chunk 61: special nounbases chunk 61: special nounbases
special nounbases
rootnoun
rootnoun
^ 
ap- "waters"
adas- "that"
asmad- "I, we, me, us"
ahan- n. "day"
anaDuh- m. "ox"
ap- f. "waters"
bahu- "many"
bhrU- "eyebrow"
catur- "four"
dadhi- asthi- sakthi- akSi- and others lose
div- f "sky, heaven". Affected by diva::Wt and diva::ut. Don't mix it up with
diz- "point of the compass, direction"
go- "cow"
han- "killer"
idam- "this"
mahat- "big"
nau- "ship"
pathin- "way"
pati- "husband, lord"
pums- "man"
rAtri- "night"
sakhi- "friend"
strI- "woman"
tri- "three"
upAnah- "shoe"
vah- "dragger"
yuj- "joiner"
yuSmad- "you"
rai- "wealth"
SaS- "six"
zvan- "dog"
^ 
In ordinary Sanskrit bahu- means "many".
In grammar it means " many", namely, "three or more".
bahu- is a numeral by bahugaNa
and is affected by bahorlopo.
^
The feminine nounbase bhrU- means "eyebrow". It is mentioned in rule aciznu because it is not a rootnoun, unlike most of the other iyaGuvaG nounbases.
Poets will say
^
The nounbase go- means cow or bull, usually cow. Its gender is f or m, and can be ascertained by looking under the tail.
Special rules that apply to go- --
gotoNit
automzasoH
GasiGasozca
The only commonly used nounbases that end in
^
The nounbase
It turns into
An old proverb goes --
^ 
The rootnoun nI- (from root
These words can be m or f. They are very rare examples of masculine nounbases that end in
As they have no GI and don't end in a consonant, halGyA doesn't work on them --
The endings TA and Ge are added directly to these, with no especial rules, just ikoyaNaci --
They get nAm --
I'm not sure what happens to these before the other sup endings, sorry. Ask hyderabad for the full declension.
^
The nounbase
It has a few quirks --
(A) When former, it turns into
mahat- + 
(B) It is udit, so it makes ugidacA work --
(C) After ugidacA works on it, sAnta works too --
(D) It can get iman --
^
This nounbase means water and can only get plural sup affixes.
It is affected by ap tRn tRc --
ap- + jas →
and apo bhi --
ap- + bhis →
ap- + bhyas →
No surprises before the other sup --
ap- + Am →
ap- + sup' →
^
Besides being a sixlike, this nounbase has the bad habit of ending in
(here STunA was prevented by the exception napadAntATToranAm. )
(exception napadAntATToranAm did not work before nAm)
SaS- "six" and
^
This nounbase sometimes turns into
zvan- + TA →
and, other times, into
^
The pronoun yuSmad- means "you".
The pronoun asmad- means "I, we, me, us".
See also
^
The nounbase
It can be used only as a latter after its object, as in
It is affected by several special rules, so that this han-
lengthens its
stays before the other strong,
changes into
changes into
Note that the
The rules used to make the above forms are --
^
idam- "this" is a pronoun. Related to Latin " idem ".
etad- also means "this".
Rules related to idam- --
idoypuMsi makes
yaHsau makes
^
adas- is a pronoun. It refers to what is away, same as tad-
With su, makes
Makes
^
The following nounbases are all pronouns --
kim- "what, who"
sarva- "all, every, the whole of"
vizva- "all, every, the whole of"
ubha- "both"
^
kim- means "who?", "what?" or "which one?" and is a pronoun.
When used alone, translate as "what?" or "who?" or "which one?". Make it neuter if the answer is expected to be a thing, --
masculine if a living being,
feminine if the living being is suspected to be female --
And of course use a plural if the answer is reasonably expected to be plural --
When it is linked to a noun, translate as "which?" --
The neuter singular
Most of the forms of this pronoun appear to be derived from a nounbase
Being a pronoun, we of course have --
Yet, the true nounbase is kim-, which turns into
Of course the
kim- n + su →
^
rai- "wealth" is the only commonly used nounbase that ends in
It is affected by rAyohali.
^
tri- is affected by these rules (among others) --
masculine:
neuter:
feminine:
^
This pathin- turns
into
into
and into
^
Th nounbase anaDuh- comes from
anaDuh- is affected by caturana and vasusraMsu.
^
This rootnoun diz- has kvin, so it is affected by kvinpratyayasya --
diz- + su →
The four
Together these four form the sky, so the longhorn word
The nounbases that mean a direction are affected by rules diksaGkhye and taddhitArtho.
Cultural note. All words that mean
East, South, West, North
may also mean
forward, right, back, left
So, sometimes you'll come across mistranslations from Sanskrit that go, like, "the Himalaya is at the left of India". That doesn't mean the left as drawn on a map, but the left as you face the rising Sun.
Sometimes the quarters are said to be four, E S W N. Other times they are said to be eight, because the
^
Grammarians say that dyo- works like go-. Yet, some of those dyo- forms allowed by grammarians are never found.
div- sometimes turns into
^
There aren't any special rules about nau- f "ship". Its remarkable point is that it is the only nounbase that ends in
No rule deletes the calling --
Before vowels, ecoya works --
^
The rootnoun yuj- means "joiner".
It has kvin, by RtvigdadhRk.
It gets num by yujerasamAse
It can be used alone.
With nonneuter su, it makes
^ 
The compounds --
grAmaNI- "village leader"
vizvapA- "all-protector"
khalapU- "threshing-floor sweeper"
appear in many grammatical examples in the
The sup endings suffer weird transformations after these, and the inria declension gadget gets them wrong. One of these days I'll look them up in hyderabad. Meanwhile, I'm not sure about their declension, so I better don't teach it yet. Sorry.
^
The nounbase strI- is not an iyaGuvaG, and it is always nadI.
Being nadI, it gets the replacements nAm,
strI- + Am → strI- + nAm
It replaces
strI- + Ge → strI- +
strI- + Gas → strI- +
strI- + Gi → strI- +
As it is not an iyaGuvaG, halGyA works on it, and it shortens before calling --
It is
Before am zas, replacing with iyaG is optional, by vA'm;zasoH. So with am we get either --
or
and with zas --
or
^
The nounbase pums- is weird because it ends in two consonants, and because some special rules work on it.
Rule puMsosuG changes it into
When it is wimpy, it stays
pums- + Gas →
When it is a word by svAdiSva, svamorna, supodhA, it turns into
pums- + bhis →
pums- + sup' →
As rule anusvA is technically supposed to be optional, some people insist that you must spell
hyderabad spells
You might ask why kric did not turn
^
The nounbase sakhi- m means "friend" or "brother-in-law".
sakhi- with non- calling su makes
But the calling su works normally --
sakhi- becomes
Gas Gasi after sakhi- become
The feminine has GI,
^
The neuter nounbase ahan- means "day".
Because of rule ahan, it turns into
ahan- + bhyAm →
Because of rule rosupi, it turns into ahar when svamorna luked the sup --
or supodhA did --
ahan- + Gas +
Before the other endings, ahan- works normally --
(here
When latter, ahan- can become
tri- + ahan-
Or
^
This
This bhavatu-, like Spanish "usted", means "you" but is grammatically third person. So these sentences --
have the exact same meaning as, but sound slightly more respectful than --
A very old theory, stated in the epics, says that using second person forms instead of bhavatu-, when addressing your superiors in rank or age, ranges from disrespectful to downright insulting.
Yet, that depends on local custom. Mostly wherever you are taught to chat Sanskrit nowadays, they'll insist that you address even kids as bhavatu-. Yet, in the epics even kings were sometimes addressed in the second person. The proper respect was shown by abundantly adding such Amantrita words as
chunk 61: special nounbases