When kartarizap won't work.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1397

kartarizap only works when the tense affix means the doer. So, not here --

dRzyate "is beeing seen"

kartarizap works only before a hard. So, it won't work before liT or soft liG (see liTca, liGAziSi).

zuzucus "he cried"

kartarizap does not work on the lukclass roots, because of adiprabhRti --

dviS + laT mip →puganta dveSmi "I hate"

kartarizap only works when the root is right in front of the tense, therefore --

it does not work whem the rules mentioned in verb classes add other affixes after to the root, such as /zlu- Nic sya etc. --

bhI + laT tip → bhI + zlu + tip bibheti "he fears" (!!juhotyAdi

plu + lRT ta → plu + sya + te''' →hardsoft plosyate →kric ploSyate "he will jump"

cint + laT tip →satyApa cint + Nic + tip → cinti + tip

The sanAdyanta roots always get zap. This includes all roots that end in Nic, like cinti and pAci.

cinti + laT tip → cinti + zap + tip →hardsoft cinte + a + tip →ecoya cintayati "thinks"

pAci + laT tip pAcayati "makes him cook"

pApacya + laT ta → pApacya + zap + ta →atoguNe pApacyate ( pApacya is a yaG root)

lolUya + laT ta → lolUyate ( lolUya is another yaG root)

But not the yaGluk roots, because yaGluks are lukclass . So, there is no zap here --

roru + laT tip roravIti "roars loudly"

Therefore, the only tenses that can get zap etc are the zabyak tenses.

And the only tenses that can get yak are the zabyak tenses.

ithalmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1398

ithal is the thal that got iT in front.

Ordinarily, thal gets iT because of kRsRbhRvR. However, there are plenty of exception rules (such as acastAsvat) that make thal not get iT before certan roots, or get it optionally before others.

My advice: don't waste effort on learning those rules, because thal has been largely out of use since before the epics. Knowing that Attha means "you say" and vettha "you know" should be enough for most freshmen.

aorist typesmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1399 luG

When you type akArsIt into inria reader, it says --

" kR aor [4] ac sg 3 ".

kR is the root, aor means that it got luG, and the [4] means that the sic affix was added to the root, and "ac sg 3" is short for " tip". So, the word was formed this way --

kR + luG → kR tip → kR + sic + tip akArSIt "he made"

Roots before luG always get some affix. The [4] tells us which affix it got. So this [4] has nothing to do which the [4] that is not after "aor", such as nRtyati "nRt pr [4]", which means that the root got zyan.

Some examples --

aor [1] ac -- adAt "he gave" -- here rule gAti;sthA worked and the root got no affix.

aor [1] ps -- akAri "it was made" -- root got ciN

aor [2] -- adyutat "it sparkled" -- aG

aor [3] -- apIpacat "he made them cook" -- caG

aor [4] -- akArSIt "he made" -- sic

aor [5] -- acAriSam "I moved" -- iSic

aor [6] -- ayAsiSus "they went" -- siS

aor [7] -- advikSat "he hated" -- ksa

Some roots can get more than one of these.

zatR getting num before zI GI.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1400

(This is a summary of the exception rules AcchI zapzyano.)

zatR being an ugit, it should ordinarily get num before strong only, by ugidacA. However, because of exception rules, it sometimes gets num also before the weak affixes GI ( feminine) and zI ( neuter dual).

This num before GI zI is --

Compulsory, when the zatR is after zap zyan and sanAdyanta

Optional after

yaGluk,

jakSAdi,

the lukclass roots that end in A,

yAtI yAntI

za,

kSipatI kSipantI

and on the zatR from lRTaHsadvA.

Forbidden elsewhere, including --

after lukclass roots that do not end in A --

dviSatI

after zlu znu znam u znA --

dadatI, zRNvatI, bhuJjatI, kurvatI, krINatI

It must be mentioned that if you apply these rules wrongly you will be understood anyway, and that the epics sometimes missaply them. For instance, in the verse --

so 'yanM te bandhu-kAmAyA a-zRNvantyA vaco mama "Led by affection for thy relatives thou didst not then hear what I said"

the word zRNvantyA, having znu, should have been zRNvatyA, but here the grammatically wrong zRNvantyA is used instead.

Conversely, here --

pazyAmi dravatIM senAmM pAJcAlAnAJM janArdana

good grammar wants dravantIm, but the verse rythm wants dravatIm.

Types of compounds.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1401

dvandva

tatpuruSa

longhorn (bahuvrIhi)

unchanging compound (avyayIbhAva)

Sanskrit compound - Wikipedia

mAtrA theory.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1402

A mAtrA "measure" is a unit of time, roughly one sixth of a second. Or a bit less, if you talk fast, or a bit more, if you talk slow. Just talk at your own speed, but keep always the same speed.

The mAtrA theory says that ---

A consonant should last half a mAtrA

a double consonant should last a mAtrA

a short should last a mAtrA

a long should last two mAtre,

and an extralong should last three mAtrAH.

veda chanters try to follow those rules as closely as possible when reciting. Anything short of that is unprofessional.

These are not pANini rules, but recitation guidelines. So, when you call someone from afar applying rule dUrAddhUteca, feel free to make your extralong as long as you feel like, even until you run out of breath.

About " beforepause ".mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1403

Sometimes I will " beforepause" in the last arrow of a line, this way --

azva + Gasi →TAGasi azva + At →akassa azvAt →jhalAJjazonte azvAd →beforepause azvAt

This means that rules TAGasi akassa etc ALWAYS turn azva- + Gasi into azvAd no matter what comes next, but that if the azvAd is before a pause, then some of the following rules work --

jhalAJjazonte changes most consonants into one of b g D d

sasaju changes s into r

kharava changes r into H

vAvasAne optionally changes b g D d into p k T t

I write things this way because I got tired of writing this --

azva + Gasi + @pause →TAGasi azva + At + @pause →akassa azvAt + @pause →jhalAJjazonte azvAd + @pause →vAvasAne azvAt + @pause

or this --

azva + su + @pause → azvas + @pause →sasaju azva + ru + @pause →kharava azvAH + @pause

apANinIyanM na prayujyetammmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1404

This old saying translates into --

"never go against pANini"

or, using Frank Herbert's wording --

"the forms must be obeyed".

In spite of this saying, the agreement of later grammarians overrides what pANini says.

The most blatant example of that is that, according to pANini, the accent must be used in all circumstances -- in the laukika too, not only when reciting the vedas. But in spite of that, Sanskrit has been spoken without the accent described by pAnini for at least as long as the village elders can remember, and the veda has been recited with accents also since forever.

I use these jargon words sometimes --

When I say that something is pc (Paninically Correct), that it rox, or that it is kosher, I mean that it agrees with what pANini says.

Examples --

Arohati rox

Arohayati rox

Aropayati rox

When I say that it sux, I mean it doesn't.

Examples --

darzati sux -- we must say pazyati instead

dRzyati sux -- that should be dRzyate.

Rules trickle words down.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1405

The words in a rule will trickle down to the next rule, unless they have a good reason not to.

I shamelessly copied the following explanation from learnsanskrit dot org (imitation is the sincerest form of flattery). Suppose three rules look like this --

43 give a cow to Bill

44 a blanket to John

45 a shovel

Then they must be understood to mean --

43 give a cow to Bill

44 (give) a blanket to John

45 (give) a shovel (to John)

Here, the word "give" trickled down from 43 to 44 and 45, and the word "to John" from 44 trickled down to 45.

John, however, gets no cow, because the word cow and the word blanket both have second ending (in the supposed Sanskrit original of these), so the presence of the word blanket prevents the word cow from trickling. (If John were to get cow and blanket, rule 44 would have been "a blanket too to John".) Also, Bill gets no blanket, because the "to John" of line 44 prevents the "to Bill" of 43 from trickling down.

Now a Sanskrit example. Rules 34102 34103 34105 34106 literally say --

liG gets sIyuT

When flat, gets yAsuT and is Git

jha to ran

iT' to a'

Yet, because words trickle down, these rules actually mean --

liG gets sIyuT

But when ( liG) is flat, gets yAsuT and is Git

( liG) jha to ran

( liG) iT' to a'

Here the word liGas of the first rule has trickled to the next three rules. Yet the word sIyuT from the first did not fall down to the second, because the second has yAsuT (both sIyuT and yAsuT carry first ending).