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chunk 66: long definitions
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Verblike is a noun that works like a verb.
About proper names.
Referent is the thing that a word means.
About agreement.
Objectful and objectless verbs.
An AkRtigaNa is a group of words that is not in pANini's version of the gaNapATha.
Gender abbrevs.
nounbases are masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Double consonant.
pANinIya, aSTAdhyAyI.
book, chapter.
about the iS-aorist
Subordinate is the part of a compound that has not the same referent the whole compound.
fake h
"Term" is a word invented by grammarians.
(@verblike) (@verbl)
verblike is a noun that works like a verb.mmmmmmmmm
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A verblike is a noun that can work as if it were the main verb of a sentence.
Most verblikes are made by adding kta, ktavatu, or one of the kRtya after a root.
Example 1.
The verblike nounbase kSiptavat- is made from kSip + ktavatu, and means "threw". It has the same meaning as the verbs akSipat cikSepa akSaipsIt, that are made by adding laG liT luG to the same root.
zilAGM kapiH kSiptavAn "monkey threw stone"
zilAGM kapir akSipat "monkey threw stone"
zilAGM kapir akSaipsIt "monkey threw stone"
zilAGM kapiz cikSepa "monkey threw stone"
This kSiptavat- means the doer, same as the three verbs. So in all four sentences, the object got second ending by karmaNidvitIyA, and the verblike or verb agrees with the doer.
Example 2.
The verblike nounbase kSipta- is made from kSip + kta, and means "was thrown", just like the verb akSipyata (made by adding laG to the same root).
zilA kapinA kSiptA "monkey threw stone"
zilA kapinA 'kSipyata "monkey threw stone"
This kSipta- means the object, same as akSipyata. So in both sentences, the doer got third ending by kartRkaraNayos tRtIyA , and the verblike or verb agrees with the object.
Example 3.
peya- is made from pA + yat, and means "can be drunk, is drinkable" --
udakaGM kapinA peyam "monkey can drink water"
Conterexamples.
The nounbase kartR-, made from kR + tRc, means "maker". But tRc enders are not verblike, and cannot work as if they were main verbs. Therefore, the object of their root does not get second --
kumbhasya kartrI sA "she's the maker of the pot"
The nounbases kurvat- and kurvANa- are made with sat affixes after kR. But they are not verblike, because they cannot replace karoti as the main verb of a sentence. Yet, the object of their root does take second anyway --
agniGM kurvANaGM kapim apazyam "I saw a monkey making fire"
agniGM kurvantaGM kapim apazyam "I saw a monkey making fire"
1438 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 15 -- popularity 10
(@propername) (@prop)
A " proper name ", "name", or " tag " is a general expression used to name something in particular.
Examples.
The word rathas "chariot" is not a tag when it means a chariot, but it is a tag when it means Mr. Ratha.
The compound zazadantaH is a tag when used as the nickname of someone in particular "Mr. Hareteeth". But not in the sentence zazadanto 'yaJM jIvAzma "this fossil is a haretooth", where it has its general meaning.
The compound dviziras- "two-headed" is a tag when it means a certain mountain or a certain TV show ("Twin Peaks"), but it is not a tag in the sentence dvizirAH parvataH "the mountain has two peaks".
There are certain grammar rules that work only on tags. For instance, when compounding rAmasya "Rama's" and ayanAni "comings and goings", we get rAmAyanAni "the travels of rAma", which is not a tag. But when the compound is used as the name of a work, then it is a tag, and must be changed into rAmAyaNam "the story of the travels of rAma". Notice the N -- the change of n to N happens in a tag but not elsewhere (rule pUrvapadAtsaJjJAyAmagaH says so).
823 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 126 -- popularity 12
(@referent) (@ref)
referent is the thing that a word means.mmmmmmmmm
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For instance, when I say, zakunimM pazya "look at that bird", the referent of the word zakunim "bird" is the specific bird I am pointing at with my finger or eyes.
If then the bird flies away, and I say patati zakuniH "bird flies", now the referent of the word "zakunis" is the same bird as before, and the referent of the word "patati" is that same bird too.
So we say that these two words patati and zakunis are samereferent (samAnAdhikaraNa), that is, both have the same referent.
Words with the same referent will almost always have the same gender, number, and case. So in
kRSNaH pakSI "the bird is black; black bird"
both words have the same referent, and both are masculine singular, and both have first ending.
A more complex example --
durnimitto prabhItena dRzyate zakunir mayA "bad-omen bird is being seen by terrified me"
Here durnimittas, zakunis and dRzyate have the same bird as referent, and prabhItena and mayA both have me as referent. So the bird is a bad omen bird, and I am terrified.
See also about agreement .
804 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 155 -- popularity 6
85 A /tatpuruSa is a /karmadhAraya if its two halves have the same @referent as the whole.
142 @Location is the place (of the @doer or @object of the action).
176 Two or more [@noun]s ([@compound]ed) to mean something else (make a @longhorn).
616 !mahat- to !A before @samereferent or !jAtIya.
1354 @Subordinate is the part of a compound that has not the same @referent the whole compound.
(@agree) (@ag)
About agreement.mmmmmmmmm
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Words are in samAnAdhikaraNa when they have the same referent.
...this is quite lame. No good.
Examples --
In dRSTazH zakunir mayA "bird was seen by me", the words dRSTas and zakunis are in samAnAdhikaraNa.
In kRSNazH zakuniH "bird is black", the words kRSNas and zakunis are in samAnAdhikaraNa.
When two words are in samAnAdhikAraNa, they are in " agreement". This means that one of them copies from the other as many of gender, case, number and person as it can. This is a general rule of Sanskrit grammar --
"When a verb describes a noun, it copies the number and person of that noun. When a noun describes a noun, it copies the number and gender and case of that noun."
Examples --
In dRzyate zakunir mayA, the verb dRzyate is third person and singular because it agreess with zakunis, which is third person and singular.
And in zakuninM dRSTavAn rAmaH, the verblike dRSTavAn is masculine and singular and has first because it agrees with rAmas, and rAmas is masculine and singular and has first.
783 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 209 -- popularity 9
44 /ec shorten into !i !u.
293 /Nvul and /tRc (may be added to all roots to [@mean the doer]).
321 The /veda optionally replaces @bent /liT with /kAnac
345 Add {tum(un)} or /Nvul to an action that expresses the purpose of another action.
1342 @Verblike is a noun that works like a verb.
1374 [@Doer affix]es.
1447 Uses of the @second endings.
1768 about /yad-
(@objectless) (@objectl)
Sanskrit roots are either objectful and objectless.
(1) objectful roots (such as dRz "see" and bhuj 07.0017 "eat, enjoy") always have an object (which is whatever or whoever gets seen).
(2) objectless roots, like svap "sleep", never have any object (nothing ever is slept, though some things may be slept ON).
objectful roots like bhuj and dRz always have an object. Here the object is a bird --
zakunim abhuJji "I ate bird"
zakunir bhuktamM mayA "I ate bird"
The object is sometimes hidden (not mentioned in the sentence), but it exists anyway --
abhuJji "I ate"
bhuktamM mayA "I ate"
objectless roots never have an object. Examples with svap --
svapiti "sleeps"
suptamM mayA "I slept"
All roots have a doer.
531 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 523 -- popularity 17
(/AkRtigaNa) (/Ak)
500 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 602 -- popularity 2
495 {arzas}-class get /ac' (to mean "that has").
(@m) (@m)
78 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 715 -- popularity 161
(@gender) (@ge)
Every Sanskrit nounbase belongs to one of three groups called genders. The groups are --
m = masculine
n = neuter
f = feminine.
After most feminine nounbases, a feminine affix must be added. The neuters work basically like the masculine, the main difference is that the first and second affixes are replaced with luk zI zi.
Examples of masculine nounbases
vRkSa- m "tree"
siMha- m "lion, male lion"
adri- m "stone"
kapi- m "monkey" ( of either sex )
puruSa- m "man, person (of either sex); spirit, consciousness (these are sexless)"
Examples of neuter nounbases
phala- "result; piece of fruit"
asthi- "bone"
manas- "mind"
Examples of feminine nounbases
simha- @f "lioness"
makSika- @f "a fly" ( of either sex )
zila- @f "stone"
vidyut- @f "lightning"
mati- f "thought"
The feminine nounbases siMha-, makSika-, zila- are always used with a feminine affix added after them, so they appear listed in dictionaries as siMhI makSikA zilA. Of these --
siMha- got GI by rule jAtera
makSika- and zila- got Ap by rule ajAdyataSTAp
and the others got no feminine affix because no rule gives them any.
824 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 720 -- popularity 84
(doubleconsonant) (dou)
553 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 867 -- popularity 4
1076 After !r !h, all consonants except !r !h optionally @double.
1077 (Optionally double /yar after @vowel) before non-@vowel.
1517 The sounds !z!z !S!S !s!s.
1740 !ch and !cch
(/pANinIya) (/pAN)
214 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 973 -- popularity 2
1704 /chandas and /laukika
(@book) (@bo)
The aSTAdhyAyI has eight books of rules.
Each book is divided in four pAda (quarters, chapters).
Each chapter consists of between a couple dozen and a couple hundred rules, also called sUtras
The groups of five digits that you will find in this website show book, chapter, and rule number. For instance, 74066 stands for book 7, chapter 4, rule 66. adhyAya 7 pAda 4 sUtra 66.
You do not need to know the numbers for anything. Yet, they are useful when you have any doubt about how a rule is supposed to be chanted, because, knowing the number, you can easily find the rule in this video.
478 letters. -- 10800longdefinitions.bse 980 -- popularity 4
223 [@affix]es start here.
276 After @root.
966 From this point on, rules @cantgoback.
(/iSic) (/iSi)
403 letters. -- 10820morelongdefinitions.bse 1 -- popularity 14
(@subordinate) (@su)
400 letters. -- 10820morelongdefinitions.bse 95 -- popularity 3
89 Shorten /go- and [/GI]-[/Ap]-enders when they are @latter and @subordinate.
426 /GIS (is optional) after a @latter that means one's own @limb, is @subordinate, and ends in non-@cluster plus !a.
427 {nAsika udara oSTha jaGghA danta karNa zRGga aGga gAtra kaNTha puccha} (get optional /GIS sometimes).
(@fakeh) (@fak)
638 letters. -- 10820morelongdefinitions.bse 123 -- popularity 4
985 Replace with /bhaS the /baz of an /ekAc [/jhaS]-ender root that is @wordfinal or before !s !dhv.
1080 Delete [@fake h] of the @stammer.
1350 Double consonant.
(@term) (@ter)
" term" is a word invented by grammarians.mmmmmmmmm
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A term is a word invented by grammarians that is used in a special sense in grammar. For instance: the words "verb", "noun", "object", "pronoun", "plural" are terms invented by English grammarians to help explain how English works.
The Sanskrit grammarians also invented many terms, such as for instance tiGanta ( verb), subanta ( noun), karman ( object), sarvanAmasthAna ( pronoun), bahuvacana ( plural), ArdhadhAtuka ( soft affix), and saJMjJA ( term).
(Careful: in some rules, such as pUrva-padAt, the word saJjjA does not mean " term", but " tag", a particular type of compound.)
Rule sthAnivad teaches, among other things --
" replacement inherits terms of original "
This means that if we have something like laT, which is an affix and a tense, and some rule makes us replace laT with tip, that tip too will be an affix and a tense. Similarly, when a rule such as samparyupe replaces the root kR with skR, that skR is also a root.
Most terms can be found listed under the rabbit icon. Many of then are found there in Sanskrit and in English. For instance, the rabbit list shows the word sArvadhAtuka, which is the Sanskrit term for " hard affix".
879 letters. -- 10820morelongdefinitions.bse 271 -- popularity 13
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chunk 66: long definitions
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