chunk 19: 31091 root affixes chunk 19: 31091 root affixes→ 32084 time and tenses, zatR zAnac, anaDuh
31091 After root.
31093 The affixes below are
31094 In the rules below, affix replacements are optional. Unless they look the same. Unless feminine.
31095
31096
31097
31098
31099
31106
31107
31108 after
31109
31110 after nexttolast
31120
31124
31125 after
31126
31133
31134 Add
31135
31140 The roots from
31145
32001
32002
32003 preverb-less
32004
32016
32028 Add
32058
32059
32060
32062 latter
32063 In the
32064
32076
32081 Sometimes means repetition.
^ 
headline. "The affixes described next, down to the end of book three, come after roots."
These are called root affixes. They can be hard or soft.
They include, among others --
sanAdi affixes
vikaraNa affixes ("changer affixes")
kRt affixes
described from 31093 kRdatiG on
tense affixes
tenses -- described at 32110 luG ff
tiG affixes
listed at 34078 tiptas
^ headline. The affixes described from here down to 34078 tiptas, exclusive, are called kRt affixes.
These kRt affixes are added to roots and make nounbases. Example --
tRc is a kRt affix and means "-er" (more precisely: "a nounbase built by adding tRc after a root means the doer of that root")
As
These are the kRt affixes kta "that was done", ktavatu "that did", tavya "that should be", tral "instrument of" after the root
After some kRt affixes, such as ktvA and tumun, no sup is ever seen --
These are called unchanging kRt affixes. Grammarians say that a sup was added to these and then removed. That's just a way of saying that
Back to types of affixes .
^ 
Headline, valid for all replacements of root affixes down to chapter 3.3 below.
Example.
Rule NvultRcau below says that all roots can take tRc to mean the doer.
The exception igupadha a bit below it says that after
Because of this rule, however, the exception is optional, and
The replacements that look the same are excepted. Example --
Rule karmaNy aN adds
Its exception Ato 'nupasarge kaH replaces
Stripping the labels off the affix and replacement, both are
Also the feminine replacements are excepted. Example --
Rule striyAGktin says that
Its exception apratyayAt says that, after sanAdyanta roots, we get feminine
So, replacing ktin with
^ The kRtya affixes are described in the following rules. They are --
tavya tavyat anIyar kelimar yat kyap Nyat
These are kRt afixes, which mean, they are added to roots to form nounbases. Example.
Inria parser will tell you that it is a pfp (meaning that it has one of the kRtya affixes, that it comes from root
The number after pfp shows which affix the root got. When we type into inria --
the hovertext shows [3] [2] [1] [1]. That means that the affixes are
[3] tavya or tavya(t)
[2] anIya(r)
[1] ya(t) (k)ya(p) or (N)ya(t)
The kRtya affixes have meanings like "should be, must be, could be, ought to be, is fit to" (not all mean the same thing).
Example.
But in fact it will be used as a verblike more often than not, as in --
Longer example --
4036012a
"the ones that don't come within ten days as I command must be killed as wicked transgressors of their king's orders"
In both of the examples above,
^ 
These all mean "(that) should, could, might be, suitable to". Example --
As in --
^ Examples after
After
This rule won't work after
yato '-nAvaH
^ 
Roots that end in
This is an exception in advance to RhalorNyat, that would have lengthened the
^ Only examples --
Again exception in advance to RhalorNyat, that would have added Nyat.
^ This debars Nyat.
The kRtya affix
So when we make a compound to mean "that should be said by the veda" in two words, the root
Example with yat --
With kyap, the
If this rule can't work, we get Nyat. So, when not compounded --
And after a preverb --
^ The previous rule allowed either kyap or yat after vad. This is a niyama and allows kyap only after bhU.
So, to mean
If bhU has a preverb, or is not compounded, it gets yat --
^ This boils down to "
This works only in a compound and when there is no preverb --
The Ap is optional.
^ This debars yat.
All examples --
iN' + kyap →
stu + kyap 
^ Exception to acoyat. Examples --
Here the
But kLp
^ There are exactly two examples --
When we don't take the option,
and
^ Exception to acoyat, that would make yat.
Examples after
After hal --
There are other rules that add Nyat, such as orAvazyake and Asuyu.
See also exceptions zakisahozca, poradupadhAt...
^ This debars yat.
The
bhU
As in --
When the root is objectful, the translation can have "must be" --
Yet, it is often a good idea to translate those using active English verbs --
When yat does not mean "must", this rule won't work, as in --
Here
zru + yat →
^ Exception to acoyat, that would have given yat.
All examples --
yu + Nyat →
vap + Nyat →
AG +
^ In other words: these
Examples --
These
As these nounbases are not verblikes, the object of their root gets sixth, not second. In this example the object of the root
We may replace
Careful. When the tRc nounbases have first ending and are masculine, they may look like the luT tense. The
These
(
^ These
Example of a
Example of a
( Nini may also mean habitual doer, by bahulamAbhIkSNye. )
Example of a
Those roots can also get the ordinary doer affixes tRc tRn, so you may say
See also
^ Examples with
Examples with roots that have nexttolast ik --
^ So, we can say --
or
But
^ 
This
According to a vArttika, only
The feminines get GIS by Sid;gaurAdibhyaz ca --
^ (See
The following rules, down to 32058 or so, add a rootnounmaker affix to the root that is compounded with its object. This rule allows aN' after most roots, for instance kR.
Example --
There is another rule below that allows adding kvip to kR in the same situation, making
^ Exception to Atonu below, that would otherwise prescribe
So, we can use
In detail --
hveJ + aN' →
As in --
^ 
As
ajAdyataSTAp will work --
^ So, when sthA is a rootnoun, it becomes
^ As in --
The
^ This rule explains the formation of
The causative root
As khaz is hard by tiGzit, and means the doer of the making-to-tremble action by kartarikRt, rule kartarizap works --
Compounding this
^ Examples --
Counterexample --
^ were formed by adding kvin after some roots.
The eight roots are --
For instance, the nounbase diz- "direction" is made from the root
diz- f + su →
If diz- had not been a kvin-ender, rule vrazca would have turned
^ dRz root ordinarily means "see" or "look", but when latter it can mean also "such". So these compounds ordinarily mean "such". As in
yad- + dRz + kaJ →
tad- +
yad- +
tad- +
And in the kvin case, when this
As the affix kaJ is listed in TiDDhA, the feminine gets GI --
Here
affix. That's why
^
As in
Listen to that one with some music --
^ Example --
^ 
This rule makes the rootnoun vAh-, which only appears compounded after its object.
vah + Nvi →
This vAh- keeps its form
^ Example --
^ Example --
This
The word "sometimes" means that sometimes there is Nini and sometimes not. So
chunk 19: 31091 root affixes