luG-sanor ghasL ONPANINI 24037
ad to ghas before luG and san.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 207

Examples --

ad + luG tip ghas(L) + tip →luGlaG aghasL + tip →puSAdidyu aghas + aG + ti → aghas + a + t''' → aghasat "ate"

ad + san + laT tip ghas + san + tip →sassyA ghat + san + tip jighatsati "wants to eat"

KAZIKA luGi sani ca parato 'do ghasL Adezo bhavati. Ldit-karaNam aG-artham. luGi aghasat, aghasatAm, aghasan. sani jighatsati, jighatsataH, jighatsanti. ghasL-bhAve 'cy upasaGkhyAnam. prAtti iti praghasaH.

veJo vayiH ONPANINI 24041
veJ to vay (optionally before liT).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 208

So we may replace veJ with vay before liT. Then we get uvAya Uyatus Uyus "wove" by the same rules that make uvAca Ucatus Ucus --

veJ + atus vay + atus →grahijyA uy + atus →liTidhA u + uy + atus →akassa Uyatus "both wove"

(notice that grahijyA stretched the v, not the y, because of the exception liTivayo)

If we do not take this option, veJ before liT turns into vA by Adeca_u, but then vA does not stretch, because of the exception veJaH --

veJ + atus →Adeca_u vA + atus →Atolopa v + atus →liTidhA vA + v + atus →hrasvaH vavatus "both wove"

vavus "they wove"

vavau "he wove"

KAZIKA liTyanyatarasyAm iti vartate. veJo vayiH Adezo bhavati anyatrasyAM liTi parataH. ikAra uccAraNArthaH. uvAya, UyatuH, UyuH. pakSe UvatuH, UvuH. liTi vayo yaH iti yakArasya samprasAraNaM pratiSidhyate. vazcAsyAnyatarasyAM kiti] iti vakAro vidhIyate vavau, vavatuH, vavuH. veJaH iti samprasAraNaM na bhavati.

hano vadha liGi ONPANINI 24042
han to vadha before ( soft) liG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 209

Examples --

han + @soft liG tas → han + @soft yAt'''' vadha + yAt →atolopaH vadhyAt "may he kill"

han + @soft liG tas → han + yAstAm''' → vadha + yAstAm →atolopaH vadhyAstAm "may both kill"

han + @soft liG jhi → han + yAsus''' vadha + yAsus →atolopaH vadhyAsus "may they kill"

But before hard liG the han stays --

han + @hard yAt''' → hanyAt "may he kill"

KAZIKA hanter dhAtoH vadha ityayam Adezo bhavati liGi parata ArdhadhAtuke. vadhyAt, vadhyAstAm, vadhyAsuH. akArAntazca ayam AdezaH. tatra akArasya lopo bhavati. tasya sthAnivadbhAvAd avadhId iti halantalakSanA vRddhiH na bhavati.

luGi ca ONPANINI 24043
(Replace han with vadha) before luG (and soft liG).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 210

As in --

han + luG tip aT + han + t''' a + vadha + t → avadha + sic + t →atolopaH avadh + s + t → avadh + s + It''' →iTa::ITi avadhIt "he killed"

See exception AtmanepadeSvanyatarasyAm below.

KAZIKA luGi ca parataH hano vadha ityayam Adezo bhavati. avadhIt, avadhISTAm, avadhiSuH. yogavibhAga uttarArthaH. AtmanepadeSu luGi vikalpo yathA syAl liGi mA bhUt.

Why didn't vadh before sic turn into vAdh by vadavraja? This is quite tricky, so read slowly. Because of acaHparasmin, when atolopaH replaced vadha with vadh + lopa, this lopa is somehow sthAnivad to a, and therefore vadh + lopa ends in a vowel. And vadavraja cannot work on vowel-enders.

AtmanepadeSv anyatarasyAm ONPANINI 24044
( han to vadha) optionally before bent ( luG).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 211

han is ordinarily flatty, but after AG, rule AGoyamahanaH makes it bendy.

So before bent, we can either let luGica work as usual --

AG + han + luG ta →luGica A + vadha + ta → Avadha + sic + ta →ArdhadhAtukasyeD Avadha + iSic + ta →atolopaH Avadh + iS + ta →STunA AvadhiSTa "he hit"

A + han + luG AtAm → A + vadha + AtAm AvadhiSAtAm "both hit"

AvadhiSata "they hit"

Or leave the han in place --

Ahan + sic + ta →hanassic Ahan + (k)sic + ta →anudAttopadeza Aha + s + ta →hrasvAdaGgAt Ahata "he hit"

Ahan + sic + AtAm AhasAtAm "both hit"

Ahan + sic + jha → Ahan + sic + ata''' Ahasata "they hit"

This sutra sounds exactly like AtmanepadeSvanyatarasyAmx.

KAZIKA pUrveNa nitye prApte vikalpa ucyate. AtmanepadeSu parato hano luGyanyatarasyAM vadha ityayamAdezo bhavati. AvadhiSTa, AvadhiSAtAm, AvadhiSata. na ca bhavati. Ahata, AhasAtAm, Ahasata.

iNo gA luGi ONPANINI 24045
iN' and ik to gAG before luG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 212

The roots i(N)' gatau "go" and i(k) smaraNe "memorize" 02.0042 turn into gA(G) before luG.

After this gA, sic is deleted by gAtisthA.

Examples --

iN' + luG tip gAG + tip →luGlaG agA + tip → agA + t''' → agA + sic + t →gAtisthA agAt "he went"

adhi + ik + luG tip adhi + gA + tip →luGlaG adhi + agA + tip →ikoyaNaci adhyagA + tip → adhyagA + t''' → adhyagA + sic + t''' →gAtisthA adhyagAt "he remembered"

adhi + ik + luG jhi adhyagus "they remembered" ( same steps, plus usya )

The root i(G) adhIte adhyayane "study" gets this change optionally by vibhASA luGlRGoH. As in adhyaiSTa, adhyagISTa.

KAZIKA iNaH gA ity ayam Avezo bhavati luGi parataH. agAt, agAtAm, aguH. luGi iti vartamAne punar luG-grahaNam AtmanepadeSvanyatarasyAm 24044 ityetan mA bhUt. iha tv a-vizeSeNa nityaM ca bhavati. agAt. agAyi bhavatA. iNvadika iti vaktavyam. adhyagAt, adhyagAtAm, adhyaguH.

iGaz ca ONPANINI 24048
iG too to (gam(i) before san)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 213

Example --

adhi + iG + san adhi + gam + san →sanyaGoH adhigagamsa →kuhozcuH adhijagamsa →sanyataH adhijigamsa →ajjhana adhijigAmsa →nazcA adhijigAMsa "want to study"

This gam is Git because iG is Git, so it's bendy by anudAttaGita --

adhijigAmsa + laT ta adhijigAMsate "he wants to study"

KAZIKA iGaz ca sani parato gamir Adezo bhavati. adhijigAMsate, adhijigAMsete, adhijigAMsante.

gAG liTi ONPANINI 24049
( iG to) gAG before liT.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 214

The root iG "study" turns into gA(G) before liT (by this rule), and before luG lRG (by vibhASA luG;lRGoH below).

Example --

adhi + iG + liT ta → adhi + iG + ez adhi + gAG + e →liTidhA adhi + jagA + e →gAGkuTAdi adhijage "he studied"

The A of this gA falls before whatever is not JNit, like in this example, and also before Git, by Atolopa_i.

KAZIKA gAG-Adezo bhavati iGo liTi parataH. adhijage, adhijagAte, adhijagire. gAGo 'nubandha-grahaNaM vizeSanArtham, gAGkuTAdibhyo 'JNin Gid ity atra asya grahaNaM yathA syAt. na hi sthAnivadbhAvena gAG iti rUpaM labhyate.

vibhASA luG;lRGoH ONPANINI 24050
( iG to gAG) optionally before luG lRG.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 215

Before luG or lRG, we may replace iG "study" with gA(G) --

adhi + iG + luG ta adhi + gAG + ta →luGlaG adhi + a + gA + ta adhyagA + sic + ta →gAGkuTAdi adhyagA + (G)s(ic) + ta →ghu;mA;sthA;gA adhyagI + s + ta adhyagISTa "he studied"

adhi + iG + lRG ta adhi + gAG + ta adhyagA + sya + ta adhyagISyata "he would have studied"

If we choose not to replace, business as usual --

adhi + iG + luG ta →AD-aj-AdInAm adhi + ( AT + i ) + ta →ATazca adhi + ai + ta → adhi + ai + sic + ta → adhyai + s + ta adhyaiSTa "he studied"

adhi + iG + lRG ta adhyai + sya + ta →kric adhyaiSyata "he would have studied"

KAZIKA luGi lRGi ca parata iGo vibhASA gAG-Adezo bhavati. AdezapakSe gAG kuTAdibhyo 'JNin Git iti Gittvam, ghumAsthAgApAjahAtisAM hali iti Itvam. adhyagISTa, adhyagISAtAm, adhyagISata. na ca bhavati. adhyaiSTa, adhyaiSAtAm, adhyaiSata. lRGi khalv api adhyagISyata, adhyagISyetAm, adhyagISyanta. na ca bhavati. adhyaiSyata, adhyaiSyetAm, adhyaiSyanta.

aster bhUH ONPANINI 24052
Replace as with bhU (before soft).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 216

So we will only hear as before hard affixes.

Example before soft tAs --

as + luT tip → as + tAs + tip → as + tA bhU + tA →ArdhadhAtukasyeD bhu + itA + tip →hardsoft bho + itA →ecoya bhavitA

Example before soft sya --

as + lRT tip as + iSya + tip bhU + iSya + tip bhaviSyati "there will be"

zuklazH zakunir bhaviSyati "there will be a white bird; the bird will turn white"

Example before liT ( liT is soft by liTca) --

as + liT → as + Nal bhU + Nal →bhuvovugluGliToH bhUv + Nal →liTidhA bhUbhUv + a →abhyAsecarca bUbhUva →hrasvaH bubhUva →bhavateraH babhUva "there was"

tato dazarathaH prApya pAyasanM devanirmitam | babhUva paramaprItaH prApya vittam ivAdhanaH ||

There is an exception to this rule: the auxiliary as is not replaced with bhU .

bruvo vaciH ONPANINI 24053
brU to vac (before soft).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 217

This is the same thing as saying that root brU can only be used before hard. So, we'll only hear brU before laT, laG, loT and hard liG --

brU + laT tip →bruva::IT brU + Itip →hardsoft bro + Iti →ecoya bravIti "says"

Elsewhere, replace brU with vac --

brU + kta vac + ta →vacisvapi uc + ta →coHkuH ukta- "was said"

Of course you may also replace brU with any of the other roots for "say" .

KAZIKA bruvo vacirAdezo bhavati ArdhadhAtukaviSaye. ikAra uccAraNArthaH. vaktA. vaktum. vaktavyam. sthAnivadbhAvena kartrabhiprAyakriyAphalavivakSAyAm AtmanepadaM bhavati. Uce. vakSyate.

supo dhAtu;prAtipadikayoH ONPANINI 24071
sup to ( luk) inside root and nounbase.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 219

This rule can be reworded into:

" sup to luk before rootmaker, before taddhita, when former. "

Example before taddhita --

apatyanM dakSasya → dakSasya + iN dakSa + iN →taddhiteSva dAkSa + i →yasyetica dAkSi- "descendant of dakSa"

Example before a sanAdi --

putram + icchati → putram + kyac putra + kyac →kyacica putrIya "to want to have a son"

Example of former --

When joining brahmaNas "of brahmA" and lokas "world" into a compound, the former, brahmaNas, made from brahman- + Gas, loses its Gas --

brahmaNas + lokas "Brahma's world" brahman + lokas →nalopaHprA brahmaloka- "Brahmaworld"

In some compounds this rule does not work. Those are called " aluk compounds ". See gaviyudhi for an example.

KAZIKA supo vibhakterdhAtusaMjJAyAH prAtipadikasaMjJAyAzca lug bhavati. tadantargatAstadgrahaNena gRhyante. dhAtostAvat putrIyati. ghaTIyati. prAtipadikasya kaSTazritaH. rAjapuruSaH. dhAtuprAtipadikayoH iti kim? vRkSaH. plakSaH.