lists of tense replacementsmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1112

laT replacements

laG replacements

loT replacements

liG replacements

liT replacements

luT replacements

liG replacementsmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1113

flat hard liG

flat hard liG after a

bent hard liG

flat soft liG

bent soft liG

(Back to lists of tense replacements .)

flat hard liG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1114

When the nine flat tiG replace hard liG, and they are not after a, they turn into --

yAt''' yAtAm''' yus'''

yAs''' yAtam''' yAta'''

yAm''' yAva''' yAma'''

Examples --

dviS + @hard liG tip → dviS + yAt''' → dviSyAt "he would hate; may he hate"

zru + znu + @hard liG tip → zRNu + tip → zRNu + yAt''' → zRNuyAt "he would hear; may he hear"

See also flat hard liG after a .

See also formation of flat hard liG .

Back to liG replacements .

flat hard liG after a.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1115

When the nine flat hard liG affixes (namely yAt''' yAtAm''' yus''' etc) follow an a, that a and the liG combine into --

et''' etAm''' eyus'''

es''' etam''' eta'''

eyam''' eva''' ema'''

Examples with zapclass, zaclass, nichclass, sanAdi roots --

bhU + @hard liG tip → bhava + yAt''' → bhav + et''' → bhavet "he would be"

bhU + @hard liG jhi → bhava + yus''' → bhav + eyus''' → bhaveyus "they would be"

kSipa + yAt''' → kSip + et''' → kSipet "he would throw"

cintaya + yAs''' → cintay + es''' → cintayes "you would think"

suSupsa + yAt''' → suSups + et''' → suSupset "he would be about to sleep"

See also formation of the flat hard liG after a .

Back to liG replacements .

bent hard liG.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1117

The bent tiG affixes, when they replace hard liG, turn into --

Ita''' IyAtAm''' Iran'''

IthAs''' IyAthAm''' Idhvam'''

Iya''' Ivahi''' Imahi'''

Example:

dviS + @hard liG ta → dviS + Ita''' → dviSIta "he would hate"

Of course after a we get AdguNaH --

plava + liG ta → plava + Ita''' →AdguNaH plaveta "he would jump"

dviS + karmaNi @hard liG ta → dviS + yak + ta → dviSya + Ita''' →AdguNaH dviSyeta "he would be hated"

See also bent hard liG rules .

Back to liG replacements .

bent soft liG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1118

When the bent affixes replace the soft liG tense, they turn into --

sISTa''' sIyAstAm''' sIran'''

sISThAs''' sIyAsthAm''' sIdhvam'''

sIya''' sIvahi''' sImahi'''

(the sIdhvam''' will sometimes turn into SIDhvam by iNaSSIdhva.)

(See bent soft liG rules if you are curious about which rules form these affixes.)

These affixes have no G label, therefore they do trigger hardsoft and puganta, unlike the other liG replacers. (The flat liG affixes, hard and soft, get G from yAsuTpa, the hard bent get G from hard apit is Git , and the soft bent do not get any G from anywhere.) But when they are after an aniT root that ends in R RR, they get k label by uzca.

These affixes start with s, unlike the other liG, so they are valAdi and may get iT. When they do, the s gets kric. When they get no iT, the s will still get kric after roots ending in k r ic.

Example --

plu + @soft liG ta → plu + sISTa''' →hardsoft plo + sISTa''' →kric ploSISTa "may he jump"

Also, being soft affixes that do not start with yac, they will get iT after seT roots --

vRdh + @soft liG ta → vRdh + sISTa''' →ArdhadhAtukasyeD vRdh + isISTa →puganta vardh + isISTa →kric vardhiSISTa "may he prosper"

laT replacementsmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1119

When the flat tiG replace laT, they stay unchanged --

tip tas jhi

sip thas tha

mip vas mas

The bent, however, turn into --

te''' Ate''' jhe'''

se''' Athe''' dhve'''

e''' vahe''' mahe'''

The jhi and jhe will be replaced

either with anti''' ante''' by rule jhontaH

or with ati''' ate''' by the two rules below jhontaH

The bents were changed by rules Tita and thAsasse.

(Back to lists of tense replacements .)

laG replacementsmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1120

When the flat tiG affixes replace laG, they are affected by tasthastha, itazca or nityaGGitaH, and turn into --

t''' tAm''' jh'''

s''' tam''' ta'''

am''' va''' ma'''

The jh''' affix will turn into ant''' or into at''' by rules jhontaH ff. That ant''' always loses its t by saMyogAnta.

The bent tiG affixes that replace laG, however, stay unchanged --

ta AtAm jha

thAs AthAm dhvam

iT' vahi mahi

The jha will turn into anta''' or into ata''' by rules jhontaH ff.

Back to lists of tense replacements .

liT replacementsmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1121

When the flat replace liT, rule Nalatusus turns them into --

Nal atus us

thal athus a

Nal va ma

The bent, by rules irec and Tita and thAsasse, turn into --

ez Ate''' irec

se''' Athe''' dhve'''

e''' vahe''' mahe'''

loT replacementsmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1122

When loT is replaced with the eighteen tiG, they turn into --

tu''' tAm''' jhu'''

hi''' tam''' ta'''

Ani''' Ava''' Ama'''

tAm'''' AtAm'''' jhAm''''

sva''' AthAm'''' dhvam''''

ai''' Avahai''' Amahai'''

Of course, because of jhontaH and its two exceptions,

jhu''' will turn into antu''' or atu''',

and jhAm'''' into antAm'''' or atAm''''.

See loT replacement rules to find out which rules made these affixes.

Back to lists of tense replacements .

luT replacements.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1123

To make the luT verbs, add these after the root --

tA tArau tAras

tAsi tAsthas tAstha

tAsmi tAsvas tAsmas

tA tArau tAras

tAse tAsAthe tAdhve

tAhe tAsvahe tAsmahe

These are not luT replacers, but the tAs affix that follows the root, joined with the luT replacer. For instance, tAras is tAs plus jhi. The tAs affix will cause hardsoft or puganta of the root.

So, whenever I write --

plu + loT jhi → plu + tAras →hardsoft plotAras "they will jump"

that's just short for --

plu + loT → plu + jhi → plu + tAs + jhi →hardsoft plo + tAs + jhi plotAras

All of these start with tAs, so they will combine with the root in the same way the root combines with tavya tRc tumun, which are also non- kGit softs that start with t. So, for instance, we have kharica in these four --

chid + tavya →hardsoft ched + tavya →kharica chettavya- "that should be split"

chid + tRc chettR- "a splitter"

chid + tumun chettR- "to split"

chid + tAras chettAras "they will split"

As tAs is a valAdi soft, all of these eighteen will sometimes get iT --

bhU + loT jhi → bhU + tAras →ArdhadhAtukasyeD bhU + itAras →hardsoft bho + itAras →ecoya bhavitAras "they will be"

budh + tAras →ArdhadhAtukasyeD budh + itAras →puganta bodh + itAras → bodhitAras "they will realize"

If these doesn't get iT, sometimes the t of tAs will combine with the last consonant of the root --

dRz + tAras →sRjidRzo draz + tAras →vrazca;bhrasja draS + tAras →STunA draSTAras "they will see"

budh + tAras →puganta bodh + tAras →jhaSastatho bodh + dhAras →jhalAMjazjhazi boddhAras "they will realize"

chid + tAras →kharica chit + tAras →puganta chettAras "they will split"

See also split luT .

See also formation of luT if you're curious.