chunk 61: special roots chunk 61: special roots
Special roots.
Roots for "say".
rootnoun
^ 
The roots in this section either are affected by special rules, or can be easily mixed up with other roots.
aJcati "is at"
ad "eat"
As "sit"
asti "there is"
asyati "throws"
brU "say"
dRz "see"
gam "go"
ghas "eat"
grah "grab"
han "kill"
han- "killer"
hu "pour"
iS "want"
ji "win"
krI "buy"
kLp "befit"
labh "get"
plu "float, jump"
stu' "praise in verse"
sthA "stop, stay, stand"
svap "sleep"
UrNu "cover, hide"
vap "sow, scatter"
veJ "weave"
vid "know"
yu "join"
zAs "instruct; wish"
zIG "lie down, sleep"
stretchable roots:
vacisvapi roots
grahijyA roots
auxiliary roots:
kR "do, make"
bhU "be there, be"
as "be there, be"
^ 
Because of adaHsarveSAm, it gets
Back to special roots .
^ The root
The
The rootnoun is called " ac''' ", and has kvin by rule kvin --
Some rules that affect ac'''-ender compounds --
See also
^ The root AD 02.0011 As
As plus zAnac makes
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^ as is a lukclass root and means "be, be there, exist". Sometimes it is called asti, to keep it apart from as' asyati "throw".
as must be replaced with
as + liT tip →
and may be replaced with bhU everywhere else.
as + laT jhi →
and loses
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^ The root as'
It is called asyati in some rules ( asyatesthuk, asyativakti), to keep it apart from as "be".
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^ 
This root is spelled as
It is a grahijyA root, so it becomes
^ Affected by --
In the vedic verse
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^ kLp
This root is the only one that has
^ The root krI "buy" 09.0001 has nothing especial, but it appears a lot in grammar examples because it is the first root of the znAclass, and because it is flattybendy --
With vi in front, it means "sell".
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^ The root labh
As it is a Dvit, it can get ktri --
^ The root
Before zlu, it reduplicates with
Before liT it reduplicates normally:
Makes
There is also an unchanging mAG that mean's "don't".
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^ These roots are special in not being very special, and that's why they appear very often in grammar examples.
nI "lead, carry, bring, take away, take home"
pac "cook"
Both can take flat and bent endings.
In theory there is a slight meaning difference between the flat and the bent --
But, in practice, you may choose flat or bent wildly and no one will complain.
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^ The root ji means "win (a war, fight), conquer, defeat".
Because of rule sanliTorjeH, it sometimes looks like
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^ 01.1162
It is affected by vyazca and vibhASApareH.
Its yaG is anomalously
Here
^ This root means pouring ghee onto the sacred fire, or more in general, doing any sort of ritual (same meaning as hu "pour, do rituals").
It is traditionally translated as "sacrificing", but it doesn't mean sacrificing in general, only doing religious stuff.
ans is affected be vrazcabhrasja --
(Cereful. This
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^ stu' is lukclass root that ends in
stu' + laT tip →
It especially means to celebrate by chanting or singing in verse. So
^ The root
Because of graho 'liTi dIrghaH, we say
grah plus san makes
The epics sometimes have
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^ sthA is the root
It is subject to several special rules. Here are some, with an example each --
pAghrA -- sthA + zap makes
dyatisyatimAsthAmitti kiti -- sthA + kta makes
ghumA -- sthA + yak makes
Ato lopa:: iTi ca -- sthA + us makes
^ 
The root AD 06.0170 sic'
There is also a sic affix.
When the object is a new king, sic' means "to consecrate, to anoint", particularly with abhi. Therefore --
means that he appointed
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^ This is a lukclass root. Like zIG, it may mean either "sleep" or "lie down".
This root is affected by
and
As in --
It is listed as
^ This root gets stretching by vacisvapi.
It is mentioned at rule etyedhatyUThsu.
The rootnoun, vah-, means of course carrier, and may mean also "driver", "dragger", "puller". As in anaDuh- "cart-puller, ox".
The kta is
^ vap is one of the vacisvapi roots --
It gets Nyat --
^ This is
Affected by Asuyuvapi --
yu + Nyat →
^ yuj is the root
It is a very regular znamclass roots, and it is flattybendy. I just mention it here because it is very common in grammar examples.
Its kvin, yuj-, is anomalous because it can be used uncompounded (see yujerasamAse).
^ The lukclass root zAs "instruct" means to give instruction ('teach') or instructions ('command').
Some times it changes into
And the plural does not have anti''', because rule jakSi says so --
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^ The zaclass root AD 06.0016 Rcch
It means "rise, attack, hurt, move", or maybe
Back to special roots .
^ UrNu is affected by several special rules, such as --
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^ 
These are the most common ghu roots.
They are affected by some special rules --
There is also an affix dhA' meaning "-fold".
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^ The arti in the rules artipipa and guNortisa is the zluclass root AD 03.0017
With laT tip, this root makes
With yak ta, it makes
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^ The lukclass root brU "say" is only used before hard affixes (see bruvovaciH).
Its tiG may get IT --
According to
but in the epics you'll hear
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Back to roots for "say" .
^ The root hu means in particular "pour ghee onto the holy fire", and more in general "perform rites".
So it has the same meanings as yaj. (I tend to gloss the first as "pour" and the second as "sacrifice", but that's just to keep my indexes clean, the meaning is the same.)
hu is found very often in grammar examples, because it is the first of the
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^ All of the following roots all can mean "speak, talk, say, tell, chat" and so on --
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^ The very common root
It is a flattybendy root --
It is one of the auxiliary roots.
It is affected by the special rules --
See also
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^ The root kR "do, make" , when before a hard doer affix, gets u by tanAdikRJbhya::uH. This kR with u then turns into --
Examples of
kR + laG tip
Examples of
Example of
Example of
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^ The very common bhU means "become, be, be there". Same meaning as asti.
As in --
It is one of the auxiliary roots.
See also --
asterbhUH -- replace as with bhU before soft
AtaH -- the luG has
bhuvovugluGliToH -- bhU gets
bhavateraH -- the liT is
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^ This root is extremely common. Translate as "see", "perceive", "understand", or "look at".
Before zap, dRz is affected by pAghrA --
dRz + laT tip →
But it is not so affected before other affixes --
dRz + karmaNi laT ta →
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^ The root iS turns into
iS +
But stays
iS +
There is another
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^ There are several vid roots. The most common one means "know", is a lukclass, and is affected by -
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^ There are four sorts of
ac means "vowel",
as used in rule iko yaN aci
^ This is root AD 02.0026
The
zIG is affected by
^ The root 01.1137
gam is objectful when it means "go to a place", and its object is the destination.
gam is objectless when it means "leave"
Both
gamahana -- gam loses
iSugami -- gam to
anudAttopadeza --
^ There are two pA roots --
[1] pA aka pibati "drinks" zapclass --
pA + laT tip →
[2] pA' aka pAti "protects, rules" lukclass --
pA' + laT tip →
^ Not same as bendy iG
Examples --
as in
^ adhi +
adhi + iG +
There is another root, iN', that means "go" and is flatty, and sometimes takes adhi.
AD numbers --
02.0041
02.0040
^ Some quirks --
makes zuzrUSa, that means "obey" in addition to its grammatical meaning "want to hear"
^ The root AD 01.1112 plu
I use it a lot in the examples because it is a zapclass bendy root that is not very special.
It is bendy because it is Git, see anudAttaGi.
^ The root AD 02.0002 han
It is affected by many special rules, such as
gamahana and hohante -- han to
anudAttopa -- han loses
hanovadha --
luGica --
See also rootnoun
See also
^ Because of several rules, root han --
turns into
turns into
and stays before non- Git --
See inria verb table for han for more examples.
^ The nounbase
By anudAttopadeza, it sometimes loses
By inhan, it does not get rAjAnam before au jas am.
By alloponaH, the
By ho hanter JNin;neSu the
By ekAj uttara-pade NaH, the
^ Root
Like English "weave", these veJ
veJ is affected by --
It is an exception to halaH.
chunk 61: special roots