Agrees with doer, agrees with object, agrees with nothing.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1281

All the words made by adding a tense after a root, and also the words made by adding after a root certain kRt affixes (such as kta, ktavatu and others), all work "like adjectives", in the sense that they mostly always take an ending that agrees with either the doer or the object of that root.

Those words belong to one of three groups --

(A) kartari words agree with the doer of their root.

(B) karmaNi words agree with the object of their root.

(C) bhAve words agree with the "action" of their root. This is the same thing as saying that they don't agree with anything.

Some examples of (A) --

The words carati "he moves", caranti "they move", acaras "you moved" are kartari words, because their endings tip jhi sip show if the doer of the action of moving is singular, dual or plural, and also show if it is third person, second person or first person. So we can think of caranti as an adjective that describes a plural, which is the doer of the action of moving --

caranti kapayaH "monkeys are moving"

kRSNAH kapayaH "monkeys are black"

And of course the verb carati is sort of an adjective that can only describe a singular noun --

carati kapiH "monkey is moving"

kRSNaH kapiH "monkeys is black"

These carati caranti acaras words all agree with the doer of the root car.

An example of (B) --

The word dRSte, made from dRz and au, is used to express that an action of seeing happened in the past. But it can only be used if the object of that action was dual and feminine --

dRSTe kukkuTyau mayA "I saw two hens"

dRSTe kukkuTyau tena "he saw two hens"

gajaH kukkuTI ca dRSTe tena "he saw an elephant and a hen"

These dRSTe word agrees with the object of the root dRz.

An example of (C) --

The word suptam, when it means that the action of sleeping happened in the past, may be used bhAve, that is to say, it always has the same form no matter who the doer of the action of sleeping is --

suptamM mayA "I slept"

suptaM siMhaiH "lions slept"

suptaM zazAbhyAm "two hares slept"

This suptam word agrees with nothing, as it does not change at all no matter who the doer is.

kartari words agree with doer.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1282

The word kartari is grammar jargon for "describes its doer" or "agrees with doer".

karmaNi words are made from a root, and get their ending from the doer of that root. They can be (1) nouns or (2) verbs.

(1) A kartari verb shows the number and person of its doer.

Examples. The following three verbs all mean that something moves, and they are all made from car + laT. But the laT was replaced with tip sip jhi depending on who does the action --

kapiz carati "monkey moves"

carasi "you move"

caranti siMhAH "lions move"

(2) A kartari noun shows the number, gender and case of its doer.

The following nouns are all made from car + ktavatu, and all mean that someone moved. But they got su or jas depending on how many people did the action --

kapiz caritavAn "monkey moved"

tvaJM caritavAn "you moved (speaking to a male)"

caritavantasH siMhAH "lions moved"

If the mover is feminine then these words become feminine too. This makes GI appear after ktavatu --

vAnarI caritavatI "she-monkey moved"

tvaJM caritavatI "you moved (speaking to a female)"

caritavatyasH siMhyaH "lionesses moved"

In the above examples the word from car + ktavatu always carries a first ending. That happens because the mover has a first ending in all those examples. If by any reason the doer of car carries any other case, then so will the car word --

kapiJM caritavantamM pazyAmi "I see that the monkey has moved"

kapez caritavato lAGgUlam "the tail of the monkey that had moved"

Back to agrees with doer, agrees with object, agrees with nothing .

karmaNi words agree with object.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1283

The word karmaNi is grammar jargon for "describes its object" or "agrees with object".

karmaNi words are made from an objectful root, and they copy its ending from the object of that root.

A karmaNi verb shows the number and person of its object.

Examples. The verbs dRzyate, dRzyete, dRzyante below are all made from dRz + laT, and all mean that someone is seeing something right now. The laT affix was replaced with ta AtAm jha because their objects (the monkeyfolk) are third person and singular, dual, plural --

dRzyate kapir mayA "I see a monkey"

dRzyete kapI mayA "I see two monkeys"

dRzyante kapayo mayA "I see monkeys"

A karmaNi noun shows the number and case and gender of its object.

Examples. The nouns dRStas, dRSTau, dRSTAs below all mean that someone saw something. These words are all made by adding together dRz and kta. These got su au jas added after the kta because the object of dRz is singular, dual, plural, and has first ending --

dRSTo hi kapir mayA "because I saw a monkey"

dRSTau hi kapI mayA "because I saw two monkeys"

kapayo hi mayA dRSTAH "because I saw monkeys"

If the object is feminine, dRSTa- gets the feminine affix Ap by rule ajAdyataSTAp --

mayA vidyud dRSTA "I saw lightning"

mayA kukkuTI dRSTA "I saw a hen"

If the object seen has seventh ending, then dRSTa- too gets a seventh ending --

dRSTeSu kapiSv agaccham "when the monkeys were seen, I left"

If the object is plural in meaning the dRSTa- always gets a plural ending, no matter if the individual objets have plural endings ir not --

kapir azvau ca mayA dRSTAH "I saw a monkey and two horses"

Back to agrees with doer, agrees with object, agrees with nothing .

bhAve words agree with nothing.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1284

The word bhAve is grammar jargon for "means the action" or "agrees with nothing".

Certain words are called bhAve words (agfree-with-nothing words). They are made from objectless roots, and always look the same no matter who the doer is.

bhAve words can be (1) verbs or (2) nouns.

(1) A bhAve verb is always made by replacing a tense with ta. Two such verbs are Asyate "sitting happens" (made from As + laT) and asupyata "sleeping happened" (made from svap + laG). These verbs always en in ta, no matter who the doer is --

Asyate mayA "I sit"

Asyate tena "he sits"

tair Asyate "they sit"

Using these verbs this way is never compulsory. We can also make As + laT agree with doer, this way --

Ase "I sit"

Aste "he sits"

Asate "they sit"

(2) A bhAve noun always has neuter gender and singular number, no matter who the doer of the action is. One such noun is Asitam, that means "sitting happened", but does not clarify who sat --

Asitam "someone sat, but I'm not telling who, maybe it was me maybe someone else"

Of course we can add another word to clarify who sat --

AsitamM mayA "I sat"

AsitanM tena "he sat"

AsitanM tayA "she sat"

AsitanM taiH "they sat"

Back to agrees with doer, agrees with object, agrees with nothing .

Doer affixes and nondoer affixes.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1286

There are two sorts of verbs -- those built with doer affixes, and those built with nondoer affixes. All roots and tenses can get both.

Examples.

The verbs pacati "cooks", plavate "jumps", kariSyAmi "I will do", were built with the tiG doer affixes tip, ta, mip. Those affixes may be flat or bent. If they are flat, inria shows " ac", and if they are bent, inria shows " md" --

pacati = pac pr [1] ac sg 3 = pac + zap + tip

plavate = plu pr [1] md sg 3 = plu + zap + ta

kariSyAmi = kR fut ac sg 1 = kR + sya + mip

Now, the verbs supyate "someone sleeps", dRzyante "they are being seen", zrUyatAm "let it be heard", are made with nondoer affixes. These are always bent, and inria shows " ps".

supyate = svap pr ps sg 3 = svap + yak + ta

dRzyante = dRz pr ps pl 3 = dRz + yak + jha

zrUyatAm = zru imp ps sg 3 = zru + yak + ta

The doer verbs agree with the doer have an affix that shows the number and person of their doer. That affix can be flat or bent.

The nondoer verbs do not have an affix that shows the number and person of their doer. The affix they carry is always bent. Their roots are of two kinds --

If the root is objectful, then the nondoer affix will show the number and person of the object of the root --

na zrUyate gItA "the song is not being heard" ta

gItA zrUyatAm "let the song be heard" ta

gItAz zrUyantAm "let the songs be heard" jha

dRzye "I am being seen"

Otherwise, the nondoer affix will be ta --

supyatAm "time to sleep"

Doer affixes.mmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1287

A doer affix is an affix that agrees with the doer of its root.

Examples:

The word pazyanti of

pazyanti kapayasH siMham

was made from dRz + jhi. The jhi was chosen because the doer of the root dRz is plural and third person. Therefore jhi is a doer affix.

The word plavante of

plavante kapayaH

was made from plu + jha. The jha was chosen because the doer of the root plu is plural and third person. Therefore this jha is a doer affix.

Counterexample:

In the sentence

dRzyante kapinA siMhAH "monkey sees lions"

The word dRzyante is made from dRz + jha. The jha was chosen because the OBJECT of the root dRz is plural and third person. Therefore this jha is NOT a doer affix.

In the two examples above, tip and jha are tiG affixes that replaced laT. We say that they agree with the doer because they were chosen so as to have the same number and person as the doer.

But not all doer affixes are tiG affixes; in fact, most of them are affixes that make nounbases when added to a root -- such as zatR, zAnac, kta, ktavatu, the kRtya, and others.

We say that those affixes agree with the doer when the nounbase they make takes the gender and number and case of the doer of the root.

Example:

In the sentence

dRSTavantaH kapayasH siMham "monkeys saw lion"

The word dRSTavantas is made from dRz + ktavatu. This dRSTavat- nounbase got jas added because the doer of the root dRz, namely the monkeys, is plural, masculine, and carries a first affix. Therefore ktavatu is a doer affix.

Counterexample:

In the sentence

dRSTaH kapibhisH siMhaH "monkeys saw lion"

The word dRSTas is made from dRz + kta. This dRSTa- nounbase got su added because the OBJECT of the root dRz, namely the lion, is singular, masculine, and carries a first affix. Therefore this kta is NOT a doer affix.