32084 time and tenses, zatR zAnac, anaDuh ←
32134 Down to
32135
32136
32139
32168 Add
32177
32187
33003 The
33010 Add
33013
33014
33015
33018 to mean the action.
33088
33089
33090
33094
33102
33104 The
33107
33115
33126 Add
33128
33131 What means near present, is optionally like present.
33139 Use
33140 And for past ones too.
headline. The tacchIlAdi affixes (those explained in the next rules) make words that mean the habitual doer of the root.
Habitual doers are those that are used to, or have a duty to, or are good at, doing the action of the root.
So, if you killed a few dogs accidentally, nonprofessionally, and unskilfully, no one can grammatically call you a dogkiller by using han with the tacchIlAdi affix tRn. But they may still use tRc, which is not a tacchIlAdi.
Similarly, rule glA;ji " ksnu after
KAZIKA bhrAja;bhAsa;dhurvi; dyut';..orji;pRR; ju;grAvastuvaH kvib iti kvipaM vakSyati. A etasmAt kvip saMzabdAd yAnita UrdhvamanukramiSyAmas tacchIlAdiSu kartRSu te veditavyAH. abhividhau ca ayam AG. tena kvipo 'py ayam artha-nirdezaH. tad iti dhAtv-arthaH zIlAdi vizeSaNa-tvena nirdizyate. tacchIlo yaH svabhAvataH phalanirapekSas tatra pravartate. taddharmA tadAcAraH, yaH sva-dharme mamAyam iti pravartate vinApi zIlena. tatsAdhukarI yo dhAtv-arthaM sAdhu karoti. uttaratraiva udAhariSyAmaH.
Do I need to know these rules?
Not really. Most of them are like "
What affixes exactly are tacchIlAdi?
All those described between the word
tRn
Example. With root kR "make", any maker is
These two differ only in the accent, which the former gets from citaH and the latter from JnityAdi. So someone that makes chairs professionally or as a hobby gets accent in the first vowel of
but if you jump to fame for having made just one chair, and not particularly skillfully, then the last vowel is accented --
This uncommon affix makes roots into adjectives that mean habitual doer.
Examples --
Because of kric, the affix ksnu below sometimes makes
I suspect that these two have iSNuc, but I'm not sure, sorry --
pra + bhU "overpower" + iSNuc →
I mention these because they appear in bhg 13 16 --
KAZIKA alaGkRJ-Adibhyo dhAtubhyaH tacchIlAdiSu kartRSu iSNuc pratyayo bhavati. alaGkariSNuH. nirAkariSNuH. prajaniSNuH. utpaciSNuH. utpatiSNuH. unmadiSNuH. rociSNuH. apatrapiSNuH. vartiSNuH. vardhiSNuH. sahiSNuH. cariSNuH. alaGakRJo maNDanArthAd yucaH pUrvavipratiSedheneSNuj vaktavyaH.
The affix
sthA + ksnu →
bhU + ksnu →
Notice that ksnu got no iT after bhU because bhU ends with
KAZIKA chandasi iti nivRttam. glA ji sthA ityetebhyo dhAtubhyaH, cakArAt bhuvazca tacchIlAdiSu kSnuH pratyayo bhavati. glAsnuH. jiSNuH. sthAsnuH. bhUSNuH. giccAyaM pratyayo na kit. tena sthaH IkAro na bhavati. kGiti cety atra gakAro 'pi cartvabhUto nirdizyate, tena guNo na bhavati. zryukaH kiti ityatra api gakaro nirdizyate, tena bhuva iD na bhavati. kStorgittvAn na stha IkAraH kaGitorItvazAsanAt. guNAbhAvastriSu smAryaH zryuko 'niTtvaM gakoritoH. daMzezchandasyupasaGkhyAnam. daMkSNavaH pazavaH.
What kept rule ghu;mA;sthA; gA;pA;jahAti; sAM hali from affecting
Some say that
And what do the others say?
They say that
I didn't understand a word of what you just said.
Then NVM it. What I said just boils down to saying that
Then why does the kAzikA waste effort in telling us that
He's not wasting anything but our time. For kAzikA, saying "
How can I tell the old-school grammarians from the others?
Make them write down the rule kGitica. Old-schoolers will spell it as
(This affix u' is not the same as the u added to uclass roots.)
After
After
After san, this u' makes adjectives that, by rule dhAtoHkarma, mean "that want to" or "that are going to" --
han + san + u' + jas → jighAMsa + u' + jas →
Doesn't rule AkvestacchI say all these can be used only when the action of the root is a habit?
It says so, but only
The
vi +
The
The kAzikA lists examples of all eight rootnouns made by this rule, with su, au and jas added --
Notice that
You wrote "only" in the translation, but there is no "only" in the original.
This is a niyama rule. These roots get kvip compulsorily, other roots may get kvip by kvipca, or other rootnounmaker affixes.
KAZIKA bhrAjAdibhyaH dhAtubhyas tacchIlAdiSu kartRSu kvip pratyayo bhavati. vibhrAT, vibhrAjau, vibhrAjaH. bhAH, bhAsau, bhasaH. dhUH, dhurau, dhuraH. vidyut, vidyutau, vidyutaH. Urk, Urjau, UrjaH. pUH, purau, puraH. javater dIrghazca nipAtyate. jUH juvau, juvaH. grAvastut, grAvastutau, grAvastutaH. kim artham idam ucyate, yAvatA anyebhyo 'pi dRzyante 32075, kvip ceti kvip siddha eva tAcchIlikair bAdhyate. vA 'sarUpavidhir na asti ity uktam. atha tu prAyikam etat. tatas tasya eva ayaM prapJcaH.
Here JIt (from
Such roots, when kta is added, may mean either past time (by niSThA) --
or ongoing time (by this rule) --
KAZIKA Ji id yasya, asau JIt. JIto dhAtoH vartamane 'rthe kta-pratyayo bhavati. bhUte niSThA vihitA, vartamane na prApnoti iti vidhIyate. JimidA snehane minnaH. JikSvidA kSviNNaH. JidhRSA dhRSTaH.
The gamin-class are group 41 in the ashtadhyayidotcom
Such affixes usually mean the doer of the root, by kartarikRt, and usually mean what is happening. For instance, an
The word
KAZIKA bhaviSyati kAle gamyAdayaH zabdAH sAdhavo bhavanti. pratyayasya eva bhaviSyatkAlatA vidhIyate na prakRteH. gamI grAmam. AgAmI. prasthAyI. pratirodhI. pratibodhI. pratiyodhI. pratiyogI. pratiyAyI. AyAvI. bhAvI. anadyatana upasaGkhyAnam. zvo gamI grAmam.
This rule can be roughly reworded as --
"
Example with tumun --
Example with Nvul --
These words can be used to mean that the action "I bring" is the purpose of another action, as in --
In the last example, the nounbase
This rule can be used only when the purpose action and the other action have the same doer.
KAZIKA bhaviSyati ity eva. kriyArthAyAM kriyAyAm upapade dhAtor bhavisyati kale tumunNvulau pratyayau bhavataH. bhoktuM vrajati. bhojako vrajati. bhujikriyArthaH vrajiratropapadam. kriyAyAm iti kim? bhikSiSya ityasya jaTAH. kriyArthAyAm iti kim? dhAvataste patiSyati daNDaH. atha kimarthaM Nvul vidhIyate yAvatA NvultRcAv iti sAmAnyena vihita eva so 'sminnapi viSaye bhavisyati? lRTA kriyArthaupapadena bAdhyeta. vA 'sarUpavidhinA so 'pi bhavisyati? evaM tarhi etad jJApyate, kriyAyAm upapade kriyArthAyAM vA 'sarUpeNa tRjAdayo na bhavanti iti. tena kartA vrajati, vikSipo vrajati ityevam Adi nivartyate.
The trickle (means it will happen) comes from rule bhaviSyati.
Example --
So I must use lRT to mean what I think will happen?
No. You may use luT instead, by anadyataneluT. For the near future, you may use laT too (see vartamAnasAmIpye). And for dubious futures there's liG.
From Rd;dhanos sye.
Wait, you cheated here. You left the
The
KAZIKA bhaviSyati ityeva. zeSaH kriyArthaupapadAdanyaH. zeSe zuddhe bhaviSyati kAle, cakArAt kriyAyAM ca upapade kriyArthAyAM dhAtoH lRT pratyayo bhavati. kariSyAmi iti vrajati. hariSyAmi iti vrajati. zeSe khalvapi kariSyati. hariSyati.
Rule laTazza says that we can replace the laT of, say,
This rule says that we may also replace the lRT of
Example --
replacing the tip with zatR we get kR + zatR, and that adds up to
This
or "I see that
Another example --
Replacing ta with sat we get
In these examples
or "I see that monkey is about to jump"
These forms where lRT became sat are found sometimes. inria labels them with pfu, "participe futur", meaning future participle.
The words
(1) In the verb
(2) As this zatR replaced lRT, it makes sya appear, by syatAsI. This makes nounbase
(3) When we add su and am to this nounbase, as these are strong, rule ugidacA kicks in --
When the sup is not strong, of course ugidacA won't work. Example with weak zas --
KAZIKA lRTaH sthAne satsaMjJau zatRzAnacau vA bhavataH. vyavasthitavibhASA iyam. tena yathA laTaH zatRzAnacau tathA asya api bhavataH. aprathamAsamAnAdhikaraNA'diSu nityam, anyatra vikalpaH. kariSyantaM devadattaM pazya. kariSyamANaM devadattaM pazya. he kariSyan. he karisyamANa. arjayiSyamaNo vasati. prathamAsamAnAdhikaraNe vikalpaH kariSyan devadattaH. karisyamaNo devadattaH. kariSyati. karisyate.
Example. The verb
is made from --
and has the same meaning as
The word
See also
See also splitting the
KAZIKA bhaviSyati ityeva. bhaviSyadanadyatane 'rthe vartamAnAd dhatoH luT pratyayo bhavati. lRTo 'pavAdaH. zvaH kartA. zvo bhoktA. anadyatane iti bahuvrIhinirdezaH. tena vyAmizre na bhavati. adya zvo vA bhaviSyati. paridevane zvastanI bhaviSyad-arthe vaktavyA. iyaM nu kadA gantA, yA evaM pAdau nidadhAti. ayaM nu kadA 'dhyetA, ya evam anabhiyuktaH.
Is there a difference in meaning between the lRT and the luT?
Nowadays, none, as far as I know. In the epics, however, the luT is used far less often than the lRT, and it appears to be used in mostly in promises, oaths and threats, like the above example.
In other words, ading
Being Jit,
han + ghaJ + su →
Being ghit makes cajoHku work --
Action nouns can be formed by many other affixes, such as lyuT, or naG, or the a'' in
Notice that the action nouns are not the same thing as the abstract nouns mentioned at tasya bhAvas tva-talau. In that rule,
The Dvit are the roots that have label Du, such as
These roots can get
Examples --
vap + ktri →
These examples imply deliberate action. So
KAZIKA bhAve 'kartari ca kArake iti vartate. Du it yasya tasmAd Dvito dhAtoH ktriH pratyayo bhavati. ktrer mam nityam iti vacanAt kevalo na prayujyate. DupacaS pAke paktrimam. Duvap bIjasantAne uptrimam. DukRJ kRtrimam.
The Tu' at the start of a root is a label, by AdirJiTuDavaH. One such root is
KAZIKA Tu it yasya, tasmAt Tvito dhAtoH athuc pratyayo bhavati bhAvAdau. TuvepR kampane vepathuH. Tuozvi gativRddhyoH zvayathuH. TukSu zabde kSavathuH.
This rule explains these six words (that would otherwise have gotten ghaJ) --
KAZIKA bhAve akartari ca kArake iti vartate. yajA'dibhyo dhAtubhyo naG pratyayo bhavati. GakAro guNapratiSedhArthaH. yajJaH. yAcJA. yatnaH. viznaH. praznaH. rakSNaH. praccheH asamprasAraNaM jJApakAt prazne c' AsannakAle iti.
How did the
See cchvozz.
Why no stozz in
Exception zAt.
naG is a Git affix. Why didn't grahijyA work on
Obviously,
Then, obviously too,
No need.
Some roots get ktin instead of ghaJ.
Examples --
KAZIKA
sanAdyanta roots may get a kRt affix a'' added to mean the action. As this action noun is a feminine, it always gets Ap, so it looks like
Example.
pipAsa is a root and means "want to drink".
and
which is the same thing as saying "because of thirst"
Grammatical details.
pipAsa is a sanAdyanta root
Because of this rule, we may add a'' after pipAsa to get
Being feminine, it always gets Ap added (see ajAdyata) Ap, making
Examples with other sanAdyanta roots --
yuyutsa + a'' →
Even though san verbs such as
KAZIKA pratyayAntebhyo dhAtubhyaH stiryAm akAraH pratyayo bhavati. ktino 'pavAdaH. cikIrSA. jihIrSA. putrIyA. putrakAmyA. lolUyA. kaNDUyA.
This
By ajAdy;ataSTAp, the aG'-enders always get Ap.
Example with a Sit root --
Examples with
How is
In the dhAtupATha, those are listed as
What roots are
They are group forty-two in the ashtadhyayidotcom
May I nickname this rule the "
If it helps you to remember, go ahead.
KAZIKA SidbhyaH bhidAdibhyaz ca striyAm aG pratyayo bhavati. gaNapaThiteSu bhidAdiSu niSkRSya prakRtayo gRhyante. jRRS jarA. trapUS trapA. bhidAdibhyaH khalv api bhidA. chidA. vidA. kSipA. guhA giryoSadhyoH. zraddhA. medhA. godhA. ArA. hArA. kArA. kSiyA. tArA. dhArA. lekhA. rekhA. cUDA. pIDa. vapA. vasA. sRjA. krapeH samprasAraNaM ca kRpA. bhidA vidAraNe. bhittiH anyA. chidA dvaidhIkaraNe. chittiH anyA. ArA zastryAm. ArtiH anyA. dhArA prapAte. dhRtiH anyA.
This debars a''.
As + yuc →
KAZIKA Ny-antebhyo dhAtubhyaH, Asa zrantha ity etAbhyAm ca striyAm yuc pratyayo bhavati. akArasya apavAdaH. kAraNA. hAraNA. AsanA. zranthanA. katham AsyA? Rhalor Nyat bhaviSyati. vAsarUpapratiSedhazca strIprakaraNaviSayasya eva utsargApavAdasya. zranthiH kryAdirgRhyate zrantha vimocanapratiharSayoH iti , na curAdiH zrantha grantha sandarbhe iti. Nyantatvena eva siddhatvAt. ghaTTivandividhibhya upasaGkhyAnam. ghaTTanA. vandanA. vedanA. ghaTTeH bhauvAdikasya grahaNaM ghaTTa calane iti, na cuarAdikasya, tasya NeH ityeva siddhatvAt. iSer anicchArthasya yuj vaktavyaH. adhyeSaNA. anveSanA. parervA. paryeSanA, parISTiH.
This
su' ISad mean easily, dus means with difficulty. After these, the
as in
Works before preverbed roots too --
This rule is compulsory, so we may not use the usual Nyat yat etc, that would have made
Why do we bother to say
No. ISad can also mean "a bit", su' "good" or "very", dus "bad" or "evil". So we say --
What turned
idudupa did.
KAZIKA karaNAdhikaraNayoH iti nivRttam. ISat dus su ityeteSu upapadeSu kRcchrAkRcchrArtheSu dhatoH khal pratyayo bhavati. kRcchraM duHkham, tad duro vizeSaNam. akRcchraM sukham, taditarayoH vizeSanam, sambhavAt. ISatkaro bhavatA kaTaH. duSkaraH. sukaraH. ISadbhojaH. durbhojaH. subhojaH. ISadAdiSu iti kim? kRcchreNa kAryaH kaTaH. kRcchrAkRcchrArtheSu iti kim? ISatkAryaH. lakAraH svarArthaH. khitkaraNam uttarakra mumartham.
Addition to ISad;dus;suSu.
After su' dus ISad that mean hardly or easily, the
su' + pA + khal
KAZIKA ISadAdayo 'nuvartante. kartRkarmaNoH iti na svaryate. kRcchrAkRcchrArtheSu ISadAdiSu upapadeSu AkArAntebhyo dhatubhyaH yuc pratyayo bhavati. khalo 'pavAdaH. ISatpAnaH somo bhavatA. duSpAnaH. supAnaH. ISaddAno gaurbhavatA. durdAnaH. sudAnaH.
Example. When meaning "I just came" or "I'll leave straight away", you may use any present expression such as "I go" --
Incidentally, the kAzikA on trhis rule has a curious example sentence.
Why do we say "optionally"?
You may still use expressions that convey the proper time, such as a kta or a lRT --
KAZIKA samIpam eva sAmIpyam. SyaJaH svArthikatvaM jJApyate cAturvarNyAdi-siddhyartham. vartamAna-samIpe bhUte bhaviSyati ca vartamAnAd dhAtoH vartamAnavat pratyayA vA bhavanti. vartamAne laT 32123 ity Arabhya yAvad uN-Adayo bahulam
In other words, you may use the lRG for expressions like "if he knew he'd cry". Such a sentence may use lRG verbs both for "he knew" and for "he'd cry".
This rule is optional. And extremely so. In practice such hypotethical statements will almost always get liG, by hetuhetumator liG.
See formation of
See also bhUteca below.
KAZIKA bhaviSyati ityanuvartate. hetuhetumator liG 33156 ityevam AdikaM liGo nimittam. tatra liGnimitte bhaviSyati kAle lRG pratyayo bhavati kriyAtipattau satyAm. kutazcid vaiguNyAdanabhinirvRttiH kriyAyAH kriyAtipattiH. dakSiNena cedAyAsyan na zakaTaM paryabhavisyat. yadi kamalakamAhvAsyan na zakaTaM paryAbhaviSyat. abhokSyata bhavAn ghRtena yadi matsamIpamAgamiSyat. bhaviSyat kAlaviSayam etad vacanam. bhavisyadaparyAbhavanaM ca hetumat, tatra hetubhUtaM ca kamalakAhvAnam. liGgiliGge buddhavA tadatipattiM ca pramANAntarAdavagamya vaktA vAkyaM prayuGkte, yadi kamalakamAhvAsyanna zakTaM paryAbhaviSyatiti. hetuhetumatorAhvAnAparyAbhavanayoH bhaviSyat kAlaviSayayoH atipattiH ito vAkyAdavagamyate.
We can also use lRG to talk about what could have happened in the past but did not happen.
Example. According to the previous rule, we may use lRG tenses of "know" and "cry" to mean "if he knew he'd cry". According to this rule, the same exact sentence might mean "if he had known he'd have cried".
Such statements, too, get liG way more often than lRG.
KAZIKA liG-nimitte lRG kriyA-'tipattau iti sarvam anuvartate. pUrvena bhaviSyati vihitaH samprati bhUte vidhIyate. bhUte ca kAle liGnimitte kriyAtipattau satyAM lRG pratyayo bhavati. utApyoH samarthayor liG 3-3-152 ityArabhya liGnimitteSu vidhAnam etat. prAk tato vikalpaM vakSyati. dRSTo mayA bhavatputro 'nnArthI caGkramyamANaH, aparaz ca dvijo brAhmaNArthI, yadi sa tena dRSTo 'bhaviSyat, tadA abhikSyata. na tu bhuktavAn, anyena pathA sa gataH.
32084 time and tenses, zatR zAnac, anaDuh ←