a-padAntasya mUrdhanyaH ONPANINI 83055
Replace non- wordfinal with curledback.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1061

headline, valid down to 84001 raSA, exclusive. The following rules all replace non wordfinal s with S, except one or two, that replace non wordfinal dh with Dh.

For instance, a rule below, the kric rule, says --

"replace s after ku r ic".

But because of this headline, and of the most-alike rule, that kric rule means --

"replace s with S after ku r ic, but not if the s is wordfinal".

iN;koH ONPANINI 83057
(non- wordfinal s to S) after ku, r, ic.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1063

Nicknamed kric rule or Satvam rule. It means --

" Replace the non- wordfinal s that follows ku r ic with S. "

Examples after g and k, that are ku letters --

tvac- + sup' →jhalAJjazonte tvajsu →coHkuH tvagsu tvagSu →kharica tvakSu "in skins"

dviS + laT sip →puganta dveS + si →SaDhoHkassi dvek + si dvekSi "you hate"

after r --

dhur- + sup' →rvoru dhUrsu dhUrSu "in yokes"

after ic --

dhanus- + TA dhanuSA "with a bow"

The wordfinal s is unaffected --

dhanus- + su → dhanuss →svamorna dhanus "bow"

See also Satvam.

KAZIKA iNkoH ityetadadhikRtaM veditavyam. ita uttaraM yad vakSyAmaH, iNaH kavargAc ca ityevaM tad veditavyam. vakSyati Adeza;pratyayayoH 83059. siSeva. suSvApa. agniSu. vAyuSu. kartRSu. hartRSu. gIrSu. dhUrSu. vAkSu. tvakSu. iNkoH iti kim? dAsyati. asau.

This rule gets the trickle of "non- wordfinal" from apadAnta.

num;visarjanIya;zar-vyavAye 'pi ONPANINI 83058
( kric rule works) even if one of num H zar comes in between.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1064 kric

Addition to kric rule.

Example with num in between --

dhanus- + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH dhanunsi →sAntama dhanUnsi →nazcA dhanUMsi dhanUMSi "bows"

Example with s in between --

havis- + sup' →svAdiSva havis ( word ) + su →sasaju havi + ru + su →kharava havi + H + su →vAzari havi + s + su havisSu →STunA haviSSu

See the kAzikA for more examples.

KAZIKA nuM-vyavAye 'pi visarjanIya-vyavAye 'pi zar-vyavAye 'pi uttarasya sa-kArasya mUrdhany'-Adezo bhavati. vyavAya-zabdaH praty-ekam abhisambadhyate. nuM-vyavAye tAvat sarpiMSi. yajUMSi. havIMSi. visarjanIya-vyavAye sarpiHSu. yajuHSu. haviHSu. zar-vyavAye sarpiSSu. yajuSSu. haviSSu. num-AdibhiH praty-ekaM vyavAye. Satvam iSyate, na samastaiH. teneha na bhavati, niMsse, niMssvaH iti. Nisi cumbane ity etasya etad rUpam. atra hi numA, sakAreNa zarA ca vyavadhAnam.

Adeza;pratyayayoH ONPANINI 83059
( kric works only) when a sa-root or an affix is involved.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1065

There is a big difference between Natvam and Satvam. The Natvam rules will work on everything, yet the Satvam rules will only work (A) when adding affixes, and (B) when Sa-roots come after preverbs. This is why words like kusumam don't get Satvam, the s being inside a nounbase.

Examples with the sa-root sad after a kric letter --

ni + sad + laT tip →pAghrA ni + sIda + tip ni + SIda + ti → niSIda + zap + ti →atoguNe niSIdati "sits down; sinks down, gets depressed"

ni + sad + kta niSad + ta →radAbhyAnni niSan + na →Natvam niSaNna →STunA niSaNNa- "depressed"

Example with s of affix after kric letter --

azva + sup' →bahuvacanejhalyet azve + su azveSu "about horses"

Example with s that follows a kric and is before an affix --

dhanus- + TA dhanuSA "with a bow"

Counterexample. There is no change when the s is not before an affix, does not start an affix, and does not start a Sa-root. So here the s stays, even though it is after an ic --

kusuma- @n + su →atom kusumam "flower"

See also exception zAsivasi right below.

KAZIKA mUrdhanyaH iti vartate, sa iti ca. AdezapratyayayoH iti SaSThI bhedena sambadhyate. Adezo yaH sakAraH, pratyayasya ca yaH sakAraH iNkoruttaraH tasya mUrdhanyo bhavati AdezaH. Adezasya tAvat siSeva. suSvApa. pratyayasya agniSu. vAyuSu. kartRSu. hartRSu. indro mA vakSat, sa devAn yakSatiti vyapadezivadbhAvAt pratyayasya iti SatvaM bhavati. yajater vahatezca paJcamalakAre parasmaipadaprathamaikavacane ikAralopaH, leTo 'DaTau ( 3-4-94 ) iti aT, sibbahulaM leTi ( 3-1-34 ) iti sip, tataH siddhaM yakSat, vakSatiti.

zAsi;vasi;ghasInAM ca ONPANINI 83060
(s) of zAs vas' ghas (to S after kric).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1066 kric

The s of these three roots comes to be after a kric letter when some special rules work on them.

Example with zAs after zAsa::ida replaces it with zis --

zAs + kta →zAsa::ida zis + ta ziS + ta →STunA ziSTa- "taught, instructed, told to do so"

With vas when vacisvapi replaces va with u --

vas + bhAve laT ta → vas + yak + ta →vacisvapi us + yak + ta →Tita us + ya + te''' uS + ya + te''' → uSyate "inhabiting happens"

And with ghas when gamahana erases the a --

ghas + liT jhi → ghas + us →liTidhA ghaghas + us →kuhozcuH jhaghas + us →abhyAsecarca jaghas- + us →gamahana jaghsus jaghSus →kharica jakSus "they ate"

See the kAzikA for more examples.

KAZIKA zAsi vasi ghasi ity eteSAM ca iNkoH uttarasya sakArasya mUrdhanyo bhavati. anvaziSat, anvaziSatAm, anvaziSan. ziSTaH. ziSTavAn. vasi uSitaH. uSitavAn. uSitvA. ghasi jakSatuH. jakSuH. ghasibhasorhali ca 64100 iti upadhAlopaH. akSan pitaro 'mImadanta pitaraH. anAdez%ArthaM vacanam. ghasir yadyapyAdezaH, sakAras tv Adezo na bhavati. iNkoH ityeva, zAsti. vasati. jaghAsa.

You might be asking yourself why this rule is necessary, as you have seen hundreds of examples of the kric rule changing s into S after a kric letter. Doesn't that kric rule work automatically after every kric letter, just like the Natvam rules work after every r?

No, it doesn't. Because of Adezapra, the kric rule only works when the contact of the kric letter and the s is caused by the addition of an affix, or by a preverb before a Sa-root. This is why kusumam stays kusumam, and this is why kric cannot work on the examples above.

prAk sitAd aD-vyavAye 'pi ONPANINI 83063
The next rules down to parinivibhyaHsevasita work even when aT is in between.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1068

Example.

Rule 83065 below says that sic' becomes Sic when right afte abhi --

abhi + sic' + laT abhiSiJcati "he consecrates as king"

But, because of this rule, that change will still happen when luGlaG slips an aT in between --

abhi + sic' + laG abhi + siJc + za + t''' →luGlaG abhi + a + siJc + a + t abhyaSiJcat "he sprinkled"

KAZIKA sevasita 83070 iti vakSyati. prAk sitasaMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH tatra aD-vyavAye 'pi mUrdhanyo bhavati ity evaM tad veditavyam, api zabdAd anaDvyavAye 'pi. vakSyati upasargAt sunotisuvati iti Satvam. abhiSuNoti. pariSuNoti. vaSuNoti. niSuNoti. abhyaSuNoti. paryaSuNot. vyaSuNot. nyaSuNot.

upasargAt sunoti;suvati;syati; stauti;stobha;tisthA; senaya;sedha;sica; saJja;svaJjAm ONPANINI 83065
sunoti;suvati;syati; stauti;stobha;tisthA; senaya;sedha;sica; saJja;svaJja (to S after i u of preverb)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1069

Example. The root su 05.0001 "squeeze" appears in the dhAtupATha as Su(J). Because of rule dhAtvAdeHSaHsaH, it always becomes su. This su will again turn into Su right after the i of a preverb, such as pari --

pari + su + laT parisuNoti pariSuNoti

Because of prAksi above, the change will still happen when the aT from luGlaG comes in between --

pari + su + laG paryasuNot paryaSuNot

KAZIKA mUrdhanya iti vartate, saH iti ca. upasargasthAn nimittAtuttarasya sunoti suvati syati stauti stobhati sthA senaya sedha sica saJja svaJja ityeteSAM sakArasya mUrdhanyAdezo bhavati. sunoti abhiSuNoti. pariSuNoti. abhyaSuNot. paryaSuNot. suvati abhiSuvati. pariSuvati. abhyaSuvat. paryaSuvat. syati abhiSyati. pariSyati. abhyaSyat. paryaSyat. stauti tabhiSTauti. pariSTauti. abhyaStaut. paryaSTaut. stobhati abhiSTobhate. pariStobhate. abhyaSTobhata. paryaSTobhata. sthA abhiSThAsyati. pariSThAsyati. abhyaSTAt. paryaSThAt. abhitaSTau. paritaSThau. senaya abhiSeNayati. pariSeNayati. abhyaSeNayat. paryaSeNayat. abhiSiSeNayiSati. pariSiSeNayiSati. sedha abhiSedhati. priSedhati. abhyaSedhat. paryaSedhat. sica abhiSiJcati. pariSiJcati. abhyaSiJcat. paryaSiJcat. abhiSiSikSati. pariSiSikSati. saJja abhiSajati. pariSajati. abhyaSajat. paryaSajat. abhiSiSaGkSati. priraGkSati. svaJja abhiSvajate. pariSvajate. abhyaSvajata. paryaSvajata. abhiSiSvaGkSate. pariSiSvaGkSate. sedha iti zabvikaraNanirdezaH sidhyatinivRttyarthaH. upasargAtiti kim? dadhi siJcati. madhu siJcati. nirgatAH secakA usmasad dezAt niHsecako dezaH iti nAyaM siceH upsargaH. abhisAvakoyati ityatra api na sunotiM prati kiryAyogaH, kiM tarhi? sAvakIyaM prati. abhiSAvayati ityatra tu sunotimeva prati kriyAyogaH, na sAvaryatiM prati iti SatvaM bhavati.

sadir aprateH ONPANINI 83066
sad to S (after i u of a preverb) except prati.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1070

The s of sad turns into S after preverbs that end in i u --

viSIdati

niSIdati

nyaSIdat

niSasAda

but not after prati --

pratisIdati

KAZIKA sadeH sakArasya upasargasthAn nimittAtaprateH uttarasya mUrdhanya Adezo bhavati. niSIdati. viSIdati. nyaSIdat. vyaSIdat. niSasAda. viSasAda. aprateH iti kim? pratisIdati.

avAc c' Alamban'-AvidUryayoH ONPANINI 83068
(stambh to S) after ava when meaning 'supporting' or 'nearness'.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1071

Examples --

ava + stambh + ktvA avaSTabhya "taking support on, relying on"

ava + stambh + kta avaSTabdha "took support on, relied on, was near"

As in --

avaSTabhya tiSThati "he stands supporting himself on a staff or something"

avaSTabdhA senA "the nearby army"

( rule adyazvInA 'vaSTabdhe uses this root to mean nearness in time )

The rule specifies "when meaning support of nearness" so that it will not work when ava + stambh means suffering, as in --

avastabdho vRSalazH zItena "the zUdra is afflicted with cold"

KAZIKA avazabdAtupasargAtuttarasya stanbheH sakArasya mUrdhanyaH Adezo bhavati, Alambane 'rthe AvidUrye ca. Alambanam AzrayaNam. avidUrasya bhAvaH AvidUryam. Alambane tAvat avaSTabhyAste. avaSTabhya tiSThati. AvidUrye avaSTabdhA senA. avaSTabdhA zarat. AlambanAvidUryayoH iti kim? avastabdho vRSalaH zItena. anigarthaH ArambhaH.

pari;ni;vibhyaH seva;sita;saya; sivu;saha;suT; stu;svaJjAm ONPANINI 83070
Some roots get Satvam after pari ni vimmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1072

Those roots are

sev "serve"

siv "sew"

sah "endure"

stu "praise"

svaJj "hug",

si, but only before kta and ac''

and the roots that got suT

(like kR, that becomes skR after pari or sam).

Examples --

ni + siv + laT niSevate

ni + siv + san + laT niSiSeviSate

ni + si + kta niSita-

ni + si + ac'' ni + Si + a →hardsoft ni + Se + a →ecoya niSaya-

See the kAzikA for more examples.

KAZIKA pari ni vi ityetebhyAH upasargebhyaH uttareSAm seva sita saya sivu saha suT stu svaJja ityeteSAm sakArasya mUrdhanya AdezaH bhavati. pariSevate. niSevate. viSevate. paryaSevata. nyaSevata. vyaSevata. pariSiSeviSate. niSiSeviSate. viSiSeviSate. sita pariSitaH. niSitaH. viSitaH. saya pariSayaH. niSayaH. viSayaH. siv pariSIvyati. niSIvyati. viSIvyati. paryaSIvyat. nyaSIvyat. vyaSIvyat. paryasIvyat. nyasIvyat. vyasIvyat. saha pariSahate. niSahate. viSahate. paryaSahata. nyaSahata. vyaSahata. paryasahata. nyasahata. vyasahata. suT pariSkaroti. paryaSkarot. paryaskarot. stu pariSTauti. niSTauti. viSTauti. paryaSTaut. nyaSTaut. vyaSTaut. paryastaut. nyastaut. vyastaut. svaJja daMzasaJjasvaJjAm iti nalopaH. pariSvajate. niSvajate. viSvajate. paryaSvajata, paryasvajata. pUrveNa eva siddhe stusvaJjigrahaNam uttarArtham, aDvyavAye vibhASA yathA syAt.

iNaH SIdhvaM;luG;liTAM dho 'GgAt ONPANINI 83078
After iN, dh of SIdhvam, luG and liT to (Dh).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1074 luG

The word SIdhvam in this rule means the affix sIdhvam''' that has been affected by kric.

We must replace with Dh the dh of the dhvam that --

(1) replaced soft liG, so it became sIdhvam''', and then became SIdhvam by kric --

mR + soft liG dhvam → mR + sIdhvam''' →uzca mR + (k)sIdhvam →kric mR + SIdhvam mRSIDhvam "I hope y'all die"

Note: mR got no hardsoft here because uzca added k label.

(2) replaced luG --

plu + luG dhvam →luGlaG aplu + dhvam →hardsoft aplodhvam aploDhvam "y'all jumped"

or (3) replaced liT --

plu + liT dhvam →Tita plu + dhve''' →kRsR plu + idhve →liTidhA puplu + idhve →aciznu pupluvidhve pupluviDhve "y'all jumped"

(We got no hardsoft here, because of asaMyogAlliTkit.)

(because of the rule below, vibhASeTaH, we may also say pupluvidhe)

See optional exception vibhASeTaH right below.

KAZIKA mUrdhanyaH iti vartate. iN-antAd aGgAd uttareSAM SIdhvaM-luG-liTAM yo dhakAraH tasya mUrdhany-Adezo bhavati. cyoSIDhvam, ploSIDhvam. luG acyoDhvam. aploDhvam. liT cakRDhve. vavRDhve. iNkoH iti vartamAne punar iN-grahaNaM kavarga-nivRtty-artham. pakSIdhvam. yakSIdhvam. SIdhvaM-luG-liTAm iti kim? studhve. astudhvam. aGgAtiti kim? pariveviSIdhvam. arthavad grahaNAd api siddham? tat tu nAzritam.

This rule only works when sIdhvam changed to SIdhvam after iN vowels, but not when it changed after ku, as in pakSIdhvam.

Notice that the rule does not say "replace with Dh", but we know that we have to replace dh with Dh because of the trickle of apadAntasya mUrdhanyaH "replace with a curledback". Only this rule and the next rule replace dh with Dh, all the other rules in this section all replace s with S.

The original rule says aGgAt "after the stem". This word clarifies that the rule applies to the SIdhvam that comes from the sIdhvam''' affix, but not to the SIdhvam that appears when a root that ends in S is followed by the hard liG Idhvam''' affix (as in pariveviSIdhvam, from root viS).

vibhAS`eTaH ONPANINI 83079
Optionally before iT.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1075

Exception to iNaSSIdhva above. If the dhvam got iT, the Dh change is optional. So, optionally, no Dh change in these --

As + @soft liG dhvam → As + sIdhvam''' →ArdhadhAtukasyeD As + isIdhvam →kric AsiSIdhvam "may y'all sit"

plu + liT dhvam →kRsRbhRvR plu + idhvam pupluvidhve

And we can still say AsiSIDhvam, pupluviDhe.

KAZIKA iNaH parasmAtiTa uttareSAM SIdhvaM-luG-liTAM yo dhakAraH tasya mUrdhanyAdezo bhavati vibhASA. laviSIDhvam, laviSIdhvam. paviSIDhavam, paviSIdhvam. luG alaviDhavam, alavidhvam. liT luluviDhve, luluvidhve. iNaH ityeva, AsiSIdhvam. atha iha kathaM bhavitavyam, upadidIyidhve? kecid AhuH, iN-antAd aGgAd uttarasya iTa AnantaryaM yuTA vyavahitam iti na bhavitavyaM Dhatvena iti. apareSAM darzanam, aGgAtiti nivRttam, iNaH ity anuvartate, tataz ca yakArAd eva inaH paro 'nantaraH iTiti pakSe bhavitavyaM mUrdhanyena iti.

mAtR;pitRbhyAM svasA ONPANINI 83084
s of svasR to S after mAtR and pitR in a compound.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1076

Only examples --

mAtRSvasR- "maternal aunt"

pitRSvasR- "paternal aunt"

KAZIKA mAtR pitR ityetAbhyAm uttarasya svasRsakArasya samAse mUrdhanyAdezo bhavati. mAtRSvasA. pitRSvasA.

gavi;yudhibhyAM sthiraH ONPANINI 83095
After gavi and yudhi, sthiraH (gets Satvam when latter, to make proper names).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1077

The only examples are the proper names --

yudh- + Gi + sthira- → yudhi + sthira- yudhi + Sthira- →STunASTuH yudhiSThira-

and

go- + Gi + sthira- gaviSThira- (same steps)

These are aluk compounds because the rule has gaviyudhibhyAm, not goyudbhyAm. yudhiSThira would have been aluk anyway by hal-ad-antAt.

KAZIKA gavi-yudhibhyAm uttarasya sthirasakArasya mUrdhanyAdezo bavati. gaviSThiraH. yudhiSThiraH. gozabdAd ahalantAd api etasmAd eva nipAtanAt saptamyA alug bhavati.

amb'-Amba-go- bhUmi-savy%Apa- dvi-tri-ku- zeku-zaGkv-aGgu- maJji-puJji-parame- barhir-divy-agnibhyaH sthaH ONPANINI 83097
stha (to S) after amba Amba go, bhUmi savya apa, dvi tri ku, zeku zaGku aGgu, maJji puJji parame, barhis divi agnimmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1078

Example --

divi + stha- diviStha- →STunA diviSTha- "that is in the sky"

as in --

bhoH pitar diviSTha pUjyatAnM nAma te

KAZIKA ambAmbagobhUmisavyApadvitrikuzekuzaGkvaGgumaJjipuJjiparamebarhirdivyagnir ityetebhya uttarasya stha-zabda-sakArasya mUrdhany-Adezo bhavati. vArttikam. sthA-sthin-sthRNAm iti vaktavyam.

By a vArttika, this rule works not only before stha, but also before sthA, sthin and sthR --

parame + sthin parameSThin- "supreme being"

na rapara;sRpi;sRji; spRzi;spRhi;savanAdInAm ONPANINI 83110
sr-starters, sRp sRj spRz spRh, and the savana -class get no Satvam.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1079 kric

Examples...

with sr-starters --

visraMsate "falls apart"

susrAva "flowed, ran"

sisrAvayiSati

susrAvayiSati

with sRj, spRh --

vAco visarjanAt

nispRhaGM kathayati

with a savana-class --

anusavanam

KAZIKA repha-parasya sakArasya sRpi sRji spRzi spRhi savanAdInAM ca mUrdhanyo na bhavati. rapara visraMsikAyAH kANDAbhyAM juhoti. visrabdhaH kathayati. spRpi purA krUrasya visRpaH sRji vAco visarjanAt. spRzi divispRzam. spRhi nispRhaM kathayati. savanAdInAm savane savane. sUte sUte. sAme sAme. savanamukhe savanamukhe. kiM syati kiMsaMkiMsam. anusavanamanusavanam. gosaniM gosanim. azvasanimazvasanim. pUrvapadAd iti prApte pratiSedhaH. azvasanigrahaNam aniNo 'pi Satvam asti iti jJApanArtham. tena jalASAham, azvaSAham ity etat siddhaM bhavati. kvacid evaM gaNapAThaH savane savane. anusavane 'nusavane. saMjJAyAM bRhaspatisavaH. zakunisavanam. some some. sUte sUte. saMvatsare saMvatsare. kiMsaMkiMsam. bisaMbisam. musalaMmusalam. gosanimazvasanim. savanAdiH.

ra;SAbhyAM no NaH samAna-pade ONPANINI 84001
After r R RR S, same- word n to N.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1081

This change of n into N is called Natvam ("N -ness").

Example after r --

catur- + Am →SaTcaturbhyazca catur- + nAm caturNAm "of four"

Example after S --

puS + znA + tip puSNAti "he prospers"

Example after RR --

pitR- + Am → pitR- + nAm →nAmi pitRR- + nAm pitRRNAm "of fathers, of the ancestors"

(pitRRnAm is a word because suptiG says so, so RR and n are in the same word.)

See also aTkupvA below.

KAZIKA rephaSakArAbhyAm uttarasy nakArasya NakArAdezo bhavati, samAnapadasthau cen nimittanimittinau bhavataH. AstIrNam. vizIrNam. avagUrNam. SakArAt kuSNAti. puSNAti. muSNAti. SagrahaNam uttarArtham, STutvena eva hi siddham etat. samAnapade iti kim? agnirnayati. vAyurnayati. RvarNAc ca iti vaktavyam. tisRNAm. catasRNAm. mAtRRNAm. pitRRNAm. razrutisAmAnyanirdezAt vA siddham. avarnabhaktyA ca vyavadhAne 'pi NatvaM bhavati iti kSubhnAdiSu nRnamanatRpnotigrahaNaM jJApakam. athavA RvarNAdapi NatvaM bhavati iti etadeva anena jJApyate.

Why do we say "same-word" ? Because, the r R RR S of a word won't affect a n that is in the next word --

kapir nRtyati "monkey dances"

svamor napuMsakAl luk "replace su am after neuter with luk"

(there are a lot of exceptions to this, see Natvam works across some word boundaries )

This rule won't work on wordfinal n. See padAntasya.

This rule won't work on the n that is before a serious. See no Natvam before serious .

The original rule says only "after r S". By "after r", pANini means all sounds that have a tap inside -- r, R and RR. We know that because pANini says things like --

aptRntRcsvasRnaptRneSTRtvaSTRkSattRhotRpotRprazAstRRNAm.

with NAm, not nAm, after RR.

aT;ku;pv;AG;num;vyavAye 'pi ONPANINI 84002
Even if aT' ku pu AG M come in between.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1082 Natvam

Rule raSA says --

n turns into N when inmediately after !r !R !RR !S

This rule adds:

n also turns into N after r R RR S even when some of the other letters come in between the r R RR S and the n.

Example. Here u is between r and n --

runaddhi ruNaddhi "obstructs"

u is an aT letter, so raSA worked even though u is between r and n.

And here we have Ame in between. A and e are aT letters and m is a pu letter --

rAmena rAmeNa "by rAma"

And here amamA is in between --

vIkSamAnas vIkSamANas "while looking around"

This rule only works inside ONE word. So, if a compound has r S in the former, and n in the latter, this rule will not work --

karman- + yogena → karmayogena "by yoga of action"

vRtra + han + zas →alloponaH vRtra + hn + as →hohanter vRtra + ghn + as → vRtraghnas "soldiers"

However, there are many compounds where R r S in the former will change the n in the latter. for instance, rule ekAju makes raSA work in these two --

grAmasya + nI- + su →supodhA grAmanIs →ekAju grAmaNIs "mayor"

vRtra + han + jas →ekAju vRtrahaNas "soldiers"

Back to Natvam.

KAZIKA aT ku pu AG num ityetair vyavAye 'pi rephaSAkArabhyAm uttarasya nakArasya NakArAdezo bhavati. aDvyavAye tAvat karaNam. haraNam kiriNA. giriNA. kuruNA. guruNA. kavargavyavAye arkeNa. mUrkheNa. gargeNa. argheNa. pavargavyavAye darpeNa. repheNa. garbheNa. carmaNA. varmaNA. AGvyavAye paryANaddham. nirANaddham. aDvyavAye iti siddhe AGgrahaNaM padavyavAye ityasya pratiSedhasya bAdhanArtham. nuMvyavAye bRMhaNam. bRMhaNIyam. nuMgrahaNam anusvAropalakSaNArthaM draSTavyam. tena tRMhaNam, tRMhaNIyam ityatra anusvAravyavAye numabhAve 'pi NatvaM bhavati. satyapi ca numi yatra anusvAro na zrUyate tatra na bhavati, prenvanam, prenvanIyam iti. vyavAyopalakSaNArthatvAdaDAdInAm iha vyastaiH samastair vyavAye 'pi NatvaM bhavati.

Notice that the rule allows the preverb AG to be between the r and the n. That allows this --

pari + AG + naddha- paryANaddha- "covered all around"

This naddha- is nah + kta. As nah is a Nopadeza root, rule upasargAdasamAsepiNopadezasya allows changing pari + nah into pariNah, jumping one word boundary. But that rule is not enough to jump two word boundaries in pari + AG + nah. So AG is listed here to allow the double jump.

The word num in the rule means the anusvAra, the sound M. So the rule does work here --

tRMh + anIyar tRMhaNIya- "that should be crushed"

even though this M is not a num augment turned into M by nazcA, but part of the root tRMh tRMhati (not same as tRh tRNeDhi).

See also how to learn rule aTku

pUrva-padAt saJjJAyAm a-gaH ONPANINI 84003
After former in a tag (there is Natvam in the latter), but not after g.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1083

Exception to raSA, that only allows Natvam inside the same word. By this exception, in a compound used as a tag, the r R S of the former will cause Natvam in the latter --

rAmasya + ayana- →supodhA rAma + ayana →akassa rAmAyana- rAmAyaNa- "the story of rAma 's travels"

zUrpa "winnowing basket" + nakha "nail" + Ap zUrpaNakhA- "Basketnails"

dru-Nasa- "Treenose"

Non- tag compounds are unaffected --

carman- "skin, leather" + nAsika- "thong" →nalopaHprA carma-nAsika- "whip"

karman- + yogena → karma-yogena "by karma-yoga"

And so are the tags whose former ends in g --

Rc + ayanam →coHkuH Rk + ayanam →jhalAJjazonte Rgayanam "study of the whole veda"

KAZIKA pUrvapada-sthAn nimittAd uttarasya gakAra-varjitAd nakArasya NakAra Adezo bhavati saMjJAyAM viSaye. druNasaH. vArghrINasaH. kharaNasaH. zUrpaNakhA. saMjJAyAm iti kim? carmanAsikaH. agaH iti kim? Rgayanam. kecid etan niyam%ArthaM varNayanti, pUrvapadAt saMjJAyAm eva NatvaM na anyatra iti. samAse 'pi hi samAnapade nimitta-nimittinor bhAvAd asti pUrveNa prAptiH iti sa ca niyamaH pUrvapada-sambadhAd uttarapada-sthasya eva NatvaM nivartayati, carmanAsikaH iti, na taddhita-pUrvapada-sthasya, khAra-pAyaNaH, mAtR-bhonINaH, karNa-priyaH iti. agaH iti yogavibhAgena Natva-pratiSedhaH, na niyamapratiSedhaH iti. apare tu pUrvasUtre samAnam eva yan nityaM padaM tat samAnapadam ity Azrayanti, samAnagrahaNAt. teSAm aprAptam eva Natvam anena nidhIyate. samAse hi pUrva-pad%ottara-vibhAgAd asamAna-padatvam apy asti iti.

vibhAS'' auSadhi; vanaspatibhyaH ONPANINI 84006
latter vana gets Natvam optionally when the former means an annual herb or a tree.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1084

Example with tree --

zirISavaNam "plot of zirISa trees"

annual herb --

dUrvavaNam "plot of dUrvA grass"

In the alternative, zirISavanam, dUrvavanam.

KAZIKA vanam ityeva. oSadhivAci yat pUrvapadaM vanaspativAci ca tatsthAn nimittAduttarasya vananakArasya NakAra Adezo bhavati vibhASA. oSadhivAcibhyas tAvat dUrvAvaNam, dUrvAvanam. mUrvAvaNam, mUrvAvanam. vanspatibhyaH zirISavaNam, zirISavanam. badarIvaNam, badarIvanam. dvyakSaratryakSarebhya iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt, devadAruvanam. bhadradAruvanam. irikAdibhyaH pratiSedho vaktavyaH. irikAvanam. mirikAvanam. phalI vanaspatir jJeyo vRkSAH puSpaphalopagAH. oSadhyaH phalapAkAntA$ latAgulmAzca vIrudhaH. satyapi bhede vRkSa-vanaspatyor iha bhedena grahaNaM draStavyam.

Technically a vRkSa- makes flower and fruit, but the vanaspati has no apparent flower, like the fig-tree or the pine-tree, but this rule uses vanaspati- to mean tree in general.

prAtipadikAnta;num;vibhaktiSu ca ONPANINI 84011
nounbase-final, num, vibhakti (of a latter get Natvam optionally).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1085

Example of nounbase-final n --

mASa-vApiNau "two kidney-bean sowers"

mASa-vApinau "two kidney-bean sowers"

Example of num (from napuMsakasyajhal;acaH) --

mASa-vApANi "kidney-bean seeds"

mASa-vApAni "kidney-bean seeds"

Example of vibhakti (the sup-affix TA is a vibhakti, and here it changed into ina by TAGasi) --

mASa-vApeNa "with a kidney-bean seed"

mASa-vApena "with a kidney-bean seed"

KAZIKA vA iti vartate. prAtipadikAnte numi vibhaktau ca yo nakAraH tasya pUrva-padasthAnnimittAd uttarasy vA NakAra Adezo bhavati. prAtipadik%Ante tAvat mASavApiNau, mASavApinau. numi mASavApANi, mASavApAni. vrIhivApANi, vrIhivApAni. vibhaktau mASavApeNa, mASavApena. vrIhivApeNa, vrIhivApena. pUrva-padAdhikArAd uttarapadasya prAtipadika-stho yo 'ntyo nakAraH tasya idaM Natvam iSyati. iha hi na bhavati, gargANAM bhaginI gargabhaginI. yadA tv evaM bhavati, gargANAM bhago gargabhagaH, gargabhago 'syA asti iti gargabhagiNI iti, tadA mAtR-bhogINavannityam eva Natvena bhavitavyam. mASavApiNI, mASavApinI ity atra tu gatikArakopapadAnAM kRdbhiH saha samAsa-vacanaM prAkSubutpatteH iti kRd-antena eva samAse sati prAtipadikasya uttarapadasya eva sato nakAro bhavati. tathA ca atra nuM-grahaNam kRtam. sa hi samudAyabhaktatvAd uttarapadasya anto na bhavati. yuvAdInAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. AryayUnA. kSatriyayUnA. prapakvAni. dIrghAhnI zarad.

ek%Aj uttara-pade NaH ONPANINI 84012
But compulsorily N in ekAc latter.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1086

The n of an ekAc latter gets Natvam compulsorily. Exception to prAtipadikAntanum above, that would have made Natvam optional.

So, as han is an ekAc latter, we get N compulsorily in --

vRtrahan- + jas vRtrahaNas "soldiers"

This rule does not work on vRtra + han- + zas, because there alloponaH erases the a of han-, so han stops being an ekAc, and this rule doesn't apply at all --

vRtrahan- + zas →alloponaH vRtrahn- + as →hohante vRtraghnas "soldiers"

KAZIKA ekAj uttarapadaM yasya sa ekAj-uttarapadaH, tasminn ekAjuttarapada-samAse prAtipadikAntanuM vibhaktisu pUrvapadasthAnnimittAd uttarasya nakArasya NakAraH Adezo bhavati. vRtra-haNau. vRtra-haNaH. numi kSIrapANi. surApANi. vibhaktau kSIrapeNa. surApeNa. NaH iti vartamAne punar Na-grahaNaM vikalpAdhikAra-nivRtteH vispaSTIkaraNArtham.

upasargAd a-samAse 'pi N%opadezasya ONPANINI 84014
(n of) Nopadeza root (to N) after a preverb.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1087

Exception to the samAnapade word of raSAbhyAMnoNassamAnapade, that forbids Natvam across word boundaries. The r of preverbs pari pra will change the n of the Nopadeza roots --

pra + namati praNamati "bows down"

Counterexample with nRt, which is not a Nopadeza root --

pari + nRtyati parinRtyati "dances around"

KAZIKA Na upadezo yasyAsau NopadezaH. Nopadezasya dhAtor yo nakAraH tasya upasargasthAn nimittAd uttarasya NakArAdezo bhavaty asamAse 'pi samAse 'pi. praNamati. pariNamati. praNAyakaH. pariNAyakaH. upasargAd iti kim? pragatA nAyakAH asmAd dezAt pranAyako dezaH. asamAse 'pi kim? pUrvapadAdhikArAt samAsa eva syAd iti tad-adhikAranivRttidyotanArtham. Nopadezasya iti kim? pranardati. pranardakaH.

pad%Antasya ONPANINI 84037
( Natvam won't) replace wordfinal.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1088

Exception to raSA.

So the n stays unchanged here --

pitR- + zas →prathamayo pitRRs →tasmAccha pitRRn "fathers, ancestors"

RSi- + zas RSIn "seers"

dviS + karmaNi liG jha → dviS + yak + jha → dviSya + Iran''' →AdguNaH dviSyeran "they would be hated"

KAZIKA padAntasya nakArasya NakArAdezo na bhavati. vRkSAn. plakSAn. arIn. girIn.