41001 sup endings and feminine affixes ←
41076 The
41082 Optionally after first of words connected by sense.
41083
41084
41085
41087
41092 "his son".
41095 After an
41099
41101 after
41105 Add
41120
41151
41162 Descendant from grandson on is
41163 But if a direct ancestor is alive,
42001 after a color to mean tinted with it.
42003 time connected with a lunar mansion.
42012
42016 grains cooked
42033
42067 To name a place after what is in it .
42068 Made by him.
42069 His residence.
42070 What is nearby.
42071
42081 Sometimes
42104 Some unchanging get
43009
43077
43098
43099
43139
43154
44001
44002 "gambles with", "digs with", "defeats with", "is defeated by" it.
44003 "well made".
44020
44069 appointed there.
44075
44076 "he carries it" after
44077
headline --
" The affixes described from here down to 54151 kap inclusive are taddhita affixes.
For instance, aN (described at 41083 prAgdIvyatoN), Nya (at 41085 dityadityA), and iJ (at 41095 ata::iJ) are taddhita.
The taddhita affixes are added to nouns to form nounbases. The rules explain what affixes can be added to what nouns in what senses.
Example. According to the rules ata::iJ and tasyApatyam, the taddhita affix iJ can be added after the noun
Some of the affixes can be added to almost anything, such as matup "that has". Others are very restricted in their use, like naJ' and snaJ, that can be added to one word only.
Back to types of affixes .
KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. ApaJcamAdhyAyaparisamApteH yAnita Urdhvam anukramisyAmaH taddhitasaMjJAste veditavyAH. vakSyati, yUnastiH
This means --
" In the rules that add taddhita affixes, the first word is a placeholder for the word to which the affix is added. "
Example.
(1) Rule tasmai hitam states "( cha may mean) good for him", and the word
(2) The word
(3) This means that if we have a word whith a fourth ending, such as
Similarly, in rule tenara "(Add aN) after a color to mean tinted with it", the word
The "optionally" in the rule means that adding the affix is not compulsory -- you may still say
KAZIKA trayam apyadhikriyate samarthAnAm iti ca, prathamAditi ca, vA iti ca. svArthikapratyayAvadhizcAyam adhikAraH, prAgdizo vibhaktiH 53001 iti vAvat. svArthikeSu hyasya upayogo na asti, vikalpo 'pi tatra anavasthitaH. kecin nityam eva bhavanti. lakSaNavAkyAni tasya apatyam 41092, tena raktaM rAgAt 42001 tatra bhavaH
(See
headline. The following rules, down to 44002 tenadIvyati, add the affix
Example.
Rule tasyApatyam says just "his son".
Because of samarthAnAMprathamAdvA, that means: "add some taddhita to whoever to mean his son".
Because of prAgdIvyatoN , that means: "add aN to whoever to mean his son".
For instance, we may add aN after
Besides being use to mean descendants, this aN affix mostly makes adjectives that mean "belonging or related to" --
As in --
The aN-enders get GI when f, by TiDDhA.
KAZIKA tena dIvyati iti vakSyati. tadekadezo dIvyacchabdo avadhitvena gRhyate. prAg dIvyatsaMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyamaH, aN pratyayas tatra bhavati iti veditavyam. adhikAraH, paribhASA, cidhirvA iti triSvapi darzaneSvapavAdaviSayaM parigRtya aN pravartate. vakSyati, tasya apatyam 41092 aupagavaH. kApaTavaH.
Exception in advance to dityadityA right below. The words listed in group 53
Example --
To mean his offspring.
Examples --
In more detail --
" strI- compulsorily turns into
Examples --
strI- + aN
strI- + cha
pums- + cha
This taddhita naJ' has nothing to do with the naJ from rule naJ.
KAZIKA dhAnyAnAM bhavane kSetre khaJ iti vakSyati. tasya prAg ity anena eva sambandhaH. prAg-bhavana-saMzabdanAd ye 'rthAs teSu strI-zabdAt puMs-zabdAc ca yathA-kramaM naJ-snaJau pratyayau bhavataH. strISu bhavaM straiNam. pauMsnam. striNAM samUhaH straiNam. pauMsnam. strIbhya AgataM straiNam. apuMsnam. strIbhyo hitaM straiNam. pauMsnam. striyAH puMvad iti jJApakAd vatyarthe na bhavati. yogApekSaM ca jJApakam iti strIvad ity api siddham.
This rule is an instance of samarthAnAm. "His son" means "add affix after (
This allows aN, Nya, aJ and other affixes. We get aN unless otherwise specified, as in
Examples --
This
The
KAZIKA naD ity evam AdibhyaH prAtipadikebhyaH gotrApatye phak pratyayo bhavati. nADAyanaH. cArAyaNaH. gotre ityeva, nADiH. zalaGku zalaGkaM ca ity atra paThyate. zAlaGkAyanaH. pailAdiSu zAlaGkizabdaH paThyate. zAlaGkiH pitA. zAlaGkiH putraH. tat katham? gotravizeSe kauzike phakaM smaranti, iJ eva anyatra zAlaGkiH iti. athavA pailAdipATha eva jJApakaH iJo bhAvasya. naDa. cara. baka. muJja. itika. itiza. upaka. lamaka. zalaGku zalaGkaM ca. saptala. vAjapya. tika. agnizarman vRzagaNe. prANa. nara. sAyaka. dAsa. mitra. dvIpa. piGgara. piGgala. kiGkara. kiGkala. kAtara. kAtala. kAzya. kAzyapa. kAvya. aja. amuSya. kRSNaraNau brAhmaNa-vAsiSThayoH. amitra. ligu. citra. kumAra. kroSTu kroSTaM ca. loha. durga. stambha. ziMzipA. agra. tRNa. zakaTa. sumanas. sumata. mimata. Rk. jat. yugandhara. haMsaka. daNDin. hastin. paJcAla. camasin. sukRtya. sthiraka. brAhmaNa. caTaka. badara. azvaka. kharapa. kAmuka. vrahmadatta. udumbara. zoNa. aloha. daNDa.
The affix
It is added to gotra names made with yaJ iJ, such as
KAZIKA yaJ-antAd iJ-antAc ca prAtipadikAd apatye phak pratyayo bhavati. gArgyAyaNaH. vAtsyAyanaH. iJantAt dAkSAyaNaH. plAkSAyaNaH. dvIpAd anusamudraM yaJ 4-3-10, sutaGgamAdibhya iJ 4-2-80 ityato na bhavati. gotra-grahaNena yaJ-iJau vizeSyete. tadantAt tu yUny eva ayaM pratyayaH, gotrAd yUni pratyayo bhavati iti vacanAt.
Example --
This
Examples --
The family founders listed in group 66
Examples --
You'll hear about the descendants of
Example.
The son of
The son of
When
See exception jIvatitu below.
In more detail: the oldest grandson of
See yaJiJozca for more examples.
KAZIKA abhijanaprabandho vaMzaH. tatra bhavo vaMzyaH pitrAdiH. tasmin jIvati sati pautraprabhRtyapatyaM yuvasaMjJaM bhavati. pautraprabhRti iti ca na sAmAnA'dhikaraNyena apatyaM vizeSayati, kiM tarhi, SaSThyA vipariNamyate pautraprabhRter yadapatyam iti. tena caturthAdArabhya yuva. saMjJA vidhIyate. gArgyAyaNaH. vAtsyAyanaH. tuzabdo 'vadhAraNArtho yuva eva na gotram iti.
This rule gets the trickle of
"After a color" means after a word such as
As in --
KAZIKA zuklasya varNAntarApAdanam iha raJjerarthaH. rajyate 'nena iti rAgaH. tena iti tRtIyAsamarthAd rAgavizeSavAcinaH zabdAd raktam ityetasminnarthe yathAvihitam pratyayo bhavati. kaSAyeNa raktaM vastram kASAyam. mAJjiSTham. kausumbham. rAgAtiti kim? devadattena raktaM vastram. kathaM kASAyau gardabhasya karNau, hAridrau kukkuTasya padau iti? upamAnAd bhaviSyati, kASAyau iva kASAyau, hAridrAviva hAridrau. dvaipavaiyAghrAdaJ 42012 iti yAvat tRtIyAsamarthavibhaktiranuvartate.
As for instance,
This
So we say --
KAZIKA tRtIyAsamarthavibhaktiH anuvartate. tena iti tRtIyA-samarthAd nakSatra-vizeSa-vAcinaH zabdAd yuktaH ity etasminn arthe yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati. yo 'sau yuktaH. kAlaz cet sa bhavati. kathaM punar nakSatreNa puSyAdinA kAlo yujyate? puSyAdi-samIpasthe candramasi vartamAnAH puSyAdi-zabdAH pratyayam utpAdayanti puSyeNa yuktaH kAlaH. puSya-samIpa-sthena candramasA yuktaH ity arthaH. pauSI rAtriH. pauSam ahaH. mAghI rAtriH. mAgham ahaH. nakSatreNeti kim? candramasA yuktA rAtriH. kAla:: iti kim? puSyeNa yuktaz candramAH.
If you never heard of lunar mansions, see Wikipedia on Nakshatra.
These two nounbases mean "a chariot wrapped with tiger skin" and come from
KAZIKA dvIpivyAghrayor vikarabhUte carmaNo dvaipavaiyAghre, tAbhyAM tRtIyAsamarthAbhyAM parivRto rathaH ityetasminnarthe aJ pratyayo bhavati. aNo 'pavAdaH. svare vizeSaH. dvaipena parivRto rathaH dvaipaH. vaiyAghraH.
So we can add aN after
KAZIKA tatra iti saptamIsamarthAt saMskRtam ity etasminn arthe yathAvihitaM pratyayo bhavati, yat saMskRtaM bhakSAH cet te bhavanti. kharavizadam abhyavahArArthaM bhakSam ityucyate. satutkarSAdhAnam saMskAraH. bhrASTre saMskRtA bhakSAH bhrASTrA apUpAH. kAlazAH. kaumbhAH. bhakSAH iti kim? puSpapuTe saMskRto mAlAguNaH.
This debars aN.
KAZIKA agnizabdAd Dhak pratyayo bhavati sA asya devatA ityasmin viSaye. aNo 'pavAdaH. agnir devatA asya Agneyo 'STAkapAlaH. prAgdIvyatIyeSu taddhitArtheSu sarvatrAgnikalibhyAM Dhag vaktavyaH.
Exception to tad asy' .Asty asminn iti matup below. To name a place after what is in it, we can use aN and other taddhita affixes, but not the matvartha affixes. So
Example --
The affixes, such as aN, that can be used to name places in this way, are called cAturarthika affixes. They are called
1. "there is in it", allowed by this rule
2. "completed by him", allowed by tenanirvRttamx
3. "his residence", by tasyanivAsaH
4. "that has it nearby" by adUrabhavazca.
KAZIKA tatiti prathamA samartha-vibhaktiH. asminn iti pratyayArthaH. asti It prakRty-artha-vizeSaNam. itikaraNo vivakSArthaH. deze tan-namni iti pratyayArtha-vizeSaNam. tat iti rathamAsamarthAd asminn iti saptamy arthe yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati, yat prathamA-samartham asti cet tad bhavati yadasminn iti nirdiSTaM dezaz cet sa tan-nAmA bhavati, pratyayAnta-nAmA, itikaraNas tataz ced vivakSA. udumbarA asmin deze santi audumbaraH. bAlbajaH. pArvataH. matvarthIyApavAdo yogaH.
Some kRt affixes, such as aN, may be used to name a city after whoever made it.
So the city of
There is another rule that sounds the same, tenanirvRttam.
KAZIKA tena iti tRtIyA-samarthAt nirvRttam ity etasmin viSaye yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati deza-nAmadheye gamyamAne. deze tan-namni iti caturSv api yogeSu sambadhyate. sahasreNa nirvRttA sAhasrI parikhA. kuzAmbena nirvRttA kauzAmbI nagarI. hetau kartari ca yathAyogaM tRtIyA samartha-vibhaktiH.
The word
So, we may use
where --
See also exception janapadelup, that would also allow saying
KAZIKA tasya iti SaSThI-samarthAn nivAsaH ity etasminn arthe yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati deza-nAmadheye gamyamAne. nivasanty asminn iti nivAsaH. RjunAvAM nivAso dezaH ArjunAvo dezaH. zaibaH. zudiSThaH.
We may name a place by adding a cAturarthika affix after what is near it.
For instance, the
KAZIKA pUrvA samartha-vibhaktir anuvartate. tasya iti SaSThI-samarthAd adUrabhavaH ity etasminn arthe yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati. vidizAyAH adUrabhavaM nagaraM vaidizam. haimavatam. cakAraH pUrveSAM trayANAm arthAnAm iha sannidhAnArthaH. tena uttareSu. catvAro 'py arthAH sambadhyante.
This debars aN. Thew difference is in the accent (see JnityAdirnityam).
See also the homophonous rule oraJ.
KAZIKA aNo 'pavAdaH. catvAro 'rthAH anuvartante. u-varN'-.AntAt prAtipadikAt yathavihitaM samarthavibhaktiyuktAd aJ pratyayo bhavati tad asminn asti ity evam AdiSvartheSu.
This rule allows us to say --
to mean --
"I'm going to the country of the kurus".
"the country of the kurus is beautiful".
According to Sanskrit grammarians, the
If that explanation made your head hurt, don't lose sleep about it. All you have to remember is that sometimes "I'm going to the Mexicans" means "I'm going to Mexico".
This doesn't work with all countries; it is allowed with the country of the
KAZIKA deze tan-nAmni yaz cAturarthikaH pratyayaH bhavati, tasya deza-vizeSe janapade 'bhidheye lub bhavati. grAmasamudAyo janapadaH. paJcAlAnAM nivAso janapadaH paJcAlAH. kuravaH. matsyAH. aGgAH. baGGAH. magadhAH. suhmAH. puNDrAH. iha kasmAn na bhavati, udumbarAH asmin santi audumbaro janapadaH, vaidizo janapadaH iti? tannAmni iti vartate. na ca atra lubantaM tannAmadheyaM bhavati.
Only examples --
And then all those unchanging that end in tasil or tral --
KAZIKA avyayAt tyap pratyayo bhavati zaiSikaH. amehakvatasitrebhyas tyadvidhir yo 'vyayAt smRtaH. ninirbhyAM ghruvagatyozca pravezo niyame tathA. amAtyaH. ihatyaH. kvatyaH. itastyaH. tatratyaH. yatratyaH. parigaNanaM kim? aupariSTaH paurastaH. pArastaH. vRddhAttudho bhavati. ArAtIyaH. tyab nerghruve. niyataM ghruvam nityam. niso gate. nirgato varNAzramebhyaH niSTyaH caNDAlAdiH. Avisaz chandasi. Avis zabdAc chandasi tyap pratyayo bhavati. AviSTyo vardhate cArurAsu. araNyAN No vaktavyaH. AraNyAH sumanasaH. dUrAdetyaH. dUretyaH pathikaH. uttarAdAhaJ. auttarAham.
Examples --
KAZIKA akAraH pratyayo bhavati madhyazabdAt sAmpratike jAtAdau pratyayArthe. masya apavAdaH. sAmpratikaM nyAyyaM, yuktam ucitaM, samamucyate. nAtidIrghaM nAtihrasvaM madhyaM kASTham. nAtyutkRSTo nAtyavakRSTo madhyo vaiyAkaraNaH. madhyA strI.
To make adjectives that express teaching relationships or blood relationships, we add
Examples --
As in
See also vAsudevArjunAbhyAM vun and gotra;kSatriyAkhyebhyo bahulaM vuJ below.
KAZIKA vidyA-yoni-kRtaH sambandho yeSAM te vidyA-yoni-sambandhAH. tadvAcibhyaH zabdebhyo vuJ pratyayo bhavati tata AgataH ity etasmin viSaye. aNo 'pavAdaH. chaM tu paratvAd bAdhate. vidyA-sambandhebhyas tAvat upAdhyAyAd AgataM aupAdhyAyakam. zaiSyakam. AcAryakam. yoni-sambandhebhyaH mAtAmahakaH. paitAmahakaH. mAtulakaH.
This debars cha and aN'' and vuJ.
This affix
The
Only examples --
This rule applies only to the
the rule would have been just
KAZIKA vAsudevArjunazabdAbhyAM vun pratyayo bhavati so 'sya bhaktiH ityetasmin viSaye. chANorapavAdaH. vAsudevo bhaktirasya vAsudevakaH. arjunakaH. nanu ca vAsudeva-zabdAd gotra-kSatriy'-AkhyebhyaH iti vuJastyeva, na ca atra vunvuJor vizeSo vidyate, kimarthaM vAsudeva-grahaNam? saMjJaiSA devatA-vizeSasya na kSatriy'-AkhyA. alpActara 22034, ajAdyadantam
This
Examples. The supporter of
and the supporter of
KAZIKA gotr'-AkhyebhyaH kSatriy'-Akhyebhyazca prAtipadikebhyaH bahulaM vuJ pratyayo bhavati so 'sya bhaktiH ityetasmin viSaye. aNo 'pavAdaH. vRddhAc chAM paratvAd bAdhate. glucukAyanir bhaktir asya glaucukAyanakaH. aupagavakaH. kApaTavakaH. kSatriyÂŽAkhyebhyaH nAkulakaH. sAhadevakaH. sAmbakaH. AkhyAgrahaNaM prasiddhakSatriyazabdaparigrahArthaM, yathAkathaMcit kSatriyavRttibhyo mA bhUt. bahulagrahaNAt kvacidapravRttireva. pANino bhaktirasya pANinIyaH. pauravIyaH.
This aJ debars aN. The
As in --
KAZIKA uvarN%AntAt prAtipadikAd aJ pratayo bhavati vikArAvayavayor arthayoH. aNo 'pavAdaH. anudAttAder anyad ihodAharaNam. daivadAram. bhAdradAravam.
Examples --
KAZIKA prA NivA cibhyaH prA tipadikebhyo rajatadibhyazca aJ pratyayo bhavati vikA rA vayavayorarthayoH. aNA dinA m apavA daH. anudA ttA deH aJ vihita eva pariziSTam iha udA haraNam. prA NibhyastA vat kApotam. mAyUram. taittiram. rajatA dibhyaH rA jatam. saisam. lauham. rajatA diSu ye 'nudA ttA dayaH paTyante rajatakaNDakaraprabhRtayastebhyo 'Ji siddhe punarvacanaM mayaDvA dhanA rtham. rajata. sIsa. loha. udumbara. nIladA ru. rohitaka. bibhItaka. pItadA sa. tIvradA ru. trikaNTaka. kaNTakA ra. rajatA diH.
headline. The following rules, down to 44076 tadvahati, teach the taddhita Thak (a.k.a.
Example. Rule saMskRtam, with the trickle added, says "after third, seasoned". Adding the trickle, this means "add some taddhita affix after a third-ender to mean seasoned". But because of this headline, we have to understand "add Thak after third-ender to mean seasoned". Therefore we can replace
Some Thak examples --
KAZIKA tad vahati ratha-yuga-prAsaGgam iti vakSyati. prAg etasmAd vahatisaMzabdanAd yAn arthAn anukramamiSyAmaH, Thak pratyayas teSv adhikRto veditavyaH. vakSyati tena dIvyati khanati jayati jitam iti. akSair dIvyati AkSikaH. ThakprakaraNe tadAheti mAzabdAdibhya upasaGkhyAnam. mAzabdaH ityAha mAzabdikaH. naityazabdikaH kAryazabdikaH. vAkyAdetat pratyayavidhAnam. Ahau prabhUtAdibhyaH. prabhUtam Aha prAbhUtikaH. pAryAptikaH. kriyAvizeSaNat pratyayaH. pRcchatau susnAtAdibhyaH. susnataM pRcchati sausnAtikaH. saukharAtrikaH. saukhazAyanikaH. gacchati paradArAdibhyaH. paradArAn gacchati pAradArikaH. gaurutalpikaH.
Therefore, we may replace
In detail --
KAZIKA tena iti tRtIyAsamarthAd dIvyati khanati jayati jitam ityeteSvartheSu Thak pratyayo bhavati. akSair dIvyati AkSikaH. zAlAkikaH. abhryA khanati AbhrikaH. kauddAlikaH. akSair jayati AkSikaH. akSair jitam AkSikam. zAlAkikam. sarvatra karaNe tRtIyA samarthavibhaktiH. devadattena jitam iti pratyayo na bhavati, anabhidhAnAt. aGgulyA khanati iti ca. pratyayArthe saGkhyAkAlayoravivakSA. kriyApradhAnatve 'pi cAkhyAtasya taddhitaH svabhAvAt sAdhanapradhAnaH.
The word
According to this rule, we may replace that
The word
With the same steps,
(
KAZIKA teneti tRtIyA-samarthAt saMskRtam ity etasminn arthe Thak pratyayo bhavati. sata utkarSAdhAnaM saMskAraH. dadhnA saMskRtam dAdhikam. zArGgaverikam. mArIcikam. yogavibhAga uttarArthaH.
Incidentally: in times of
Words formed with ktri always get
pac +
vap +
kR +
KAZIKA nirvRtta ity eva. DvitaH ktrir ity ayaM tri-zabdo gRhyate. try-antAn nityaM map pratyayo bhavati tena virvRtte ity etasminn arthe. DupacaS pAke paktrimam. Duvap uptrimam. DukRJ kRtrimam. nitya-grahaNaM svAtantrya-nivRtty-artham, tena tryantaM nityaM map-pratyay%Antam eva bhavati, viSayAntare na prayoktavyam iti. bhAva-pratyay%AntAdim abvaktavyaH. pAkena nirvRttam pAkimam. tyAgimam. sekimam. kuTTimam.
You may add Thak (
KAZIKA tatra iti saptamI-samarthAn niyukta ity etasminn arthe Thak-pratyayo bhavati. niyuktaH AdhikRto vyApAritaH ity arthaH. zulkazAlAyAM niyuktaH zaulkazAlikaH. AkarikaH. ApaNikaH. gaulmikaH. dauvArikaH.
headline --
" The following rules, down to 51005 tasmai hitam, add
This yat'' is a taddhita and sounds the same as the kRtya affix yat. It can have many meanings.
KAZIKA tasmai hitam iti vakSyati. prAg etasmAd dhita-saMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmo yat pratyayas teSv adhikRto veditavyaH. vakSyati
Example --
KAZIKA tad iti dvitIyA-samarthebhyo rathayugaprAsaGgebhyo vahati ityetasminn arthe yat pratyayo bhavati. rathaM vahati rathyaH. yugyaH. prAsaGgyaH. rathasItAhalebhyo yad vidhau iti tadanatavidhyupasaGkhyAnAt paramarathyaH ityapi bhavati.
KAZIKA tad vahati ityeva. dhur ity etasmAd dvitIyA-samarthAd vahati ity etasminn arthe yat Dhakityetau pratyayau bhavataH. dhuraM vahati dhuryaH, dhaureyaH.
41001 sup endings and feminine affixes ←