vasoH samprasAraNam ONPANINI 64131
stretch ( wimpy) vasu kvasu.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 703

So vasu becomes first us by this rule, and then, if any affix is added, it becomes uS by kric --

vidvas- + zas vidus + as →kric viduSas "sages"

vidvas- + matup viduSmat- "that has sages"

vidvas- + GI viduSI- "sagette"

But if the affix is weak and starts with a valAdi, this rule does not work, because vidvas- is not wimpy. In that case the s becomes wordfinal by svAdiSva, and turns into d by vasu;sraMsu --

vidvas- mn + bhis →vasusraMsu vidvadbhis "by sages"

If the affix is strong, this rule won't work --

vid + vasu m + am →ugidacA vidvans + am →sAntama vidvAns + am →nazcA vidvAMsam "sage"

vid + vasu m + su →ugidacA vidvanss →sAntama vidvAnss →halGyA vidvAns →saMyogAnta vidvAn "sage"

vid + vasu m + bhis →vasusraMsu vid + vad + bhis → vidvadbhis "by sages"

KAZIKA vasv-antasya bhasya samprasAraNaM bhavati. viduSaH pazya. viduSA. viduSe. pecuSaH pazya. pecuSA. pecuSe. papuSaH pazya. AkAra-lope kartavye vasu-saMprasAraNasya vyAzrayatvAd asiddhatvam na bhavati. vasu-grahaNe kvasor api grahaNam iSyate.

vAha:: UTh ONPANINI 64132
( wimpy) vAh- to Uh-.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ 704

vAh- is only vAh before strong --

vizva- + vAh- + jas → vizvavAhas "supporters of all"

wimpy vAh- turns into Uh- by this rule --

vAh- mf + zas Uh- + as → Uhas "carriers"

This U will merge with a preceding A a into au, by ( ety;edhaty;UThsu --

vizva- + Uhas →ety;edhaty;UThsu vizvauhas "supporters of all"

KAZIKA vAha ityevamantasya bhasya UTh ityetat samprasAraNaM bhavati. praSThauhaH. praSThauhA. praSThauhe. dityauhaH. dityauhA. dityauhe. etyedhatyUThsv iti vRddhiH. atha kimarthamUTh kriyate, samprasAraNe eva kRte guNe ca vRddhir ecIti vRddhau satyAm siddhaM rUpaM bhavati praSThauhaH iti, anakArAnte copapade vaherNvirna dRzyate? jJApanArtham . etaj jJApayati, bhavatyeSA paribhASA "asiddhaM bahiraGgam antaraGge (pari 0 50) " iti. tasyAM hi satyAM bahiraGgasya samprasAraNasya asiddhatvAtantaraGgo guNo na syAt.

zva;yuva;maghonAm ataddhite ONPANINI 64133
( stretch wimpy) zvan- yuvan- maghavan-, unless before a taddhita.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 705

Examples with zvan- "dog" --

zvan- + TA zun + A → zunA "with dog"

zvan- + GI zun + I → zunI- "bitch"

yuvan- "young"

yuvan + Gi yu + un + Gi →akassa yUn + Gi → yUni "about the young man"

maghavan- "munificent" (name of indra and other generous gods)

magha + va + n + Gas magha + u + n + as →AdguNaH magho + n + as → maghonas "of indra"

But with a taddhita affix, the va stays --

yuvan- + aN →taddhiteSva yauvana- "youngness, youth"

Careful. There is also a nounbase maghavat-, same meaning as maghavan-, and this rule does not apply to it --

maghavat + Gas → maghavatas "of indra"

KAZIKA zvan yuvan maghavanityeteSAm aGgAnAm ataddhite pratyaye parataH samprasAraNaM bhavati. zunaH. zunA. zune. yUnaH. yUnA. yUne. maghonaH. maghonA. maghone. ataddhite iti kim? zauvaM mAMsam. yauvanaM vartate. mAghavanaH sthAlIpAkaH. zuno vikAre prANi-rajat´Adibhyo 'J, dvArAditvAdaijAgamaH. zvAdInAm etat samprasAraNaM nakArAntAnAm iSyate. iha na bhavati, yuvatIH pazya. maghavataH. maghavatA. maghavate. tadartham uttaratra yogavibhAgam kurvanti. allopaH. anaH. anaH ity ubhayoH zeSaH iti.

al-lopo 'naH ONPANINI 64134
( wimpy) an to n.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 706

By yacibham, a nounbase is wimpy before weaks that start with a vowel or y, like Gas, Am, Ge. So --

nAman- + Gas nAmn + as → nAmnas "of the name"

rAjan- + Am rAjn- + Am →stozz rAjJAm "of kings"

takSan- + Ge takSn- + e →Natvam takSNe "to carpenter"

See optional exception vibhASAGizyoH and compulsory exception nasaMyogAdvamantAt below.

vibhASA Gi;zyoH ONPANINI 64136
( alloponaH works) optionally before Gi zImmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 707

Optional exception. Usually, alloponaH deletes a here --

nAman n + Gi nAmni "in a name"

nAman n + zI nAmnI "two names"

rAjan m + Gi rAjJi "about a king"

But if we take this option, then we get --

nAman n + Gi nAmani "in a name"

nAman n + zI nAmanI "two names"

rAjan m + Gi rAjani "about a king"

KAZIKA Gau parataH zIzabde ca ano vibhASA akAralopo bhavati. rAjJi, rAjani. sAmni, sAmani. sAmnI, sAmanI.

na saMyogAd va;m-antAt ONPANINI 64137
No ( alloponaH) after consonant plus v m.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 708

Exception to alloponaH -- wimpy van and man keep their "a" after consonants.

So we have no alloponaH in --

carman- + Ge →Natvam carmaNe

Atman- + zas OR Gas OR Gasi → Atmanas

parvan- + Gi →Natvam parvaNi

vezman- n + au →napuMsakAcca vezmanI "two houses"

This rule is very easy to remember, because if we forget to not apply the alloponaH, we get carmNe Atmnas parvNi. Icky.

Notice that we still get alloponaH after a cluster that ends in other consonants --

takSan + Ge takSNe "to carpenter"

takSan + Gi takSNi "about the carpenter"

takSan + Gi takSaNi "about the carpenter" ( optionally by vibhASAGi )

KAZIKA vakAra-makAr%AntAt saMyogAd uttarasya anaH akArasya lopo na bhavati. parvaNA. parvaNe. atharvaNA. atharvaNe. saMyogAtiti kim? pratidIvnA. pratidIvne. sAmnA. sAmne. vamantAtiti kim? takSNA. takSNe.

acaH ONPANINI 64138
( wimpy) ac''' (loses a).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 709

ac is the aJcati root (aka aJc(u) or ac'''), with kvin added. Before a wimpy it becomes ac(u) by aniditA. Then becomes c(u) by this rule. A short before that c will lengthen by cau.

Example.

dadhi + aJcati + kvin + TA →aniditA dadhi- + ac''' + TA dadhi + c →cau dadhI + c → dadhIcA "by the sage dadhyac-"

So this dadhyaJc- compound nounbase ends up having three forms --

dadhyaJc- when it's before strong (which makes dadhyAG with strong su, see kvinpra)

dadhyag- when it's a word

dadhIc- when it's wimpy

KAZIKA acaH ityayam aJcatirluptanakAro gRhyate. tadantasya bhasya akArasya lopo bhavati. dadhIcaH pazya. dadhIcA. dadhIce. madhUcaH pazya. madhUcA. madhUce.

ti viMzater Diti ONPANINI 64142
ti of ( wimpy) viMzati to lopa before Dit.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 710

Example with DaT after viMzati- that is before weak Gas --

viMzateH pUraNaH "the one that completes twenty" →tasyapU viMzates "of twenty" + DaT →supodhA viMzati- + DaT viMza- + DaT →TeH viMza- "twentieth"

This of course works on a latter too, as in --

SaDviMzaH paJcaviMzaJM ca caturviMzaJM ca pazyati "the twentysixth can understand the twentyfifth and the twentyfourth"

KAZIKA bhasya viMzateH ti-zabdasya Giti pratyaye lopo bhavati. viMzatyA krItaH viMzakaH. viMzaM zatam. viMzateH pUrNo viMzaH. ekaviMzaH. Diti iti kim? viMzatyA.

TeH ONPANINI 64143
tail to ( lopa before Dit).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 711

Whatever has D label is a Dit. Like the affixes Dati, (D)vu(n).

Examples --

kim- + Dati + jas k + ati + as →SaDbhyoluk kati "how many?"

triMzat- + Dvun triMz + vu →yuvoranAkau triMz- + aka → triMzaka- "having thirty parts; bought for thirty"

KAZIKA Ti-saMjJakasya Diti pratyaye parataH lopo bhavati. kumudvAn. naDvAn. vetasvAn. upasarajaH. mandurajaH. triMzatA krItaH triMzakaH. Diti abhasya api anubandha-karaNa-sAmarthyat Ti-lopo bhavati.

Observation. This is an exception to alontyasya (" tail to lopa" cuts off only the last letter of the tail). This rule deletes all of the tail.

nas taddhite ONPANINI 64144
( wimpy) n-enders (lose tail) before taddhita.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 712

Examples --

agnizarman- + iJ agnizarm + iJ →taddhiteSva Agnizarmi- "son of agnizarman"

madrarAjan- + Tac madrarAja-

pra + adhvan- + ac' pra + adhv + ac → prAdhva-

See exception ahnaSTakhoreva below.

ahnaS Ta;khor eva ONPANINI 64145
But ahan- (loses tail) before Ta kha only.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 713

Exception to nastaddhite. The an of ahan stays before all taddhita except Tac and kha.

So, before the ThaJ from tenanirvRttam, the an stays --

ahnA nirvRttam → ahan + ThaJ →ThasyekaH ahan + ikaJ →taddhiteSva Ahan + ikaJ →alloponaH Ahnika- "daily"

But before Tac, nastaddhite works normally --

mahat- + rAjan- →Anmahatassa mahA- + rAjan- →rAjAhassa mahA + rAjan + Tac →nastaddhite mahArAja- "great king"

trINy ahAni samAhRtAni →taddhitArtho tri- + ahan- →rAjAhassakhibhyaSTac tri- + ahan- + Tac →nastaddhite tri + ah + a →ikoyaNaci tryaha- "group of three days"

and before kha too --

dve ahanI adhISTo "instructed for two days" →vyuSTAdibhyoN dvi- + ahan- + kha →AyaneyI dvi + ahan + Ina →nastaddhite dvi + ahIna- →ikoyaNaci dvyahIna-

KAZIKA ahanityetasya Takhoreva parataH Tilopo bhavati. dve ahanI samAhRte dvyahaH tryahaH. dve ahanI adhISTo bhRto bhUto bhAvI vA dvyahInaH. tryahInaH. ahnAM samUhaH kratuH ahInaH. ahnaH samUhe kho vaktavyaH. siddhe sati Arambho niyamArthaH. iha mA bhUt, ahnA nirvRttam Ahnikam. evakArakaraNam vispaSTArtham. ahnaH eva TakhoH ityevaM niyamo na bhavisyati, AtmAdhvAnau khe 64169 iti prakRtibhAvavidhAnAt.

or guNaH ONPANINI 64146
(Before taddhita,) u U (of wimpy) to guNammmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 714

Examples --

kuru- + Nya kuro- + Nya kauravya- "son of kuru"

kuru- + aN kuro- + aN kaurava- "son of kuru"

pANDu- + aN pANDo- + aN pANDava- "son of pANDu"

This rule won't work before non- taddhita --

kuru- + TA →AGonAstriyAm kurunA →Natvam kuruNA

KAZIKA uvarNAntasya bhasya guNo bhavati taddhite parataH. bAbhravyaH. mANDavyaH. zaGkavyaM dAru. picavyaH kArpAsaH. kamaNDalavyA mRttikA. parazavyamayaH. aupagavaH. kApaTavaH. orotiti vaktavye guNagrahaNaM saMjJApUrvako vidhiranityo yathA syAt, tena svAyambhuvaH iti siddhaM bhavati.

y;asy' ..eti ca ONPANINI 64148
a A i I (of wimpy to lopa before taddhita) and GI.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 715

Any wimpy that ends in a A i I loses it before GI and before taddhita.

Examples before GI --

vyAghra- f + GI → vyAghrI- "tigress"

sakhi- f + GI → sakhI- "female friend; sister-in-law"

vRka- f + GI → vRkI- "wolvess"

Examples before non- valAdi taddhita --

akSa- + Thak →ThasyekaH akSa- + ika (k) →kitica AkSi- + ika AkSika "gambler"

dazarathasya + iJ →supodhA dazaratha + iJ →taddhiteSva dAzaratha + iJ dAzarathi- "son of dazaratha"

vinatA + Dhak →AyaneyI vinatA + eyak →kitica vainatA + eya vainateya- "son of vinatA"

KAZIKA ivarNAntasya avarNAntasya ca bhasya IkAre pare taddhite ca lopo bhavati. ivarNAntasya IkAre dAkSI. plAkSI. sakhI. savarnadIrghatve hi sati atisakherAgacchati ityatra ekAdezasya antavattvAdaskhi iti ghisaMjJAyAH pratiSedhaH syAt. ivarNAntasya taddhite duli dauleyaH. vali vAleyaH. atri AtreyaH. avarNAntasya IkAre kumArI. gaurI. zArGgaravI. avarNAntasya taddhite dAkSiH. plAkSiH. cauDiH. bAlAkiH. saumitriH. yasyety auGaH zyAM pratiSedho vaktavyaH. kANDe. kuDye. saurye himavataH zRGge. auGaH zIbhAve kRte yasya iti ca iti, sUrya-tiSy%Agastya-matsyAnAM ya upadhAyA iti ca lopaH prApnoti. iyaGuvaGbhyAM lopo bhavati vipratiSedhena. vatsAn prINAti vatsaprIH, tasya apatyam vAtsapreyaH. catuSpAdbhyo DaJ 41135 iti DhaJpratyayaH. lokhAbhrUH zubhrAdiH, tasyAH apatyam laikhAbhreyaH.

sUrya-tiSy%Agastya-matsyAnAM ya:: upadhAyAH ONPANINI 64149
sUrya tiSya puSya agastya matsya lose y (before taddhita or GI).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 716

Example --

matsya- @f →Sidgau matsya- + GIS →yasyetica matsyI- matsI- "female fish"

This works also on the derivatives of these nounbases, such as saurya- (from sUrya- + aN) --

saurya + GI saura + I →yasyetica saurI- f "solar"

KAZIKA sUrya tisya agastya matsya ityeteSAM yakArasya upadhAyAH bhasya lopo bhavati Iti paratastaddhite ca. sUryeNaikadik saurI balAkA. aNi yo yasya iti lopaH tasya asiddhatvaM na asti, vyAzrayatvAt. IkAre tu yastasyA siddhatvAd upadhAyakAro bhasyANantasya sUryasya sambandhI 'ti lupyate. tiSya taiSmahaH. taiSI rAtriH. agastya agastyasya apatyaM strI, RSitvAdaNi kRte AgastI. AgastIyaH. matsya gaurAditvAt GIS, matsI. upadhAyAH iti kim? matsyacarI. ya-grahaNam uttar%Artham. viSayaparigaNanam atra kartavyam. matsyasya GyAm iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt, matsyasya idaM mAMsaM mAtsyam. sUryAgastyayozche ca gyAM ca. saurIyaH. saurI. AgastIyaH. AgastI. iha mA bhUt, sauryam caruM nirvapet. AgastyaH. tiSyapuSyayor nakSatrANi. tiSyeNa nakSatreNa yuktaH kAlaH taiSaH. pauSaH. antikasya tasi kAdilopa AdyudAttaM ca. antikazabdasya tasipratyaye parataH kakAradeH zabdasya lopaH, AdyudAttatvam ca. antito na dUrAt. tame tAdezca. tamapratyaye antikazabdasya takArAdeH kakArAdezca lopo vaktavyaH. tatra tAdilope antamaH. kAdilope antitamaH. kAdilope bahulam iti vaktavyam. anyatra api hi vRzyate, antike sIdati iti antiSat. pUrvapadAt 83106 iti Satvam. ye ca. antiyaH.

Note: puSya- is not in the original. A vArttika adds it.

The word yas was included here for the trickle.

tur iSTh%em´eyaHsu ONPANINI 64154
tR (to lopa) before iSTha(n) Iyas(un).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 717

Example. The root ji means "be victorious, conquer". Adding tRc or tRn we get jetR- "victor, conqueror". Adding iSThan to that we get jayiSTHa-, which has no tR, and means "best victor". In detail --

vi + ji + tRn + iSTha(n) →hardsoft vi + je + tR + iSTha- vi + je + iSTha- →ecoya vijayiSTha- "best conqueror"

This is one of the few situations where a lopa replaces two letters. Usually a lopa would only replace the R, by alontyasya.

KAZIKA iSThan-imanij-Iyasun ity eteSu parataH tR-zabdasya lopo bhavati. AsutiM kariSThaH. vijayiSThaH. vahiSThaH. dohIyasI dhenuH. sarvasya tRzabdasya lopArthaM vacanam. antyasya hi TeH x ity eva siddhaH. lug ity etad atra na anuvartate, tathA hi sati na lumatAGgasya iti pratiSedhAd guNo na syAt. imanijgrahaNam uttarArtham. itarau tu tuzchandasi 53059 iti bhavataH.

Even though the original rule mentions the affix iman, there are no examples of iman appearing after a tRc tRn ender, so I did not bother to mention iman in my translation. It is mentioned in the original rule just so that it will trickle down to the next rule, TeHx.

TeH x ONPANINI 64155
(Before iSThan iman Iyasun,) tail to lopa.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 718

(Please see about the letter x in rules .)

Examples --

paTu- "sharp" + iSTha(n) paT + iSTha → paTiSTha- "sharpest, very sharp"

paTu- + iman paT + iman → paTiman- m "sharpness" (same as paTutva-)

paTu- + Iyas(un) paTIyas- "sharper"

KAZIKA bhasya Ter lopo bhavati iSThemeyassu parataH. paTu paTiSThaH. paTimA. paTIyAn. laghu laghiSThaH. laghimA. laghIyAn. NAviSThavat prAtipadikasya kAryaM bhavati iti vaktavyam. kiM prayojanam? puMvad-bhAva-rabhAva-Tilopa-yaNAdi. parArtham. puMvadbhAvaH enImAcaSTe etayati. zyetayati. tasilAdiSv AkRtvasucaH 63035 iti iSThe puMvadbhAvaH uktaH. ra-bhAvaH pRthumAcaSTe prathayati. mradayati. TilopaH paTunAcaSTe paTayati. laghayati. yaNAdiparam sthUlam AcaSTe sthavayati. bhAradvAjIyAstu paThanti, NAviSThavat prAtipadikasya puMvad-bhAva-ra-bhAva-Tilopa-yaNAdiparavinmator lukkanartham iti. sragviNamAcaSTe srajayati. vasumantam AcaSTe vasayati. yuvAnam AcaSTe yavayati. kanyati. etad ubhayam api udAharaNa-mAtram, na parigaNanam. prAdayo 'pi hISyante, priyam AcaSTe prApayati.

bahor lopo bhU ca bahoH ONPANINI 64158
After bahu-, ( iSThan iman Iyasun) to lopa, and the bahu to bhU.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 720

Only examples --

bahu- + iSTha(n) bhU + STha →iSThasyayiTca bhUyiSTha- "most numerous"

bahu- + iman bhUman- "manyness, multitude, abundance"

bahu- + Iyasun bhUyas- "more numerous"

KAZIKA bahoruttareSAm iSthemeyasAM lopo bhavati, tasya ca bahoH sthAne bhU ityayam Adezo bhavati. bhUmA. bhUyAn. bahuzabdaH pRthvAdiSu paThyate. bahoriti punargrahaNaM sthAnitvapratipattyartham, anyathA hi pratyayAnAm eva bhUbhAvaH syAt.

iSThasya yiT ca ONPANINI 64159
iSThan gets yiT too.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 721

Only example --

bahu- + iSThan →bahorlopo bhU + STha bhUyiSTha- "most numerous"

KAZIKA bahoruttarasya iSThasya yiDAgamo bhavati, bahozca bhUrAdezo bhavati. bhUyiSThaH. lopApavAdo yiDAgamaH, tasminnikAra uccAraNArthaH.

ra Rto halAder laghoH ONPANINI 64161
After consonant, light R to ra (before iSThan iman Iyasun).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 722

Examples --

pRthu- + iSThan prathu + iSTha →TeHx prathiSTha- "very sharp"

pRthu- + iman prathu + iman →TeHx prathiman- "sharpness"

This rule only applies to six words --

pRthumM mRdumM bhRzaJM caiva kRzaJM ca dRDham eva ca |

paripUrvaM vRDhaJM caiva SaD etAn ra-vidhau smaret ||

KAZIKA ra-zabda Adezo bhavaty RkArasya halAder laghoH iSThemeyassu parataH. prathiSThaH. prathimA. prathIyAn. mradiSThaH. mradimA. mradIyAn. RtaH iti kim? paTiSThaH s. paTimA. paTIyAn. halAdeH iti kim? RjiSThaH. RjimA. RjIyAn. laghoH iti kim? kRSNA kRSNiSThaH. kRSNimA. kRSNIyAn. parigaNanam atra kartavyam. pRthuM mRduM bhRzaM caiva kRzaM ca dRDham eva ca. paripUrvaM vRDhaM ca eva SaDetAn ravidhau smaret. tataH iha na bhavati, kRtamAcaSTe kRtayati. mAtaramAcaSTe mAtayati. bhrAtayati.

Atm%AdhvAnau khe ONPANINI 64169
The an of Atman- and adhvan- (stays) before kha.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 723

Exception to nastaddhite, thatwould have erased an.

Atmane hitaH →Atman;vizvajana Atman- + kha →AyaneyI AtmanIna- "suitable for oneself"

adhvanInaH "good to go on a journey"

KAZIKA Atmanadhvan ity etau khe parataH prakRtyA bhavataH. Atmane hitaH AtmanInaH. adhvAnamalaGgAmI adhvanInaH. khe iti kim? pratyAtmam. prAdhvam. pratyAtmam ity avyayIbhAve anazca 54108 iti samAsAntaH Tac-pratyayaH. prAdhvam iti upasargAd adhvanaH iti ac-pratyayaH.

yu;vor an%Akau ONPANINI 71001
Replace yu vu of affixes with ana aka.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 724

So, lyu is just short for (l)ana, and Nvul is short for (N)aka(l). As in --

nI + (N)vu(l) nI + (N)aka(l) →acoJNiti nai + aka →ecoya nAyaka- "leader, carrier"

nand + lyu nand + (l)ana → nandana- "gladdener, son"

KAZIKA yu vu ityetayoH utsRSTa-vizeSaNayoH anunAsikayaNoH pratyayayor grahaNam, tayoH sthAne yathAsaGkhyam ana aka ityetAvAdezau bhavataH. yoH anaH, voH akaH. nandyAdibhyo lyuH nandanaH. ramaNaH. sAyamAdibhyaSTyuTyulau tuT ca sAyanatanaH. cirantanaH. NvultRcau kArakaH. hArakaH. vAsudevArjunAbhyAM vun vAsudevakaH. arjunakaH. anunAsikayaNoH iti kim? UrNAyA yus 52123 UrNAyuH. bhujimRGbhyAM yuktyukau bhujyuH, mRtyuH iti. evam AdInAM hi yaNo 'nunAsikatvaM na pratijJAyate, pratijJAnunAsikyAH pANinIyAH. iha yuvoriti nirdezAd dvandvaikavadbhAvapakSe anityam AgamazAsanam iti num na kriyate. napuMsakaliGgatA vA liGgamaziSyaM lokAzrayatvAl liGgasya iti na bhavati. itaretarapakSe tu chAndasatvAt varNalopo draSTavyaH. yuvozced dvitvanirdezo dvitve yaN tu prasajyate. atha cedekavadbhAvaH kathaM puMvad bhavedayam. dvitve vaigamiko lopa ekatve numanityatA. aziSyatvAd dhi liGgasya puMstvaM veha samAzritam.

This rule will not work on some affixes, such as yus'''.

Ayan;ey;In; Iy;iyaH pha;Dha;kha; ccha;ghAM pratyayAdInAm ONPANINI 71002
ph Dh kh ch gh of affix-start to Ayan ey In Iy iy.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 725

So we change --

ph Ayan

Dh ey

kh In

ch Iy

gh iy

as in

vinatA + Dhak vinatA + eyak →kitica vainatA + eya →yasyetica vainateya- "son of vinatA"

gArgya- + phak gArgya + Ayanak gArgyAyaNa-

jho 'ntaH ONPANINI 71003
jh to ant.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 726

This rule replaces the jh of affixes with ant.

The affixes that have jh are jhi, jha and their replacements.

Be very careful. This rule replaces the jh letter only, NOT the whole affix. So, the a i of jha jhi stay in place, and the result of the rule is changing --

jhi into anti'''

jhu''' into antu'''

jh''' into ant'''

jha into anta'''

jhe''' into ante'''

The rule works in all tenses. Examples --

nI + laT jhi → naya + jh + i naya + ant + i →atoguNe nayanti "they lead"

dviS + loT jhi → dviS + jhu''' dviS + antu''' → dviSantu "make them hate"

yA + laG jhi →luGlaG ayA + jhi → ayA + jh''' ayA + ant''' →akassa ayAnt →saMyogAnta ayAn "they went"

See also the two exceptions right below --

(jh) of jhi to at after stammered

(jh) of jha (to at) after non-a.

ad abhyastAt ONPANINI 71004
(jh) of jhi to at after stammeredmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 727

Exception to jhontaH -- after stammered, the jh (of jhi) becomes at, not ant.

Therefore, jhi jhu''' jh''' turn into ati''' atu''' at'''.

Examples after stammered made by zlu --

bhI + laT jhi → bibhI + jhi bibhI + ati''' →eranekA bibhyati "they are afraid"

hu + laT jhi → juhu + jhi juhu + ati''' →huznuvossA juhvati "they pour"

dA + laT jhi → dadA + jhi dadA + ati →znAbhyastayorAtaH dadati "they give"

bhI + loT jhi → bibhI + jhi →itazca bibhI + jhu''' bibhI + atu''' →eranekA bibhyatu "let them be afraid; make them afraid"

There are no examples with liG, because of jherjus, nor with laG, because of sija.

Examples after jakSi roots --

jAgR + laT jhi jAgR + ati''' →ikoya jAgrati "they are awake"

zAs + laT jhi zAs + ati''' → zAsati "they instruct"

These forms are confusing for beginners, as they look as if they were singulars of a zapclass. For comparison, here are some singulars --

bhI + laT tip →puganta bhe + tip bibheti "is afraid"

dA + laT tip dadA + tip → dadAti "gives"

jAgR + laT tip →hardsoft jAgarti "is awake"

KAZIKA abhyastAd aGgAd uttarasya jhakArasya atityayam Adezo bhavati. dadati. dadatu. dadhati. dadhatu. jakSati. jakSatu. jAgrati. jAgratu. antAdezApavAdo 'yaM jusAdezena tu bAdhyate. adaghuH. ajAgaruH. atrApyAdezo kRte pratyayAdyudAtatvaM bhavati.

AtmanepadeSv an-ataH ONPANINI 71005
(jh) of jha (to at) after non-a.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 728

jhontaH replaces jh of jha with ant. But by this exception, if the jh does not follow a, it is replaced with at.

Therefore, jha jhe''' jhAm'''' turn into anta''' ante''' antAm'''' after a, but into ata''', ate''' atAm'''' elsewhere.

Examples --

dviS + laT jha →Tita dviS + jhe''' dviS + ate''' → dviSate "they hate"

dviS + laG jha →luGlaG adviS + jha adviS + ata''' → adviSata "they hated"

hu + laT jha → juhu + jha → juhu + jhe''' juhu + ate''' →huznuvossA juhvate "they pour"

rudh + laT jha → rudh + znam + jha →midaco runadh + jha →znasora rundh + jha →Tita rundh + jhe''' rundh + ate''' → rundhate "they obstruct"

kR + laG jha akurvata "they did"

dviS + loT jha → dviS + atAm'''' → dviSatAm "let them hate"

KAZIKA AtmanepadeSu yo jhakAraH, tasya anakArAntAd aGgAd uttarasya atityayam Adezo bhavati. cinvate. cinvatAm. acinvata. punate. lunate. lunatAm. alunata. AtmanepadeSu iti kim? cinvanti. lunanti. anataH iti kim? cyavante. plavante. nityatvAdatra vikaraNe kRte jho 'ntAdezena bhavitavyam ityadAdezo na bhavati. anakArAntena aGgena jhakAravizeSaNaM kim? iha mA bhUt, adya zvo vijaniSyamANAH patibhiH zayAntai.

zIGo ruT ONPANINI 71006
After zIG, (this at from jha gets) ruT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 729

So after zIG, ata''' becomes rata, ate''' becomes rate, and AtAm'''' becomes ratAm.

All examples --

zI + laG jha → ze + jha →luGlaG aze + jha → aze + ata''' azerata "they slept"

zI + laT jha → ze + jha →Tita ze + jhe → ze + ate''' zerate "they sleep"

zI + loT jha → ze + jha → ze + atAm'''' zeratAm "let them sleep"

KAZIKA zIGo 'GgAd uttarasya jhAdezasya ataH ruD-Agamo bhavati. zerate. zeratAm. azerata. ruDayaM parAdiH kriyate. sa yadi jhakArasya eva syAdadAdezo na syAdityata eva ayam Adezasya Agamo vidhIyate. sAnubandhagrahaNam AGlugartham. tena iha na bhavati, vyatizezyate.

In the liG, we get jhasyaran instead.