelling --
In old times these were always spelled
Nowadays, however, in carefully proofread books, a space and a flycrap is written at the place where the
This sign works like the apostrophe in "don't". This sign shows that an "o" went away and the "don't" was originally "do not". The sign helps English learners to notice that an "o" disappeared, but experienced users do not need it to understand what they are reading, so they will often mispell that as "dont" in email and chat. Expect most Sanskrit users to be similarly careless -- you'll find
Please note: when the eG and the
See also exception sarvatravibhASAgoH.
KAZIKA eG yaH padAntaH tasmAdati parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvarUpam ekAdzo bhavati. agne 'tra. vAyo 'tra. ayavAdezayorayam apavAdaH. eGaH iti kim. dadhyatra. madhvatra. padAntAtiti kim? cayanam. lavanam. ati iti im. vAyo iti. bhAno iti. vAyaviti. bhAnaviti. taparakaraNam iti kim? vAyavAyAhi.
Examples:
KAZIKA eGaH iti vartate, ati iti ca. eGaH uttarayoH GasiGasoH ati parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvarUpam ekAdezo bhavati. agnerAgacchati. vAyorAgacchati. agneH svam. vAyoH svam. apadAntArthaH ArambhaH.