a-padAntasya mUrdhanyaH ONPANINI 83055
Replace non- wordfinal with curledback.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 989

headline, valid down to 84001 raSA, exclusive. The following rules all replace non wordfinal s with S, except one or two, that replace non wordfinal dh with Dh.

For instance, a rule below, the kric rule, says --

"replace s after ku r ic".

But because of this headline, and of the most-alike rule, that kric rule means --

"replace s with S after ku r ic, but not if the s is wordfinal".

saheH sADaH saH ONPANINI 83056
Replace the sAD of sah with (SAD).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 990

This rule can be roughly reworded into --

" When the sAh of turAsAh- jalAsAh- pRtanAsAh- turns into sAD, replace it with SAD "

That happens when the h is wordfinal --

turAsAh- + su →halGyA turAsAh →hoDhaH turAsADh →jhalAJjazonte turAsAD turASAD "indra"

turAsAh- + bhis →hoDhaH turAsADhbhis →jhalAJjazonte turAsADbhis turASADbhis "with indra and sundry"

turAsAh- + sup' →hoDhaH turAsADhsu →jhalAJjazonte turAsADsu turASADsu →kharica turASATsu "about indra and company"

Otherwise this rule does not work, and the h stays --

turAsAham apazyam "I saw indra"

If you find Tsu hard to say (I do), you may always apply DassidhuT --

turaSATsu →DaHsidhuT turaSATtsu "about indra and company"

The word sas at the end of this rule means "replace s", and trickles down to the next hundred or so rules, all of which replace s with S.

KAZIKA saher dhAtoH sADrUpasya yaH sakAraH tasya mUrdhanyaH Adezo bhavati. jalASAT. turASAT. pRtanASAT. saheH iti kim? saha Dena vartate saDaH, tasya apatyaM sAdiH. sADgrahaNaM kim? yatrAsya etad rUpaM tatra yathA syAt, iha mA bhUt jalAsAham. turAsAham. saH iti kim? AkArasya mA bhUt.

You say that this sAD thing came from the root sah 10.0341 "overpower". What rule changed sah into sAh ?

vedic rule 32063 chandasisahaH, that roughly means " latter sah to sAh ".

Okay. What changed the h of that sAh into D in your examples?

First hoDhaH made sADh, then some rules (that I think you are smart enough to find on your own) changed sADh into sAD, then this rule made SAD. Then, in my last example, before sup', rule kharica made turASATsu.

What does turASATsu mean?

"among indra and sundry".

If the rule that turns turAsAD into turASAD is vedic, does that mean that I can say turAsAD in the laukika?

Not at all. indra is sort of a traditionalist, he speaks vedic, and won't like his name changed. Say turASAD and live long.

Can you cite other authorities than indra to support that view?

saGMkrandano duz-cyavanas turASAN@ megha-vAhana ity amaraH

inria declension says that tour turASAD sux, must be turAsAD.

The nAmarUpaniSpAdikA gadget at hyderabad says that inria declension sux and pANini rox.

iN;koH ONPANINI 83057
(non- wordfinal s to S) after ku, r, ic.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 991

Nicknamed kric rule or Satvam rule. It means --

" Replace the non- wordfinal s that follows ku r ic with S. "

Examples after g and k, that are ku letters --

tvac- + sup' →jhalAJjazonte tvajsu →coHkuH tvagsu tvagSu →kharica tvakSu "in skins"

dviS + laT sip →puganta dveS + si →SaDhoHkassi dvek + si dvekSi "you hate"

after r --

dhur- + sup' →rvoru dhUrsu dhUrSu "in yokes"

after ic --

dhanus- + TA dhanuSA "with a bow"

See also Satvam.

KAZIKA iNkoH ityetadadhikRtaM veditavyam. ita uttaraM yad vakSyAmaH, iNaH kavargAc ca ityevaM tad veditavyam. vakSyati Adeza;pratyayayoH 83059. siSeva. suSvApa. agniSu. vAyuSu. kartRSu. hartRSu. gIrSu. dhUrSu. vAkSu. tvakSu. iNkoH iti kim? dAsyati. asau.

num;visarjanIya;zar-vyavAye 'pi ONPANINI 83058
( kric rule works) even if one of num H zar comes in between.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 992 kric

Addition to kric rule.

Example with num in between --

dhanus- + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH dhanunsi →sAntama dhanUnsi dhanUnSi →nazcA dhanUMSi "bows"

See the kAzikA for more examples.

KAZIKA nuM-vyavAye 'pi visarjanIya-vyavAye 'pi zar-vyavAye 'pi uttarasya sa-kArasya mUrdhany'-Adezo bhavati. vyavAya-zabdaH praty-ekam abhisambadhyate. nuM-vyavAye tAvat sarpiMSi. yajUMSi. havIMSi. visarjanIya-vyavAye sarpiHSu. yajuHSu. haviHSu. zar-vyavAye sarpiSSu. yajuSSu. haviSSu. num-AdibhiH praty-ekaM vyavAye. Satvam iSyate, na samastaiH. teneha na bhavati, niMsse, niMssvaH iti. Nisi cumbane ity etasya etad rUpam. atra hi numA, sakAreNa zarA ca vyavadhAnam.

Why does the rule say " num"? I'd guess the rule would have worked the same way if it said anusvAra instead of num. Is the num wording used just to save space ?

It would have worked the same way in the example above. Yet, see note at the bottom of puMsosuG.

Adeza;pratyayayoH ONPANINI 83059
( kric works only) when a sa-root or an affix is involved.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 993

There is a big difference between Natvam and Satvam. The Natvam rules will work on everything, yet the Satvam rules will only work (A) when adding affixes, and (B) when Sa-roots come after preverbs. This is why words like kusumam don't get Satvam, the s being inside a nounbase.

Examples with the sa-root sad after a kric letter --

ni + sad + laT tip →pAghrA ni + sIda + tip ni + SIda + ti → niSIda + zap + ti →atoguNe niSIdati "sits down; sinks down, gets depressed"

ni + sad + kta niSad + ta →radAbhyAnni niSan + na →Natvam niSaNna →STunA niSaNNa- "depressed"

Example with s of affix after kric letter --

azva + sup' →bahuvacanejhalyet azve + su azveSu "about horses"

Example with s that follows a kric and is before an affix --

dhanus- + TA dhanuSA "with a bow"

Counterexample. There is no change when the s is not before an affix, does not start an affix, and does not start a Sa-root. So here the s stays, even though it is after an ic --

kusuma- @n + su →atom kusumam "flower"

See also exception zAsivasi right below.

KAZIKA mUrdhanyaH iti vartate, sa iti ca. AdezapratyayayoH iti SaSThI bhedena sambadhyate. Adezo yaH sakAraH, pratyayasya ca yaH sakAraH iNkoruttaraH tasya mUrdhanyo bhavati AdezaH. Adezasya tAvat siSeva. suSvApa. pratyayasya agniSu. vAyuSu. kartRSu. hartRSu. indro mA vakSat, sa devAn yakSatiti vyapadezivadbhAvAt pratyayasya iti SatvaM bhavati. yajater vahatezca paJcamalakAre parasmaipadaprathamaikavacane ikAralopaH, leTo 'DaTau ( 3-4-94 ) iti aT, sibbahulaM leTi ( 3-1-34 ) iti sip, tataH siddhaM yakSat, vakSatiti.

zAsi;vasi;ghasInAM ca ONPANINI 83060
(s) of zAs vas' ghas (to S after kric).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 994 kric

Those three s get to be after a kric letter when other rules change the vowel before the s, not when s is added as an affix. Therefore, rule Adezapra would ordinarily prevent the change into S. Because of this exception, however, we get S anyway.

Example with zAs after zAsa::ida replaces it with zis --

zAs + kta →zAsa::ida zis + ta ziS + ta →STunA ziSTa- "taught, instructed, told to do so"

With vas when vacisvapi replaces va with u --

vas + bhAve laT ta → vas + yak + ta →vacisvapi us + yak + ta →Tita us + ya + te''' uS + ya + te''' → uSyate "inhabiting happens"

And with ghas when gamahana erases the a --

ghas + liT jhi → ghas + us →liTidhA ghaghas + us →kuhozcuH jhaghas + us →abhyAsecarca jaghas- + us →gamahana jaghsus jaghSus →kharica jakSus "they ate"

See the kAzikA for more examples.

Why do we say "after kric"?

Otherwise, we get zAsti, vasati, jaghAsa.

KAZIKA zAsi vasi ghasi ity eteSAM ca iNkoH uttarasya sakArasya mUrdhanyo bhavati. anvaziSat, anvaziSatAm, anvaziSan. ziSTaH. ziSTavAn. vasi uSitaH. uSitavAn. uSitvA. ghasi jakSatuH. jakSuH. ghasibhasorhali ca 64100 iti upadhAlopaH. akSan pitaro 'mImadanta pitaraH. anAdez%ArthaM vacanam. ghasir yadyapyAdezaH, sakAras tv Adezo na bhavati. iNkoH ityeva, zAsti. vasati. jaghAsa.

stauti;Nyor eva SaNy abhyAsAt ONPANINI 83061
kric won't work on a Sa-root before San, except stu and Ni.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 995

Often, the s of a Sa-root, when reduplicated will get kric after the stammer --

sic' + Nal siSeca "he sprinkled"

This rule is an exception to that: if the Sa-root is before san, and the san becomes Sa, then the root itself won't get kric. For instance, here san becomes Sa because it is after k --

sic' + san →sanyaGoH si + sic + san →coHkuH si + sik + sa →kric sisikSa "want to sprinkle"

This exception does not work if the san does not get kric --

sthA + san → sthA + sthA + sa →zarpU thAsthAsa →abhyAsecarca tasthAsa →sanyataH tisthAsa →kric tiSthAsa →STunA tiSThAsa "want to stop"

Or if the root is stu --

stu + san →sanyaGoH stu + stu + sa →zarpU tu + stu + sa →kric tustuSa →kric tuStuSa →STunA tuSTuSa "want to praise"

Or if the root has Ni at the end, like sevi (which is sev + Nic) --

sevi + san → sevi + iSan →hardsoft seve + iSa →sanyaGoH se + seve + iSa →hrasvaH siseve + iSa →kric siSeve + iSa →ecoya siSevayiSa "want to worship"

Please see also about Nic plus san .

KAZIKA stauteH NyantAnAM ca SabhUte sani parataH abhyAsAtiNaH uttarasya AdezasakArasya mUrdhanyAdezo bhavati. tuSTUSati. NyantAnAm siSevayiSati. siSaJjayiSati. suSvApayiSati. siddhe satyArambho niyamArthaH, stautiNyoH eva SaNi abhyAsAd yathA syAt, anyasya mA bhUt. sisikSati. susUSati. evakArakaraNamiStato 'vadhAraNArtham. stautiNyoH SaNi eva iti hi vijJAyamAne tuSTAva ity atra na syAt, iha ca syAdeva sisikSati iti. SaNi iti kim? anyatra niyamo mA bhUt, siSeca. ko vinate 'nurodhaH? avinate niyamo mA bhUt, suSupsati. tiSThAsati. kaH sAnubandhe 'nurodhaH? SazabdamAtre niyamo mA bhUt, suSupiSa indram. abhyAsAtiti kim? abhyAsAt yA prAptiH tasyA niyamo yathA syAt, dhAtoH yA prAptis tasyA niyamo mA bhUt, pratISiSati. adhISiSati.

prAk sitAd aD-vyavAye 'pi ONPANINI 83063
The next rules down to parinivibhyaHsevasita work even when aT is in between.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 996

Example.

Rule 83065 below says that sic' becomes Sic when right afte abhi --

abhi + sic' + laT abhiSiJcati "he consecrates as king"

But, because of this rule, that change will still happen when luGlaG slips an aT in between --

abhi + sic' + laG abhi + siJc + za + t''' →luGlaG abhi + a + siJc + a + t abhyaSiJcat "he sprinkled"

KAZIKA sevasita 83070 iti vakSyati. prAk sitasaMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH tatra aD-vyavAye 'pi mUrdhanyo bhavati ity evaM tad veditavyam, api zabdAd anaDvyavAye 'pi. vakSyati upasargAt sunotisuvati iti Satvam. abhiSuNoti. pariSuNoti. vaSuNoti. niSuNoti. abhyaSuNoti. paryaSuNot. vyaSuNot. nyaSuNot.

upasargAt sunoti;suvati;syati; stauti;stobha;tisthA; senaya;sedha;sica; saJja;svaJjAm ONPANINI 83065
sunoti;suvati;syati; stauti;stobha;tisthA; senaya;sedha;sica; saJja;svaJja (to S after i u of preverb)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 997

Example. The root su 05.0001 "squeeze" appears in the dhAtupATha as Su(J). Because of rule dhAtvAdeHSaHsaH, it always becomes su. This su will again turn into Su right after the i of a preverb, such as pari --

pari + su + laT parisuNoti pariSuNoti

Because of prAksi above, the change will still happen when the aT from luGlaG comes in between --

pari + su + laG paryasuNot paryaSuNot

KAZIKA mUrdhanya iti vartate, saH iti ca. upasargasthAn nimittAtuttarasya sunoti suvati syati stauti stobhati sthA senaya sedha sica saJja svaJja ityeteSAM sakArasya mUrdhanyAdezo bhavati. sunoti abhiSuNoti. pariSuNoti. abhyaSuNot. paryaSuNot. suvati abhiSuvati. pariSuvati. abhyaSuvat. paryaSuvat. syati abhiSyati. pariSyati. abhyaSyat. paryaSyat. stauti tabhiSTauti. pariSTauti. abhyaStaut. paryaSTaut. stobhati abhiSTobhate. pariStobhate. abhyaSTobhata. paryaSTobhata. sthA abhiSThAsyati. pariSThAsyati. abhyaSTAt. paryaSThAt. abhitaSTau. paritaSThau. senaya abhiSeNayati. pariSeNayati. abhyaSeNayat. paryaSeNayat. abhiSiSeNayiSati. pariSiSeNayiSati. sedha abhiSedhati. priSedhati. abhyaSedhat. paryaSedhat. sica abhiSiJcati. pariSiJcati. abhyaSiJcat. paryaSiJcat. abhiSiSikSati. pariSiSikSati. saJja abhiSajati. pariSajati. abhyaSajat. paryaSajat. abhiSiSaGkSati. priraGkSati. svaJja abhiSvajate. pariSvajate. abhyaSvajata. paryaSvajata. abhiSiSvaGkSate. pariSiSvaGkSate. sedha iti zabvikaraNanirdezaH sidhyatinivRttyarthaH. upasargAtiti kim? dadhi siJcati. madhu siJcati. nirgatAH secakA usmasad dezAt niHsecako dezaH iti nAyaM siceH upsargaH. abhisAvakoyati ityatra api na sunotiM prati kiryAyogaH, kiM tarhi? sAvakIyaM prati. abhiSAvayati ityatra tu sunotimeva prati kriyAyogaH, na sAvaryatiM prati iti SatvaM bhavati.

avAc c' Alamban'-AvidUryayoH ONPANINI 83068
(stambh to S) after ava when meaning 'supporting' or 'nearness'.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 998

Examples --

ava + stambh + ktvA avaSTabhya "taking support on, relying on"

ava + stambh + kta avaSTabdha "took support on, relied on, was near"

As in --

avaSTabhya tiSThati "he stands supporting himself on a staff or something"

avaSTabdhA senA "the nearby army"

( rule adyazvInA 'vaSTabdhe uses this root to mean nearness in time )

The rule specifies "when meaning support of nearness" so that it will not work when ava + stambh means suffering, as in --

avastabdho vRSalazH zItena "the zUdra is afflicted with cold"

KAZIKA avazabdAtupasargAtuttarasya stanbheH sakArasya mUrdhanyaH Adezo bhavati, Alambane 'rthe AvidUrye ca. Alambanam AzrayaNam. avidUrasya bhAvaH AvidUryam. Alambane tAvat avaSTabhyAste. avaSTabhya tiSThati. AvidUrye avaSTabdhA senA. avaSTabdhA zarat. AlambanAvidUryayoH iti kim? avastabdho vRSalaH zItena. anigarthaH ArambhaH.

pari;ni;vibhyaH seva;sita;saya; sivu;saha;suT; stu;svaJjAm ONPANINI 83070
Some roots get Satvam after pari ni vimmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 999

Those roots are

sev "serve"

siv "sew"

sah "endure"

stu "praise"

svaJj "hug",

si, but only before kta and ac''

and the roots that got suT

(like kR, that becomes skR after pari or sam).

Examples --

ni + siv + laT niSevate

ni + siv + san + laT niSiSeviSate

ni + si + kta niSita-

ni + si + ac'' ni + Si + a →hardsoft ni + Se + a →ecoya niSaya-

See the kAzikA for more examples.

KAZIKA pari ni vi ityetebhyAH upasargebhyaH uttareSAm seva sita saya sivu saha suT stu svaJja ityeteSAm sakArasya mUrdhanya AdezaH bhavati. pariSevate. niSevate. viSevate. paryaSevata. nyaSevata. vyaSevata. pariSiSeviSate. niSiSeviSate. viSiSeviSate. sita pariSitaH. niSitaH. viSitaH. saya pariSayaH. niSayaH. viSayaH. siv pariSIvyati. niSIvyati. viSIvyati. paryaSIvyat. nyaSIvyat. vyaSIvyat. paryasIvyat. nyasIvyat. vyasIvyat. saha pariSahate. niSahate. viSahate. paryaSahata. nyaSahata. vyaSahata. paryasahata. nyasahata. vyasahata. suT pariSkaroti. paryaSkarot. paryaskarot. stu pariSTauti. niSTauti. viSTauti. paryaSTaut. nyaSTaut. vyaSTaut. paryastaut. nyastaut. vyastaut. svaJja daMzasaJjasvaJjAm iti nalopaH. pariSvajate. niSvajate. viSvajate. paryaSvajata, paryasvajata. pUrveNa eva siddhe stusvaJjigrahaNam uttarArtham, aDvyavAye vibhASA yathA syAt.

anu;vi;pary;abhi;nibhyaH syandater a-prANiSu ONPANINI 83072
syand to S after anu vi pari abhi ni (optionally), if meaning nonliving beingsmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1000

Exception to Adezapra, that would ordinarily prevent the change, syand not being a sa-root.

For instance, blood is not a living being, and here it is the doer of vi + syand "flow out". So the change is optional --

viSyandamAnena rudhireNa mUrchA "a fainting by the loss of blood"

visyandamAnena rudhireNa mUrchA "a fainting by the loss of blood"

But if the doer is a living being, only s is allowed --

anusyandate matsya udake "the fish runs along with the water"

KAZIKA anu vi pari abhi ni ityetebhyaH uttarasya syandateH aprANiSu sakArasya vA mUrdhanyAdezo bhavati. anuSyandate. viSyandate. pariSyandate. abhiSyandate tailam. niSyandate. anusyandate. visyandate. parisyandate. abhisyandate. nisyandate. aprANiSu iti kim. anusyandate matsya udake. prANy-aprANi-viSayasya api syandater ayam vikalpo bhavati, anuSyandete matsyodake, anusyandete. aprANiSu iti paryudAso 'yam, na prasajyapratiSedhaH.

What if the subject is a mixture of living and nonliving?

In that case, the kAzikA says, the change is optional --

anuSyandete matsyodake "fish and water run along"

anusyandete matsyodake "fish and water run along"

iNaH SIdhvaM;luG;liTAM dho 'GgAt ONPANINI 83078
After iN, dh of SIdhvam, luG and liT to (Dh).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1001 luG

We must replace with Dh the dh of the dhvam that --

(1) replaced soft liG and got a sIyuT that turned into SI by kric --

mR + @soft liG dhvam → mR + sIdhvam''' →uzca mR + (k)sIdhvam →kric mR + SIdhvam mRSIDhvam "I hope y'all die"

Note: the k label made by uzca prevented hardsoft here.

(2) replaced luG --

plu + luG dhvam →luGlaG aplu + dhvam →hardsoft aplodhvam aploDhvam "y'all jumped"

or (3) replaced liT --

plu + liT dhvam →Tita plu + dhve''' →kRsR plu + idhve →liTidhA puplu + idhve →aciznu pupluvidhve pupluviDhe "y'all jumped"

(We got no hardsoft here, because of asaMyogAlliTkit.)

See optional exception vibhASeTaH right below.

KAZIKA mUrdhanyaH iti vartate. iN-antAd aGgAd uttareSAM SIdhvaM-luG-liTAM yo dhakAraH tasya mUrdhany-Adezo bhavati. cyoSIDhvam, ploSIDhvam. luG acyoDhvam. aploDhvam. liT cakRDhve. vavRDhve. iNkoH iti vartamAne punar iN-grahaNaM kavarga-nivRtty-artham. pakSIdhvam. yakSIdhvam. SIdhvaM-luG-liTAm iti kim? studhve. astudhvam. aGgAtiti kim? pariveviSIdhvam. arthavadgrahaNAdapi siddham? tat tu nAzritam.

This rule says dhaH "replace dh", but does not say "with Dh". But we have been inheriting "with s" since forever. How do you know that this rule replaces with Dh and not with S?

My fault. I did a lazy translation. I might have been given you the impression that we have been trickling "with S", but that's not the case. Actually, we have been inheriting "replace non- wordfinal with the most-alike curledback" since 83055 apadAntasya mUrdhanyaH. That trickle replaces dh with Dh in this rule and the next, and replaces s with S in all the other rules between 83055 apadAntasya and 84001 raSA, exclusive.

Why does the original rule say aGgAt?

In a nutshell, that aGgAt word makes sure that the word SIdhvam in the rule gets its proper meaning of "the sIdhvam''' affix that has been replaced with SIdhvam", instead of just meaning "any SIdhvam whatsoever". If you are really curious about the details, read candravasu's commentary on this rule. Otherwise, just trust me -- you don't need to know that.

vibhAS`eTaH ONPANINI 83079
Optionally before iT.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1002

Exception to iNaSSIdhva above. If the dhvam got iT, the Dh change is optional. So, optionally, no Dh change in these --

As + @soft liG dhvam → As + sIdhvam''' →ArdhadhAtukasyeD As + isIdhvam →kric AsiSIdhvam "may y'all sit"

plu + liT dhvam →kRsRbhRvR plu + idhvam pupluvidhve

And we can still say AsiSIDhvam, pupluviDhe.

KAZIKA iNaH parasmAtiTa uttareSAM SIdhvaM-luG-liTAM yo dhakAraH tasya mUrdhanyAdezo bhavati vibhASA. laviSIDhvam, laviSIdhvam. paviSIDhavam, paviSIdhvam. luG alaviDhavam, alavidhvam. liT luluviDhve, luluvidhve. iNaH ityeva, AsiSIdhvam. atha iha kathaM bhavitavyam, upadidIyidhve? kecid AhuH, iN-antAd aGgAd uttarasya iTa AnantaryaM yuTA vyavahitam iti na bhavitavyaM Dhatvena iti. apareSAM darzanam, aGgAtiti nivRttam, iNaH ity anuvartate, tataz ca yakArAd eva inaH paro 'nantaraH iTiti pakSe bhavitavyaM mUrdhanyena iti.

mAtR;pitRbhyAM svasA ONPANINI 83084
s of svasR to S after mAtR and pitR in a compound.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1003

Only examples --

mAtRSvasR- "maternal aunt"

pitRSvasR- "paternal aunt"

KAZIKA mAtR pitR ityetAbhyAm uttarasya svasRsakArasya samAse mUrdhanyAdezo bhavati. mAtRSvasA. pitRSvasA.

gavi;yudhibhyAM sthiraH ONPANINI 83095
After gavi and yudhi, sthiraH (gets Satvam when latter, to make proper names).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1004

The only examples are the proper names --

yudh- + Gi + sthira- → yudhi + sthira- yudhi + Sthira- →STunASTuH yudhiSThira-

and

go- + Gi + sthira- gaviSThira- (same steps)

These are aluk compounds.

KAZIKA gavi-yudhibhyAm uttarasya sthirasakArasya mUrdhanyAdezo bavati. gaviSThiraH. yudhiSThiraH. gozabdAd ahalantAd api etasmAd eva nipAtanAt saptamyA alug bhavati.

These compounds are allowed as tags by saMjJAyAm, and yudhiSThiras is aluk by hal-ad-antAt. But why is gaviSThiras an aluk? gavi is go- + Gi, and go- is not a haladanta.

Because this rule says gaviyudhibhyAm "after gavi yudhi", not goyudbhyAm "after go- yudh-".

na rapara;sRpi;sRji; spRzi;spRhi;savanAdInAm ONPANINI 83110
sr-starters, sRp sRj spRz spRh, and the savana -class get no Satvam.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1005 kric

Examples...

with sr-starters --

visraMsate "falls apart"

susrAva "flowed, ran"

sisrAvayiSati

susrAvayiSati

with sRj, spRh --

vAco visarjanAt

nispRhaGM kathayati

Wait -- vi and ni are words, so why should kric work after them?

Because sRp sRj spRz spRh are Sa-roots, so Adezapra would otherwise work on them.

KAZIKA rephaparasya sakArasya sRpi sRji spRzi spRhi savanAdInAM ca mUrdhanyo na bhavati. rapara visraMsikAyAH kANDAbhyAM juhoti. visrabdhaH kathayati. spRpi purA krUrasya visRpaH sRji vAco visarjanAt. spRzi divispRzam. spRhi nispRhaM kathayati. savanAdInAm savane savane. sUte sUte. sAme sAme. savanamukhe savanamukhe. kiM syati kiMsaMkiMsam. anusavanamanusavanam. gosaniM gosanim. azvasanimazvasanim. pUrvapadAd iti prApte pratiSedhaH. azvasanigrahaNam aniNo 'pi Satvam asti iti jJApanArtham. tena jalASAham, azvaSAham ity etat siddhaM bhavati. kvacid evaM gaNapAThaH savane savane. anusavane 'nusavane. saMjJAyAM bRhaspatisavaH. zakunisavanam. some some. sUte sUte. saMvatsare saMvatsare. kiMsaMkiMsam. bisaMbisam. musalaMmusalam. gosanimazvasanim. savanAdiH.

ra;SAbhyAM no NaH samAna-pade ONPANINI 84001
After r R RR S, same- word n to N.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1006

This change of n into N is called Natvam ("N -ness").

Example after RR --

pitR- + Am → pitR- + nAm →nAmi pitRR- + nAm pitRRNAm "of fathers, of the ancestors"

Example after r --

catur- + Am →SaTcaturbhyazca catur- + nAm caturNAm "of four"

Example after S --

puS + znA + tip puSNAti "he prospers"

See also rule aTkupvAGnu.

Why doesn't this rule affect kRntati "he cuts"?

See no Natvam before serious .

Why do we say "same- word"?

Because r R RR S of a word won't usually affect n of the next word --

kapir nRtyati "monkey dances"

Why did you say "usually", u weasel?

See Natvam works across some word boundaries .

The original says "after r S". Why did you translate "after r R RR S"?

Because, by "ra", pANini meant r R RR.

How do you know that?

Common sense. The veda always changes n to N after RR R. And so does pANini. For instance, we have N after RR at the end of the word aptRntRcsvasRnaptRneSTRtvaSTRkSattRhotRpotRprazAstRRNAm.

You call that a word???

Yes, and so does pANini, in rule suptiG.

aT;ku;pv;AG;num;vyavAye 'pi ONPANINI 84002
Even if aT' ku pu AG M come in between.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1007 Natvam

In simpler words --

" rule raSA works even if letters that do not move the tip of the tongue down come in between. "

The letters that do move the tip of the tongue away from curledbackish position are l cu Tu tu z s.

Example. Here we have Natvam even though u is between r and n --

runaddhi ruNaddhi "obstructs"

And here amamA is in between --

vIkSamAnas vIkSamANas "while looking around"

The change will not happen if any of the "stopper" letters, namely l cu Tu tu z s, comes in between. So the n of lakSmaNena stays, because N, which is a Tu, comes between S and n. The S makes the tongue move up and stay there during the m and the a, but then the N moves the tongue back down.

The rule mentions AG, but that appears to be useless, as AG is a word.

That AG in the rule allows this --

pari + AG + naddha- → paryANaddha- "covered all around"

nah is a Nopadeza root, so rule upasargAdasamAse'piNopadezasya allows Natvam in pari + nah, crossing a word boundary. But that rule is not enough to jump two word boundaries in pari + AG + nah. So AG is listed here to allow the double jump.

Does the num in the rule mean the augment num?

No, it means M. pAnini said num instead of anusvAra just to save space . Therefore this rule did affect tRMhaNIyam, even though the M in there is not a num.

KAZIKA aT ku pu AG num ityetair vyavAye 'pi rephaSAkArabhyAm uttarasya nakArasya NakArAdezo bhavati. aDvyavAye tAvat karaNam. haraNam kiriNA. giriNA. kuruNA. guruNA. kavargavyavAye arkeNa. mUrkheNa. gargeNa. argheNa. pavargavyavAye darpeNa. repheNa. garbheNa. carmaNA. varmaNA. AGvyavAye paryANaddham. nirANaddham. aDvyavAye iti siddhe AGgrahaNaM padavyavAye ityasya pratiSedhasya bAdhanArtham. nuMvyavAye bRMhaNam. bRMhaNIyam. nuMgrahaNam anusvAropalakSaNArthaM draSTavyam. tena tRMhaNam, tRMhaNIyam ityatra anusvAravyavAye numabhAve 'pi NatvaM bhavati. satyapi ca numi yatra anusvAro na zrUyate tatra na bhavati, prenvanam, prenvanIyam iti. vyavAyopalakSaNArthatvAdaDAdInAm iha vyastaiH samastair vyavAye 'pi NatvaM bhavati.

pUrva-padAt saJjJAyAm a-gaH ONPANINI 84003
After former in a tag (there is Natvam in the latter), but not after g.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1008

Exception to raSA, that only allows Natvam inside the same word. By this exception, in a compound used as a tag, the r R S of the former will cause Natvam in the latter --

rAmasya + ayana- →supodhA rAma + ayana →akassa rAmAyana- rAmAyaNa- "the story of rAma 's travels"

zUrpa "winnowing basket" + nakha "nail" + Ap zUrpaNakhA- "Basketnails"

dru-Nasa- "Treenose"

Non- tag compounds are unaffected --

carman- "skin, leather" + nAsika- "thong" →nalopaHprA carma-nAsika- "whip"

karman- + yogena → karma-yogena "by karma-yoga"

And so are the tags whose former ends in g --

Rc + ayanam →coHkuH Rk + ayanam →jhalAJjazonte Rgayanam "study of the whole veda"

KAZIKA pUrvapada-sthAn nimittAd uttarasya gakAra-varjitAd nakArasya NakAra Adezo bhavati saMjJAyAM viSaye. druNasaH. vArghrINasaH. kharaNasaH. zUrpaNakhA. saMjJAyAm iti kim? carmanAsikaH. agaH iti kim? Rgayanam. kecid etan niyam%ArthaM varNayanti, pUrvapadAt saMjJAyAm eva NatvaM na anyatra iti. samAse 'pi hi samAnapade nimitta-nimittinor bhAvAd asti pUrveNa prAptiH iti sa ca niyamaH pUrvapada-sambadhAd uttarapada-sthasya eva NatvaM nivartayati, carmanAsikaH iti, na taddhita-pUrvapada-sthasya, khAra-pAyaNaH, mAtR-bhonINaH, karNa-priyaH iti. agaH iti yogavibhAgena Natva-pratiSedhaH, na niyamapratiSedhaH iti. apare tu pUrvasUtre samAnam eva yan nityaM padaM tat samAnapadam ity Azrayanti, samAnagrahaNAt. teSAm aprAptam eva Natvam anena nidhIyate. samAse hi pUrva-pad%ottara-vibhAgAd asamAna-padatvam apy asti iti.

prAtipadikAnta;num;vibhaktiSu ca ONPANINI 84011
nounbase-final, num, vibhakti (of a latter get Natvam optionally).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1009

Example of nounbase-final n --

mASa-vApiNau "two kidney-bean sowers"

mASa-vApinau "two kidney-bean sowers"

Example of num (from napuMsakasyajhal;acaH) --

mASa-vApANi "kidney-bean seeds"

mASa-vApAni "kidney-bean seeds"

Example of vibhakti (the sup-affix TA is a vibhakti, and here it changed into ina by TAGasi) --

mASa-vApeNa "with a kidney-bean seed"

mASa-vApena "with a kidney-bean seed"

KAZIKA vA iti vartate. prAtipadikAnte numi vibhaktau ca yo nakAraH tasya pUrva-padasthAnnimittAd uttarasy vA NakAra Adezo bhavati. prAtipadik%Ante tAvat mASavApiNau, mASavApinau. numi mASavApANi, mASavApAni. vrIhivApANi, vrIhivApAni. vibhaktau mASavApeNa, mASavApena. vrIhivApeNa, vrIhivApena. pUrva-padAdhikArAd uttarapadasya prAtipadika-stho yo 'ntyo nakAraH tasya idaM Natvam iSyati. iha hi na bhavati, gargANAM bhaginI gargabhaginI. yadA tv evaM bhavati, gargANAM bhago gargabhagaH, gargabhago 'syA asti iti gargabhagiNI iti, tadA mAtR-bhogINavannityam eva Natvena bhavitavyam. mASavApiNI, mASavApinI ity atra tu gatikArakopapadAnAM kRdbhiH saha samAsa-vacanaM prAkSubutpatteH iti kRd-antena eva samAse sati prAtipadikasya uttarapadasya eva sato nakAro bhavati. tathA ca atra nuM-grahaNam kRtam. sa hi samudAyabhaktatvAd uttarapadasya anto na bhavati. yuvAdInAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. AryayUnA. kSatriyayUnA. prapakvAni. dIrghAhnI zarad.

ek%Aj uttara-pade NaH ONPANINI 84012
But compulsorily N in ekAc latter.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1010

The n of an ekAc latter gets Natvam compulsorily. Exception to prAtipadikAntanum above, that would have made Natvam optional.

So, as han is an ekAc latter, we get N compulsorily in --

vRtrahan- + jas vRtrahaNas "soldiers"

Does that work on vRtra + han- + zas ?

No. There alloponaH erases the a of han-, so han stops being an ekAc, and this rule doesn't make the N compulsory, so we may say --

vRtrahan- + zas →alloponaH vRtrahn- + zas →hohante vRtraghnas "soldiers"

KAZIKA ekAj uttarapadaM yasya sa ekAj-uttarapadaH, tasminn ekAjuttarapada-samAse prAtipadikAntanuM vibhaktisu pUrvapadasthAnnimittAd uttarasya nakArasya NakAraH Adezo bhavati. vRtra-haNau. vRtra-haNaH. numi kSIrapANi. surApANi. vibhaktau kSIrapeNa. surApeNa. NaH iti vartamAne punar Na-grahaNaM vikalpAdhikAra-nivRtteH vispaSTIkaraNArtham.

upasargAd a-samAse 'pi N%opadezasya ONPANINI 84014
(n of) Nopadeza root (to N) after a preverb.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1011

Exception to the samAnapade word of raSAbhyAMnoNassamAnapade, that forbids Natvam across word boundaries. The r of preverbs pari pra will change the n of the Nopadeza roots --

pra + namati praNamati "bows down"

Counterexample with nRt, which is not a Nopadeza root --

pari + nRtyati parinRtyati "dances around"

KAZIKA Na upadezo yasyAsau NopadezaH. Nopadezasya dhAtor yo nakAraH tasya upasargasthAn nimittAd uttarasya NakArAdezo bhavaty asamAse 'pi samAse 'pi. praNamati. pariNamati. praNAyakaH. pariNAyakaH. upasargAd iti kim? pragatA nAyakAH asmAd dezAt pranAyako dezaH. asamAse 'pi kim? pUrvapadAdhikArAt samAsa eva syAd iti tad-adhikAranivRttidyotanArtham. Nopadezasya iti kim? pranardati. pranardakaH.

Why didn't you translate the asamAsepi of the original rule?

Because pANini needed that one to get the trickle to work right, but you don't need to know about that. After you understand my translation, that is.

But I do want to know about that.

Then read the kAzikA, that's what it's for. pUrvapadAdhikArAt samAsa eva syAd iti tad-adhikAranivRttidyotanArtham, can't be any clearer.

pad%Antasya ONPANINI 84037
( Natvam won't) replace wordfinal.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1012

Exception to raSA.

So the n stays unchanged here --

pitR- + zas →prathamayo pitRRs →tasmAccha pitRRn "fathers, ancestors"

RSi- + zas RSIn "seers"

dviS + karmaNi liG jha → dviS + yak + jha → dviSya + Iran''' →AdguNaH dviSyeran "they would be hated"