ekaH pUrva-parayoH ONPANINI 61084
Replace previous and next with one.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 572

talkaround. The rules below, down to Rta::ut, replace two things with the same thing. They are called " merge rules" (ekAdeza).

Example 1.

Rule vRddhireci below teaches "replace A before e with ai". But that actually means "replace A with ai and replace the e with that same ai". So the rule turns rAjA + eti into rAjaiti "king goes".

Example 2.

Rule AdguNaH below teaches "after A replace i with e". But that actually means "replace i with e and replace the A with that same e". So rAjA + icchati makes rAjecchati "king wants".

Translating these rules literally is sort of inconvenient, so I will be translating them in the style " merge A with e into ai" or " merge A with i into e".

See also antAdivacca below.

KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. khyatyAt parasya iti prAg etasmAt sUtrAd ity uttaraM yad vakSyAmas tatra pUrvasya parasya dvayor api sthAne ekAdezo bhavati ity etad veditavyam. vakSyati Ad guNaH iti. tatrAci pUrvasya avarNAt ca parasya sthAne eko guNo bhavati. khaTvendraH mAlendraH. pUrvaparagrahaNaM dvayor api yugapad-Adeza-pratipatty-artham, ekasya eva hi syAt, nobhe saptamI-paJcamyau yugapat prakalpike bhavataH iti. ekagrahaNam pRthag-Adeza-nivRtty-arthaM, sthAnibhedAd dhi bhinnAdiSu natvavad dvAv Adezau syAtAm.

ant'-Adivac ca ONPANINI 61085
That one replacement counts as the end of the previous and the beginning of the following.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 573

Example. Because of rule AdguNaH, when lauha- is before iSus we must replace both the a and the i with the same e, this way --

lauha- + iSus → lauheSus "an iron arrow"

Now, because of this rule, this e must be considered to be the last letter of the word lauhe, and the first letter of the word eSus.

In this example, the fact that the e is the last letter of lauhe is important, because otherwise h would be the last and hoDhaH would work.

KAZIKA ekaH iti vartate, pUrvaparayoH iti ca. ekaH pUrvaparayoH iti yo 'yam ekAdezo vidhIyate sa pUrvasya antavad bhavati, parasyAdivad bhavati. yathA tasyAntaH Adir vA tadantarbhUtaH tadgrahaNena gRhyate, tadvadekAdezo 'pi tadgrahaNena grhyate ityeSo 'tidezArthaH. brahmabandhUH ityatra brahmabandhu iti prAtipadikam, UGiti aprAtipadikam, tayoH prAtipadikAprAtipadikayor yaH ekAdezaH sa prAtipadikasya antavad bhavati, yathA zakyate kartuM GyAp prAtipadikAt iti svAdividhiH. vRkSau ityatra subaukAraH asubakAraH, tayoH sub-asupor ekAdezaH supaH Adivad bhavati, yathA zakyate vaktuM subantaM padam iti. varNAzrayavidhau ayam anatAdivadbhAvo nisyate. tathA hi khaTvAbhiH ityatra antavadbhAvAbhAvAt ato bhisa ais iti na bhavati. hvayateH juhAva iti samprasAraNapUrvatvasya AdivadbhAvAhAvAt Ata au NalaH iti na bharvAta. asyai azvaH, asyA azvaH iti vRddhireci iti vRddhiH, eGaH padAntAdati ityatra vidhau Adivan na bhavati. pUrvaparasamudAya ekAdezasya sthAnI, sa hi tena nivartayate. tatra avayavayorAnumAnikaM sthAnitvam iti tadAzrayaM kAryaM sthAnivadbhAvAdaprAptam ityantAdivadbhAvo vidhIyate.

Ad guNaH ONPANINI 61087
( merge) A a with ik into guNa.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 575

Because of the most-alike rule, if the ik is i or I, the result of the merge is e --

atra + idam atredam "this is here"

If the ik is u or U, the result of the merge is o --

mahA- + utsavas mahotsavas "great festival"

Otherwise the resulkt of the merge is a, and then uraN works --

mahA- + RSis mahaSis →uraNraparaH maharSis "great seer"

tava + LkAras tavakAras →RdvadL tavalkAras "your pronunciation of the sound L"

See also optional exception RtyakaH.

KAZIKA acIty anuvartate. avarNAt paro yo 'c ca pUrvo yo 'varNaH tayoH pUrva-parayoH avarNAcoH sthAne eko guNa Adezo bhavati. tavedam. khaTvendraH. mAlendraH. tavehate. khaTvehate. tavodakam. khaTvodakam. tavarzyaH. khaTvarzyaH. tavalkAraH. khaTvalkAraH. L-kArasya sthAne yo 'ne yo 'N tasya lapratvam iSyate.

vRddhir eci ONPANINI 61088
( merge "A a") with ec into vRddhi.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 576

Exception to AdguNaH. We replace e ai o au with ai ai au au.

Examples before e o --

atra + eva atraiva "right here"

tadA + eva tadaiva "right then"

atra + odanas atraudanaH "here's the cooked rice"

mahA + ojas- mahaujas- "highly energetic, very powerful"

Examples before ai au --

jagAma + airAvatas jagAmairAvataH "airAvata came"

tadA + aicchat tadaicchat "then he wanted"

azva- + au azvau "two horses"

na + mahAlaGkA + auSTrI na mahAlaGkauSTrI "Australia is not full of camels"

KAZIKA Atiti vartate. avarNAt paro ya ec, eci ca pUrvo yaH avarNaH, tayoH pUrvaparayoH avarNaicoH sthAne vRddhirekAdezo bhavati. AdguNasya apavAdaH. brahamaiDakA. khaTvaiDakA. brahmaitikAyanaH. khaTvaitikAyanaH. brahmaudanaH. khaTvaudanaH. brahmaupagavaH. khaTvaupagavaH.

ety;edhaty;UThsu ONPANINI 61089
( merge "a A") with eti edhati Uh- (into vRddhi).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 577

These eti edhati stand for all forms of the roots iN' and edh that start with an e. Uh- is a vedic rootnoun that means 'carrier' (from root vah, with stretching).

Before eti and edhati, this is an exception to the exception eGipararUpam, that would have made e --

upa + eti upaiti "approach"

Before Uh-, this is an exception to AdguNaH, that would have made o not au --

vizva- + vAh- + Gas →Uh- vizva + Uh- + Gas → vizvauhas "of the all-sustaining"

KAZIKA vRddhireci iti vartate, Atiti ca. tad etad ej-grahaNam eter eva vizeSaNaM , na punar edhateH, avyabhicArAt, UThazca sambhavAt. iN gatau ityetasmin dhAtau eci, edha vRddhau ity etasminn UThi ca pUrvaM yadavarNaM tatazca paro yo 'c, tayoH pUrvaparyoH avarNAcoH sthAne vRddhir ekAdezo bhavati. upaiti. upaiSi. upaimi. upaidhate. praidhate. praSThauhaH. praSThauhA. praSThauhe. UThi AdguNApavAdo vRddhir vidhIyate. etyedhatyoH tu eGi pararUpApavAdaH. omAGozca 61095 ityetat tu pararUpaM na bAdhyate, yena na aprApte yo vidhirArabhyate sa tasya bAdhako bhavati iti, purastAdapavAdA anantarAn vidhIn badhante iti vA. tena iha na bhavati, upa A itaH upetaH iti. eci iteva, upa itaH upetaH. akSAdUhinyAM vRddhir vaktavyA. akSauhiNI. svAdIreriNyor vRddhir vaktavyA. svairam. svairiNI. prAdUDhoDhyeSaiSyeSu vRddhir vaktavyA. prauDhaH. prauDhiH. praiSaH. praiSyaH. Rte ca tRtIyAsamAse 'varNAd vRddhir vaktavyA. sukhena RtaH sukhArtaH. duHkhena RtaH duHkhArtaH. RtaH iti kim? sukhena itaH sukhetaH. tRtIyA iti kim? paramartaH. samAse iti kim? sukhenartaH. pravatsatarakambalavasanAnAmrNe vRddhir vaktavyA. pra prArNam. vatsatara vatsatarArNam. kambala kambalArNam. vasana vasanArNam. RNadazAbhyAM vRddhir vaktavyA. RNArNam. dazArNam.

ATaz ca ONPANINI 61090
merge A(T) (with ik into vRddhi).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 578

Exception to AdguNaH, that would make A plus ik into guNa.

This A(T) affix is made by several rules -- AD-aj-AdInAm, AD uttama, AN nadyAH. The T label makes Adyantau work.

Examples:

Iks + laG ta →AD-aj-AdInAm AT + IkS + zap + ta aikS + a + ta → aikS → aikSata "he saw"

iS + laG tip → AT + iS + tip aicchat "wanted"

KAZIKA eci iti nivRttam. aci ityanuvartate. ATaH paro yo ac, aci ca pUrvo ya AT, tayoH pUrvaparayoH ADacoH sthAne vRddhir ekAdezo bhavati. aikSiSTa. aikSata. aikSiSyata. aubhIt. Ardhnon. aubjIt. cakAro 'dhikavidhAnArthaH, usi omAGozca 61095 iti pararUpabAdhanArthaH. ausrIyat. auGkArIyat. A UDhA oDhA, tAmaicchatauDhIyat.

Before non- ik, AT behaves normally --

As + laG ta →AD-aj-AdInAm AT + As + ta →akassa Asta "sat"

AT + Ge →vRddhireci ai

'' .auto 'm;zasoH ONPANINI 61093
merge o with am zas into Ammmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 579

The only o nounbases in common use are go- and dyo-, so the only examples are --

go- + am → gAm "cow, bull"

go- + zas → gAs "cows, bulls"

dyo- + am → dyAm "sky"

dyo- + zas → dyAs "skies"

KAZIKA otaH ami zasi ca parataH pUrvaparayoH AkAraH Adezo bhavati. gAM pazya. gAH pazya. dyAM pazya. dyAH pazya. dyozabdo 'pi okArAnta eva vidyate, tato 'pi paraM sarvanAmasthAnaM NitiSyate, tena nAprAptAyAM vRddhau ayam AkAro vidhIyamAnastAM bAdhate. am iti dvitIyaikavacanaM gRhyate, zasA sAhacaryAt, supi iti cAdhikArAt. tena acinavam, asunavam ityatra na bhavati.

eGi pararUpam ONPANINI 61094
(Delete) "a A" of a preverb before eG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ 580

Exception to vRddhireci.

Examples --

pra + ejate → prejate "shines all around, trembles"

upa + oSati → upoSati "burns, sprinkles"

This won't work before eti or edhati, because of exception etyedhatyUThsu.

KAZIKA Adityeva, upasargAd dhAtau iti ca. avarNAntAt upasargAt eG-Adau dhAtau pUrvaparayoH pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. vRddhireci 61088 ityasya apavAdaH. upelayati. prelayati. upoSati. proSati. kecit vA supyApizaleH 61092 ityanuvartyanti, tac ca vAkyabhedena subdhAtau vikalpaM karoti. upeDakIyati, upaiDakIyati. upodanIyati, upaudanIyati. zakandhvAdiSu pararUpaM vAcyam. zaka andhuH zakandhuH. kula aTA kulaTA. sImantaH kezeSu. sImno 'ntaH sImantaH. anyatra sImAntaH. eve c/Aniyoge pararUpaM vaktavyam. iha eva iheva. adya eva adyeva. aniyoge iti kim? iha na bhavati, mA anyatra gAH. otvoSThayoH samAse vA pararUpaM vaktavyam. sthUla otuH sthUlautuH, sthUlotuH. bimbauSThI, bimboSThI. samAse iti kim? tiSTha devadattauSThaM pazya. emann-AdiSu chandasi pararUpaM vaktavyam. apAM tvA eman apAM tveman. apAM tvA odmanapAM tvodman.

My translation of this rule is shoddy, but good for noobs. A better translation of the rule is "merge a A of preverb and eG into the latter". Because we are not deleting the a A, we are actually replacing both of the a and the u of upa + oSati with the same o (this is important because deleting the a would make uboSati).

This rule and the next three rules ( omAGozca, usyapadAntAt, atoguNe ) are all called " pararUpa substitutions" (with-the-latter substitutions) because they all replace two things with the second of them.

Because of the vArttika zakandhvAdiSu ca, there is a small group of compounds that get pararUpa substitution, such as zaka + andhu = zakandhu. See zakandhvAdiH in the gaNapATha for more examples. The list there is not exhaustive, so sometimes we'll find compounds like uSNISA- "turban", from uSNam ISate "avoids heat". See the kAzikA for examples of the other vArttikas.

usy a-pad%AntAt ONPANINI 61096
(Delete A a) before us jus.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 582

There are three us affixes, and all replace jhi --

the jus made by jherjus, that always replaces liG jhi

the us made by parasmaipadAnANN that always replaces liT jhi

the jus made by sija, that sometimes replaces laG jhi and luG jhi

all three make this rule work.

Example with liG jus --

dviS + @hard liG jhi → dviS + jus →yAsuT dviS + yAsus →liGassa dviS + yA + us dviSyus "they would hate"

Example with liT us --

dA + liT jhi → dA + us dadA + us dadus "they gave"

Example with laG jus --

dA + zlu + laG jhi →sija dA + zlu + jus d + us →zlau dAd + us →hrasvaH dad + us →luGlaG adadus "they gave"

Example with luG jus --

aT + dA + sic + jhi →gAtisthA aT + dA + jhi →AtaH a + dA + jus adus "they gave"

KAZIKA Atityeva. avarNAtapadAntAtusi pUrvaparayoH AdguNApavAdaH pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. bhindyA us bhindyuH. chindyA us chindyuH. adA usaduH. ayA usayuH. apadAntAd iti kim? kA usrA kosrA. kA uSitA koSitA. Atityeva, cakruH. abibhayuH.

If you are curious: the literal translation of the rule is

' non- wordfinal a A merges with us into us '

It is necessary to specify "nonwordfinal" so that the rule applies only to us affixes, and not to the us letters that start a word. Otherwise this rule would override AdguNaH in --

kA + usrA →AdguNaH kosrA "which cow?"

ato guNe ONPANINI 61097
(Delete non- wordfinal) "a" before guNa.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 583

Exception to akassa and vRddhireci --

a with a in the same word make a (exception to akassa, that would have made A)

pazya + anti''' pazyanti "they see"

a with e in the same word make e (exception to vRddhireci, that would have made ai)

plava + e''' → plave "I jump"

KAZIKA apadAntAtiti vartate. akArAtapadantAt guNe parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. pacanti. yajanti. akaH savarne dIrghasya apavAdaH. pace, yaje ityatra vRddhireci iti vRddhiH prApnoti. ataH iti kim? yAnti. vAnti. guNe iti kim? apace. ayaje. apadAntAtityeva, daNDAgram. yupAgram.

There are no examples with a + o, because no affix starts with o.

avyaktAnukaraNasy' .Ata:: itau ONPANINI 61098
( merge) at of onomatopoeia with iti.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 584

An onomatopoieia is a word that means a sound and sounds roughly like it. For instance, in an English comic book, the word "slam" might be used to suggest the sound of a door suddenly closing. That word is the onomatopoeia "slam", which is not the same as the verb "to slam".

An example in Sanskrit would be the word "paTat", that means "the sound paT".

So, according to this rule, paTat plus iti makes paTiti, as in --

paTity akarot "it went paT!"

KAZIKA avyaktam aparisphuTavarNam, tadanukaraNaM parisphuTavarNam eva kenacit sAdRzyena tadavyaktam anukaroti, tasya yo atzabdaH tasmAtitau pUrvaparayoH sthAne pararUpam ekAdezo bhavati. paTatiti paTiti. ghaTatiti ghaTiti. jJaTatiti jJatiti. chamititi chamiti. avyaktAnukaraNasya iti kim? jagatiti jagaditi. ataH iti kim? maraTiti maraDiti. itau iti kim? paTatatra paTadatra. anekAca iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt, zratiti zraditi. katham ghaTaditi gambhIramambudairnaditam iti? dakArAntam etadanukaraNaM draSTavyam.

akaH savarNe dIrghaH ONPANINI 61101
merge ak with similar into long.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 585

Examples between words --

a A + a A

tatra + agaccham tatrAgaccham "I went there"

atra + Agaccham atrAgaccham "I came here"

sItA + abravIT sItAbravIt "sItA said"

tadA + Arohat tadArohat "then he climbed"

i + i

dadhi + icchAmi dadhIcchAmi "I want curds"

u + u

zrImadbhagavadgItAsu + upaniSatsu zrImadbhagavadgItasUpaniSatsu

Examples of R RR + R RR are hard to come by, and if I don't want to make one up, I will have to use the rule vqtovA, where R plus RR makes RR --

vR- + RRtas + vA → vRRto vA

If I'm allowed to make up mine --

IkSate guNabhoktR + RSis + → IkSate guNabhoktRRSir nivAramM pacati rSikA "the seer sees the perceiver of the qualities and his wife cooks wild rice"

Examples inside a word --

yA + laT jhi → yA + anti''' → yAnti "they go"

Inside a word, exception atoguNe might apply.

KAZIKA akaH savarNe aci parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne dIrgha ekAdezo bhavati. daNDAgram. dadhIndraH. madhUdake. hotRRzyaH. akaH iti kim? agnaye. savarne iti kim? dadhy atra. aci ity eva, kumArI zete. nAj-jhalAv ity atra yataciti pratyAhAragrahaNaM tatra grahaNakazAstrasya anabhinirvRttatvAt savarNA na gRhyanta iti savarnatvamIkArazakArayorapratiSiddham. savarNadIrghatve Rti R vA vacanam. Rti savarNe parabhUte tatra R vA bhavati iti vaktavyam. hotR RkAraH hotRkAraH. yadA na R tadA dIrgha eva hotRRkAraH. lRti lR vA vaktavyam. lTti savarNe parato lR vA bhavati iti vaktavyam. hotR lRkAraH hotlRkAraH. hotRRkAraH. RkAralRkArayoH savarNAsaMjJAvidhiruktaH. dIrghapakSe tu samudAyAntaratamasya lRvarNasya dIrghasya abhAvAtRkAraH kriyate.

In old books, when this rule makes an A, you will find sometimes an avagraha symbol where the a of the second word disappeared --

sItA + abravIt → sItA 'bravIt

and other times two avagraha symbols where the A of the second word disappeared --

tadArohat → tadA ''rohat

Doing this is now considered out of fashion, and you will find sItAbravIt and tadArohat more often than not. But I encourage my students to do it anyway in their notes, as it can save heaps of confusion when they reread them.

prathamayoH pUrva-savarNaH ONPANINI 61102
merge ak with au jas zas into the lengthened ak.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 586

In other words --

" au jas zas lose their vowel after ak, and lengthen the ak. "

Examples with short ak vowels --

azva- + jas azvAs

RSi- + au RSI

(Remember that au is one vowel, not two, so the whole of it disappears, not just the part written "a".)

guru- + au gurU

guru- + zas gurUs →tasmAccha gurUn

pitR- + zas pitRRs →tasmAccha pitRRn

mAtR- + zas mAtRRs

The long ak vowels are replaced with themselves, and the sup still loses its vowel --

azvA- + zas azvAs "mares"

vRkI- + zas vRkIs "wolvesses"

vadhU- + zas vadhUs' "wives"

(there is another word vadhUs "wife", made from vadhU- + su)

strI- + zas strIs

(can also be striyas, by the option vAmzasoH)

See also exceptions nAdici, dIrghAjjasica, jasica.

KAZIKA akaH iti dIrghaH iti vartate. prathamA-zabdo vibhaktivizeSe rUDhaH, tatsAhacaryAd dvitIyA 'pi prathamA iti uktA. tasyAM prathamAyAM dvitIyAyAM ca vibhaktau aci akaH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvasavarNadIrghaH ekAdezo bhavati. agnI. vAyU. vRkSAH. plakSAH. vRkSAn. plakSAn. ato guNe iti yad akAre pararUpaM tatakaH savarNe dIrgha-tvam eva bAdhate, na tu pUrvasavarna-dIrgha-tvam, purastAd apavAda anantarAn vidhIn bAdhante na uttarAd iti. aci ity eva, vRkSaH. plakSaH. akaH ity eva, nAvau. pUrva-savarna-grahaNaM kim? agnI ity atra pakSe parasavarNo mA bhUt. dIrgha-grahaNaM kim? trimAtre sthAnini trimAtrAdeza-nivRtty-artham.

This rule does not work after non- ak --

nau- + au →ecoya nAvau "two ships"

Ge + au →ecoya gayau "two Ge affixes"

It does not work on grAmaNI- mf, because the exception eranekA replaces I with y before au jas zas. So we say grAmaNyau "two mayors".

tasmAc chaso naH puMsi ONPANINI 61103
And then zas to n if masculine.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 587

Addition to prathamayo. After prathamayo lengthens the final short vowel of a masculine, replace s with n.

Examples with a i, u, R --

azva- + zas →prathamayo azvA- + s azvAn "horses"

kapi- + zas →prathamayo kapI- + s kapIn "monkeys"

guru- + zas → gurUn "teachers, superiors"

pitR- + zas → pitRRn "fathers, ancestors"

KAZIKA tasmAt pUrva-savarNa-dIrghAd uttarasya zaso 'vayavasya sakArasya puMsi nakArAdezo bhavati. vRkSAn. agnIn. vAyUn. kartRRn. hartRRn. SaNDakAn. SaNDhakAn. SaNDhakAn. sthUrAn. ararakAn pazya. sarva ete puMliGgaviziSTaM svArthaM pratipAdayanti. iha tu caJceva caJcA, lummanuSye iti kano lupi kRte lupi yuktavad vyaktivacane iti puMso 'pi strIliGgata, tena natvaM na bhavati, caJcAH pazya, vadhrikAH pazya iti. tasmAtiti kim? etAMz carato gAH pazya. zasaH iti kim. vRkSAH. plakSAH. puMsi iti kim? dhenUH. bahvIH. kumarIH.

This rule only works on zas, not on jas. Therefore, with jas, azvAs can mean horses or mares, but, with zas, azvAn means horses and azvAs means mares.

n' Ad ici ONPANINI 61104
( prathamayo) does not (work on) A a plus au zI.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 588

As prathamayo is an exception to vRddhireci and AdguNaH, when prathamayo does not work, those two do --

azva- + au →vRddhireci azvau

azvA- + au →auGa::ApaH azvA- + zI →AdguNaH azve "two mares"

phala + au →napuMsakAcca phala- + zI →AdguNaH phale "two results"

KAZIKA a-varNAd ici pUrva-savarNa-dIrgho na bhavati. vRkSau. plakSau khaTve. kuNDe. Ad iti kim? agnI. ici iti kim? vRkSAH.

dIrghAj jasi ca ONPANINI 61105
(No prathamayo) of long with au jas.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 589

When a long is before au jas, prathamayo does not work. Therefore akassa, ikoyaNaci and other rules will --

azvA- + jas →akassa azvAs "mares"

vyAghrI- @f + jas →ikoyaNaci vyAghryas "tigresses"

vadhU- @f + au →ikoyaNaci vadhvau "two wives"

brahmabandhu- + au →ikoyaNaci brahmabandhvau "two fake brahmins"

grAmaNI- m @f + jas →eranekAco grAmaNyas "mayors"

KAZIKA dIrghAt jasi ici ca parataH pUrvasavarNadIrghaH na bhavati. kumAryau. kumAryaH. brahmabandhvau. brahmabandhvaH.

ami pUrvaH ONPANINI 61107
am to m (after ak).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 590

Exception to atoguNe, akassa and ikoyaNaci.

Examples --

azva- + am azva + m → azvam "horse"

azva- + Ap + am →akassa azvA- + am azvA + m → azvAm "mare"

kapim "monkey"

nadIm "river"

gurum "teacher"

vadhUm "wife"

This rule does not work on neuters, because svamorna and atom work first.

It does not work after R-, because svamorna or RtoGi work first.

pitR- + am →RtoGi pitaram "father"

KAZIKA akaH ityeva. ami parato'kaH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvarupam ekAdezo bhavati. vRkSam. plakSam. agnim. vAyum. pUrvagrahaNam kim? pUrva eva yathA syAt, pUrvasavarNo 'ntaratamo mA bhUd iti, kumArIm ityatra hi trimAtraH syAt. vA chandasi 61106 ity eva, zamIM ca (kATha. 36.6), zamyaM ca. gaurIM ca, gauryaM (RR. 4.12.6) ca.

samprasAraNAc ca ONPANINI 61108
(Delete whatever is) after stretched.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 591

talkaround rule. This rule teaches that rule igyaNassa, that says just --

" stretching means replacing yaN with ik ",

actually means --

" stretching means replacing yaN with ik and deleting the vowel that is right afterwards."

KAZIKA pUrvaH ityeva. samprasAraNAtaci parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvarUpam ekAdezo bhavati. yaji iSTam. vapi uptam. grahi gRhItam. samprasaraNavidhAnasAmarthyAt vigRhItasya zravaNe prApte pUrvatvaM vidhIyate. vA chandasi 61106 ityeva, mitro no atra varuNo yajyamAnaH. parapUrvatvavidhAne satyarthavat samprasAraNavidhAnam iti iSTa ityevam AdiSu pUrvatvabhAve yaNAdezo bhavatyeva. antaraGge ca aci iRtArthaM vacanam iti bAhye pazcAt sannipatite pUrvatvaM na bhavati. zakahvau. zakahvartham.

eGaH padAntAd ati ONPANINI 61109
After wordfinal eG, "a" (disappears).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 592

Exception to ecoya, that would have made aya ava.

Examples --

vidyate + atra vidyatetra "it's here"

azvas + atra →sasaju azva + ru + atra →atoro azva + u + atra →AdguNaH azvo + atra azvotra "there's a horse here"

Spelling --

In old times these were always spelled azvotra vidyatetra, just like they sound.

Nowadays, however, in carefully proofread books, a space and a flycrap is written at the place where the a disappeared, this way --

vidyate 'tra

azvo 'tra

This sign works like the apostrophe in "don't". This sign shows that an "o" went away and the "don't" was originally "do not". The sign helps English learners to notice that an "o" disappeared, but experienced users do not need it to understand what they are reading, so they will often mispell that as "dont" in email and chat. Expect most Sanskrit users to be similarly careless -- you'll find azvotra often.

Please note: when the eG and the a straddle the middle of a compound, there is no flycrap. So a compound of ziras- + agre is zirogre, not ziro'gre.

See also exception sarvatravibhASAgoH.

KAZIKA eG yaH padAntaH tasmAdati parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvarUpam ekAdzo bhavati. agne 'tra. vAyo 'tra. ayavAdezayorayam apavAdaH. eGaH iti kim. dadhyatra. madhvatra. padAntAtiti kim? cayanam. lavanam. ati iti im. vAyo iti. bhAno iti. vAyaviti. bhAnaviti. taparakaraNam iti kim? vAyavAyAhi.

Gasi;Gasoz ca ONPANINI 61110
Gasi Gas lose a (after eG)mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 593

Examples:

kapi- + Gas →gherGiti kape- + Gas kapes "of monkey"

guru- + Gas →gherGiti guro- + Gas guros "of teacher"

go- + Gas gos "of cow"

KAZIKA eGaH iti vartate, ati iti ca. eGaH uttarayoH GasiGasoH ati parataH pUrvaparayoH sthAne pUrvarUpam ekAdezo bhavati. agnerAgacchati. vAyorAgacchati. agneH svam. vAyoH svam. apadAntArthaH ArambhaH.