svaujas are the first group of case affixes, su au jasmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1031

singular s(u)

azva + su → azvas "horse"

dual au

azva + au →vRddhireci azvau "two horses"

plural (j)as

azva + jas →prathamayo azvAs "horses"

As in the sentences --

nadIm azvas tarati "horse crosses river"

nadIm azvau tarataH "two horses cross river"

nadIm azvAs taranti "horses cross river"

In inria reader, these go by the nicknames of --

su = sg nom (normal su) OR sg voc ( calling su)

au = du nom OR du voc

jas = pl nom OR pl voc

The voc is painted green.

The first group affixes are added to nounbases when there is no particular reason to add any other group. See first ending by default for examples.

Back to table of sup affixes .

amauTchaS are the second group of case affixes, am au zas.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1032

They are --

singular am

azva + am → azvam "horse"

dual au

azva + au →vRddhireci azvau "two horses"

plural (z)as

azva + zas →prathamayo azvAs →tasmAccha azvAn "horses"

As in the sentences --

azvamM pazyAmi "I see horse"

azvau pazyAmi "I see two horses"

azvAn pazyAmi "I see horses"

The second are used mainly --

(A) on the object of a root that does not mean the object (See karmaNidvitIyA for examples)

(B) on adverbs --

zIghraGM kumbham akarot "he made a pot quickly"

(C) on the words linked to certain unchanging, like Rte "except" --

sarve gatA RkSam Rte "all left, except the bear"

(D) to mean full time or distance (see kAlAdhvano for examples)

In inria reader, these go by the nickname of " accusative" --

am = sg acc

au = du acc

zas = pl acc

Don't mix up the acc abbrev, that appears in nouns, with ac, that appears in verbs.

Back to table of sup affixes .

TAbhyAmbhis are the third case affixes, TA bhyAm bhismmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1033

These are the third group of affixes in the list svaujas --

singular (T)A or A(G)

vidyut- + TA → vidyutA "by lightning"

dual bhyAm

gurubhyAm "with two teachers"

plural bhis

kapibhis "by monkeys"

They are used --

on the doer of a root that does not mean the doer ( kartRkaraNayostRtIyA)

to mean using a tool ( kartRkaraNayostRtIyA )

to mean accompanied with someone

with "far" and "near" ( dUrAntikA )

inria nicknames --

TA = sg i

bhyAm = du i

bhis = pl i

Back to table of sup affixes .

GebhyAmbhyas are the fourth case affixes, Ge bhyAm bhyasmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1034

They are --

Singular (G)e

namazH zivAya homage to ziva

Dual bhyAm

namo 'zvibhyAm homage to the two ashwins

Plural bhyas

namaH prajApatibhyaH homage to the creators

These mean --

aim -- caturthIsampradAne

result or purpose -- see what means purpose or result is an aim

object of deleted purpose word -- kriyArtho

Inria codenames --

Ge sg dat

bhyAm du dat

bhyas pl dat

Back to table of sup affixes .

brAhmaNAya gAnM dadAti rAjA "king gives cow to brahmin"

Yet, it also allows using the sixth in that sense, and the sixth is far more common. As in --

brAhmaNasya gAnM dadAti rAjA "king gives cow to brahmin"

GasibhyAmbhyas are the fifth case affixes, Gasi bhyAm bhyasmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1035

These most often translate as "from" or "because". But with verbs of fearing and protecting they mark the cause of the danger --

singular (G)as(i)

vRkAd bibhemi "I'm afraid from the wolf"

dual bhyAm

vRkAbhyAmM bibhemi "I'm afraid from the two wolves"

plural bhyas

vRkebhyo bibhemi "I'm afraid from wolves"

These mean --

thingfromwhich -- apAdAnepaJcamI

cause

motive of fear -- bhI;trA-'rthAnAM bhaya-hetuH

and can be used with with "far" and "near" -- dUrAntikA.

inria codes

Gasi = sg abl

bhyAm = du abl

bhyas = pl abl

The A that means "until" is placed IN FRONT (which is odd, as prati etc tend to be postpositions), and the noun takes fifth --

A samudrAt "up to the sea"

GasosAm are the sixth case affixes, Gas os Am.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1036

These are the sixth group of case affixes.

Singular (G)as

nAvas "of the ship"

Dual os

nAvos "of two ships"

Plural Am

nAvAm "of ships"

Their inria codes have g "genitive" in them --

Gas sg g

os du g

Am pl g

These are some --

The sixth most often translate as "of" --

mahAnti gavAM zRGgANi "horns of cows are big"

or as "have" (see owner gets sixth ) --

mahAnti gavAM zRGgANi "cows have big horns"

In comparisons, as "among" (see yatazcani) --

zakunInAGM kAkaH paNDita-tamaH "the crow is the smartest of birds"

They can also express viewpoint --

nItir asmi jigISatAm "for those that want to conquer, I'm strategy"

With verbs of giving these mean "to" --

kapInAGM kadalIphalAni dadAti "he's giving bananas to the monkeys"

With "hetu" it shows the cause ( SaSThI hetu-prayoge) --

dhanasya hetoH "for the sake of money"

Back to table of sup affixes .

Gyossup are the seventh group of case affixes, Gi os sup'.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1037

These are the seventh group in the svaujas list and often mean "in, or, at".

Singular (G)i

udyAne "in the garden"

Dual os

nadyos "in both rivers"

Plural su(p)

zvasu "on the dogs"

In inria, they go by their code names --

Gi = sg loc

os = du loc

sup' = pl loc

These mean --

the location, namely, the place where something is or happens -- saptamyadhikaraNe

"among", in comparisons -- see yatazcani

"about"

the object of feelings. As in putreSu snehaH "affection for sons".

Back to table of sup affixes .