taddhitAH ONPANINI 41076
The taddhita start here.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 436

headline --

" The affixes described from here down to 54151 kap inclusive are taddhita affixes.

For instance, aN (described at 41083 prAgdIvyatoN), Nya (at 41085 dityadityA), and iJ (at 41095 ata::iJ) are taddhita.

The taddhita affixes are added to nouns to form nounbases. The rules explain what affixes can be added to what nouns in what senses.

Example. According to the rules ata::iJ and tasyApatyam, the taddhita affix iJ can be added after the noun dazarathasya to mean apatyanM dazarathasya "descendant of dazaratha". This means that we can build a nounbase dAzarathi-, with the same meaning, in these steps --

apatyam dazarathasya "descendant of dazaratha" →ata::iJ dazarathasya + iJ →supodhA dazaratha + iJ →taddhiteSva dAzaratha + i →yasyetica dAzarathi- "descendant of dazaratha"

Some of the affixes can be added to almost anything, such as matup "that has". Others are very restricted in their use, like naJ' and snaJ, that can be added to one word only.

Back to types of affixes .

KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. ApaJcamAdhyAyaparisamApteH yAnita Urdhvam anukramisyAmaH taddhitasaMjJAste veditavyAH. vakSyati, yUnastiH 41077 yuvatiH. bahuvacanam anukta-taddhita-parigrahArtham. pRthivyA JAJau 4-1-85, agrAdipazcAD Dimac 43023 ityevam Adi labdhaM bhavati. taddhitapradezAH kRttaddhitasamAsAzca ityevam AdayaH.

samarthAnAM prathamAd vA ONPANINI 41082
Optionally (add taddhitas) after first of words connected by sense.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 437

This means --

" In the rules that add taddhita affixes, the first word is a placeholder for the word to which the affix is added. "

Example.

(1) Rule tasmai hitam states "( cha may mean) good for him", and the word tasya "for him" comes first.

(2) The word tasmai has Ge, which is a fourth.

(3) This means that if we have a word whith a fourth ending, such as vatsebhyas "for calves", we may add cha to that word, and the result will mean "suitable for calves". This way --

vatsebhyo hitam "suitable for calves" →tasmaihitam vatsebhyas + cha →supodhA vatsa + cha →AyaneyI vatsa + Iyam →yasyetica vatsIya- "suitable for calves"

Similarly, in rule tenara "(Add aN) after a color to mean tinted with it", the word tena "with it" comes first in the rule, therefore we can add aN after kusumbhena "with saffron" to mean "tinted with saffron". And we can do the same with any color names that carry third.

The "optionally" in the rule means that adding the affix is not compulsory -- you may still say vatsebhyo hitam.

KAZIKA trayam apyadhikriyate samarthAnAm iti ca, prathamAditi ca, vA iti ca. svArthikapratyayAvadhizcAyam adhikAraH, prAgdizo vibhaktiH 53001 iti vAvat. svArthikeSu hyasya upayogo na asti, vikalpo 'pi tatra anavasthitaH. kecin nityam eva bhavanti. lakSaNavAkyAni tasya apatyam 41092, tena raktaM rAgAt 42001 tatra bhavaH 43053 ityevam AdIni bhaviSyanti. teSu sAmarthye sati prathamanirdiSTAdeva vikalpena pratyayo bhavati iti veditavyam. samarthAnAm iti virdhAraNe SaSThI. samarthAnAM madye prathamaH pratyayaprakRtitvena nirdhAryate. tasya iti sAmAnyaM vizeSalakSaNArtham. tadIyaM prAthamyaM vizeSANAM vijJAyate. upagoH apatyam aupagavaH. samarthAnAm iti kim? kambala upagoH, apatyaM devadattasya. prathamAtiti kim? SaSThyAntAd yathA syAt, prathamAntAn mA bhUt. vA iti kim? vAkyam api yathA syAtupagorapatyam iti. yadyevaM samAsavRttiH taddhitavRttyA bAdhyeta upagvapatyam iti. na eSa doSaH. pUrvasUtrAdanyatarasyAM grahaNam anuvartate. tena etadapi bhaviSyati.

prAg dIvyato 'N ONPANINI 41083
aN down to tenadIvyati.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 438

(See aN disambiguation .)

headline. The following rules, down to 44002 tenadIvyati, add the affix a(N) (unless otherwise specified).

Example.

Rule tasyApatyam says just "his son".

Because of samarthAnAMprathamAdvA, that means: "add some taddhita to whoever to mean his son".

Because of prAgdIvyatoN , that means: "add aN to whoever to mean his son".

For instance, we may add aN after upagos to mean upagor apatyam "son of upagu" --

upagos + aN →supodhA upagu + a →taddhiteSva aupagu + a →orguNaH aupago + a →ecoya aupagava- "son of upagu"

Besides being use to mean descendants, this aN affix mostly makes adjectives that mean "belonging or related to" --

arNava- "sea" + aN → ArNava- "maritime"

candra- "moon" + aN → cAndra- "lunar"

sUrya- "sun" + aN → saurya- "solar"

As in --

ArNavasH siMhaH "sea lion"

ArNavaz coraH "pirate"

sauryaJM jyotiH "sunlight"

sauryam upanetram "sunglasses"

sauryaGM grahaNam "solar eclipse"

The aN-enders get GI when f, by TiDDhA.

KAZIKA tena dIvyati iti vakSyati. tadekadezo dIvyacchabdo avadhitvena gRhyate. prAg dIvyatsaMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyamaH, aN pratyayas tatra bhavati iti veditavyam. adhikAraH, paribhASA, cidhirvA iti triSvapi darzaneSvapavAdaviSayaM parigRtya aN pravartate. vakSyati, tasya apatyam 41092 aupagavaH. kApaTavaH.

azvapaty-Adibhyaz ca ONPANINI 41084
aN comes after the azvapati-class.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 439

Exception in advance to dityadityA right below. The words listed in group 53 azvapatyAdiH of the ashtadhyayidotcom gaNapATha get aN, instead of the usual Nya, to mean a descendant.

Example --

azvapati- + aN →taddhiteSva Azvapati + a →yasyetica Azvapata- "son of azvapati"

dity;adity;Aditya;patyuttarapadAN@ NyaH ONPANINI 41085
Nya comes after pati- -enders and diti, aditi, Aditya.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 440

To mean his offspring.

Examples --

prajApater apatyam "descendant of prajApati" prajApati + Nya →taddhiteSva prAjApati + Nya →yasyetica prAjApatya- "descendant of prajApati"

apatyanM dityAH "descendant of diti" diti + Nya daitya- "a descendant of diti, an asura"

strI;puMsAbhyAM naJ;snaJau bhavanAt ONPANINI 41087
strI- pums- get na(J)' sna(J).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 441

In more detail --

" strI- compulsorily turns into straiNa-, and pums- into pauMsna-, in all the senses taught from 41083 prAgdIvyatoN down to 52001 dhAnyAnAmbhavane. "

Examples --

strI- + aN strI + naJ' →taddhiteSva strai- + naJ' →Natvam straiNa- "group of women"

strI- + cha strI + naJ' straiNa- "suitable for women"

pums- + cha pums + sna(J) →taddhiteSva paums- + sna →saMyogAnta paum + sna →monu pauMsna- "suitable for men"

This taddhita naJ' has nothing to do with the naJ from rule naJ.

KAZIKA dhAnyAnAM bhavane kSetre khaJ iti vakSyati. tasya prAg ity anena eva sambandhaH. prAg-bhavana-saMzabdanAd ye 'rthAs teSu strI-zabdAt puMs-zabdAc ca yathA-kramaM naJ-snaJau pratyayau bhavataH. strISu bhavaM straiNam. pauMsnam. striNAM samUhaH straiNam. pauMsnam. strIbhya AgataM straiNam. apuMsnam. strIbhyo hitaM straiNam. pauMsnam. striyAH puMvad iti jJApakAd vatyarthe na bhavati. yogApekSaM ca jJApakam iti strIvad ity api siddham.

tasy' .Apatyam ONPANINI 41092
(Use the affixes described after prAgdIvyatoN to mean) "his son".mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 442

This rule is an instance of samarthAnAm. "His son" means "add affix after (rAma) to mean (rAma)'s son".

This allows aN, Nya, aJ and other affixes. We get aN unless otherwise specified, as in aupagavas. And aN, Nya, aJ when rules such as azvapatyAd, dityadi... say so.

ata:: iJ ONPANINI 41095
After an a -ender, optionally add iJ to mean a descendant.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 443

Examples --

dazarathasya + apatyam dazarathasya + iJ →supodhA dazaratha- + iJ →taddhiteSva dAzaratha- + iJ →yasyetica dAzarathi- "descendant of dazaratha"

agnizarman- + iJ →nastaddhite agnizarm + iJ →taddhiteSva Agnizarmi- "son of agnizarman"

naD'-AdibhyaH phak ONPANINI 41099
phak (means gotra) after naDa-class.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 444

This pha(k) is Ayana(k), by AyaneyI.

naDa + phak →AyaneyI naDa + Ayanak →kitica nADa + Ayana → nADAyana- "grandson of naDa"

The naDa-class is a list of gotra founders.

KAZIKA naD ity evam AdibhyaH prAtipadikebhyaH gotrApatye phak pratyayo bhavati. nADAyanaH. cArAyaNaH. gotre ityeva, nADiH. zalaGku zalaGkaM ca ity atra paThyate. zAlaGkAyanaH. pailAdiSu zAlaGkizabdaH paThyate. zAlaGkiH pitA. zAlaGkiH putraH. tat katham? gotravizeSe kauzike phakaM smaranti, iJ eva anyatra zAlaGkiH iti. athavA pailAdipATha eva jJApakaH iJo bhAvasya. naDa. cara. baka. muJja. itika. itiza. upaka. lamaka. zalaGku zalaGkaM ca. saptala. vAjapya. tika. agnizarman vRzagaNe. prANa. nara. sAyaka. dAsa. mitra. dvIpa. piGgara. piGgala. kiGkara. kiGkala. kAtara. kAtala. kAzya. kAzyapa. kAvya. aja. amuSya. kRSNaraNau brAhmaNa-vAsiSThayoH. amitra. ligu. citra. kumAra. kroSTu kroSTaM ca. loha. durga. stambha. ziMzipA. agra. tRNa. zakaTa. sumanas. sumata. mimata. Rk. jat. yugandhara. haMsaka. daNDin. hastin. paJcAla. camasin. sukRtya. sthiraka. brAhmaNa. caTaka. badara. azvaka. kharapa. kAmuka. vrahmadatta. udumbara. zoNa. aloha. daNDa.

yaJ;iJoz ca ONPANINI 41101
( phak comes) after yaJ iJ (to mean a yuvan).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 445

The affix pha(k) is Ayana(k), by AyaneyI.

It is added to gotra names made with yaJ iJ, such as gArgya- and dAkSi- here --

garga + yaJ + phak →gargAdi gArgya- + phak → gArgya + phak →AyaneyI gArgya + Ayanak →yasyetica gArgy + Ayana →Natvam gArgyAyaNa- "descendant of garga"

dakSa + iJ + phak dAkSi + phak dAkSAyaNa- "descendant of dakSa"

KAZIKA yaJ-antAd iJ-antAc ca prAtipadikAd apatye phak pratyayo bhavati. gArgyAyaNaH. vAtsyAyanaH. iJantAt dAkSAyaNaH. plAkSAyaNaH. dvIpAd anusamudraM yaJ 4-3-10, sutaGgamAdibhya iJ 4-2-80 ityato na bhavati. gotra-grahaNena yaJ-iJau vizeSyete. tadantAt tu yUny eva ayaM pratyayaH, gotrAd yUni pratyayo bhavati iti vacanAt.

gargAdibhyo yaJ ONPANINI 41105
Add yaJ after garga-class to mean a gotra.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 446

Example --

garga- + yaJ →taddhiteSva gArga + yaJ →yasyetica gArgya- "descendant of garga"

strIbhyo Dhak ONPANINI 41120
Dhak (means a descendant) after a feminine.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 447

This Dha(k) is eya(k), by AyaneyI.

Examples --

vinatA- + Dhak →AyaneyI vinatA + eyak →kitica vainatA + eya →yasyetica vainateya- "son of vinatA"

kuntI + Dhak kaunteya- "son of kuntI"

subhadrA + Dhak saubhadreya- "son of subhadrA"

kurv-Adibhyo NyaH ONPANINI 41151
kuru etc get (N)ya (to mean a gotra).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 448

The family founders listed in group 66 kurv-AdiH of the ashtadhyayidotcom gaNapATha get (N)ya to mean a descendant, instead of the usual aN from tasyApatyam.

Examples --

kuror apatyam kuru- + Nya →taddhiteSva kauru + ya →orguNaH kauro + ya →vAntoyi kaurav + ya → kauravya- "descendant of kuru from the grandson on"

garga- + Nya gArgya- "descendant of garga"

mura- + Nya maurya- "descendant of mura"

You'll hear about the descendants of kuru- in the mahAbhArata, about the descendants of garga- in the upaniSad, and about candraketu- the descendant of mura- in history and legend. Check Wikipedia on Chandragupta Maurya if u like.

apatyaM pautra-prabhRti gotram ONPANINI 41162
Descendant from grandson on is gotra.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 449

Example.

gargaH founded the dinasty.

The son of gargaH is gArgiH (affix iJ).

The son of gArgiH is gArgyaH (affix Nya).

gArgyaH is a gotra name.

When gArgyaH dies, his oldest male descendant inherits the title of gArgyaH.

See exception jIvatitu below.

jIvati tu vaMzye yuvA ONPANINI 41163
But if a direct ancestor is alive, (a descendant of the grandson is) yuvan.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 450

In more detail: the oldest grandson of gargaH is always gArgyaH ( gotra). But a descendant of the grandson will only inherit the gotra title gArgyaH after all of gargaH, gArgiH and gArgyaH die, and meanwhile he's yuvan "heir to the gotra title".

See yaJiJozca for more examples.

KAZIKA abhijanaprabandho vaMzaH. tatra bhavo vaMzyaH pitrAdiH. tasmin jIvati sati pautraprabhRtyapatyaM yuvasaMjJaM bhavati. pautraprabhRti iti ca na sAmAnA'dhikaraNyena apatyaM vizeSayati, kiM tarhi, SaSThyA vipariNamyate pautraprabhRter yadapatyam iti. tena caturthAdArabhya yuva. saMjJA vidhIyate. gArgyAyaNaH. vAtsyAyanaH. tuzabdo 'vadhAraNArtho yuva eva na gotram iti.

This rule gets the trickle of apatyampautraprabhRti "from grandson on", but in fact it only works apatyampautrasya "from grandgrandson on". pANini screwed up, later grammarians say so.

tena raktaM rAgAt ONPANINI 42001
(Add aN) after a color to mean tinted with it.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 451

"After a color" means after a word such as kusumbhena "with saffron". From this rule down to 42012, the affixes are added to a word that has third.

kusumbhena raktam "tinted with saffron" kusumbhena + aN →supodhA kusumbha- + aN →taddhiteSva kausumbha- "tinted with saffron"

As in --

kusumbhena raktaM vastram → kausumbhaM vastram "cloth tinted with saffron"

KAZIKA zuklasya varNAntarApAdanam iha raJjerarthaH. rajyate 'nena iti rAgaH. tena iti tRtIyAsamarthAd rAgavizeSavAcinaH zabdAd raktam ityetasminnarthe yathAvihitam pratyayo bhavati. kaSAyeNa raktaM vastram kASAyam. mAJjiSTham. kausumbham. rAgAtiti kim? devadattena raktaM vastram. kathaM kASAyau gardabhasya karNau, hAridrau kukkuTasya padau iti? upamAnAd bhaviSyati, kASAyau iva kASAyau, hAridrAviva hAridrau. dvaipavaiyAghrAdaJ 42012 iti yAvat tRtIyAsamarthavibhaktiranuvartate.

dvaipa-vaiyAghrAd aJ ONPANINI 42012
dvaipa- and vaiyAghra- have aJ.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 453

These two nounbases mean "a chariot wrapped with tiger skin" and come from dvIpa- and vyAghra-, both meaning "tiger", with aJ added.

KAZIKA dvIpivyAghrayor vikarabhUte carmaNo dvaipavaiyAghre, tAbhyAM tRtIyAsamarthAbhyAM parivRto rathaH ityetasminnarthe aJ pratyayo bhavati. aNo 'pavAdaH. svare vizeSaH. dvaipena parivRto rathaH dvaipaH. vaiyAghraH.

saMskRtam bhakSAH ONPANINI 42016
( aN can be used after a seventh-ender to mean) grains cookedmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 454

So we can add aN after kumbhe "in a pot" to mean "cooked in a pot", provided that whatever is cooked is grainy --

kumbhe saMskRtA yavAH "barleygrains cooked in a pot" kumbhe + aN + jas + yavAH → yavAH kaumbhAH "pot barleygrains"

KAZIKA tatra iti saptamIsamarthAt saMskRtam ity etasminn arthe yathAvihitaM pratyayo bhavati, yat saMskRtaM bhakSAH cet te bhavanti. kharavizadam abhyavahArArthaM bhakSam ityucyate. satutkarSAdhAnam saMskAraH. bhrASTre saMskRtA bhakSAH bhrASTrA apUpAH. kAlazAH. kaumbhAH. bhakSAH iti kim? puSpapuTe saMskRto mAlAguNaH.

agner Dhak ONPANINI 42033
agni- gets Dhak (to mean his devotee).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 455

This debars aN.

agnir asya devatA "his deity is agni" agni- + Dhak →AyaneyI agni + eya(k) →yasyetica agn + eya(k) →taddhiteSva Agneya- "devotee of agni"

KAZIKA agnizabdAd Dhak pratyayo bhavati sA asya devatA ityasmin viSaye. aNo 'pavAdaH. agnir devatA asya Agneyo 'STAkapAlaH. prAgdIvyatIyeSu taddhitArtheSu sarvatrAgnikalibhyAM Dhag vaktavyaH.

tad asminn astIti deze tan@-nAmni ONPANINI 42067
To name a place after what is in it (add aN or other affixes).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 456

Exception to tad asy' .Asty asminn iti matup below. To name a place after what is in it, we can use aN and other taddhita affixes, but not the matvartha affixes. So udumbaravat- can't be used as a tag (a place name), even though we can say udumbaravad vanam "the forest has udumbara trees in it". But we can use audumbara- as a place name

Example --

yasmin deze udumbarAH "the country in which there are udumbara trees" udumbarAs + aN + su → audumbaras "the audumbara country"

The affixes, such as aN, that can be used to name places in this way, are called cAturarthika affixes. They are called cAturarthika (four-sensed affixes) because they can have four meanings:

1. "there is in it", allowed by this rule

2. "completed by him", allowed by tenanirvRttamx

3. "his residence", by tasyanivAsaH

4. "that has it nearby" by adUrabhavazca.

KAZIKA tatiti prathamA samartha-vibhaktiH. asminn iti pratyayArthaH. asti It prakRty-artha-vizeSaNam. itikaraNo vivakSArthaH. deze tan-namni iti pratyayArtha-vizeSaNam. tat iti rathamAsamarthAd asminn iti saptamy arthe yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati, yat prathamA-samartham asti cet tad bhavati yadasminn iti nirdiSTaM dezaz cet sa tan-nAmA bhavati, pratyayAnta-nAmA, itikaraNas tataz ced vivakSA. udumbarA asmin deze santi audumbaraH. bAlbajaH. pArvataH. matvarthIyApavAdo yogaH.

tena nirvRttam x ONPANINI 42068
Made by him.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 457

Some kRt affixes, such as aN, may be used to name a city after whoever made it.

So the city of kauzAmbI is so called because one kuzAmba- founded it.

kuzAmbena + aN @f →supodhA kuzAmba- + aN @f →taddhiteSva kauzAmba + a @f → kauzAmba- @f →TiDDhA kauzambI- "related to kuzAmba" @f

kuzambena niRvRttA nagarI kauzAmbI nAgarI "a city founded by kuzAmba-"

sahasreNa niRvRttA parikhA sAhasrI parikhA "a moat made by a thousand"

There is another rule that sounds the same, tenanirvRttam.

KAZIKA tena iti tRtIyA-samarthAt nirvRttam ity etasmin viSaye yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati deza-nAmadheye gamyamAne. deze tan-namni iti caturSv api yogeSu sambadhyate. sahasreNa nirvRttA sAhasrI parikhA. kuzAmbena nirvRttA kauzAmbI nagarI. hetau kartari ca yathAyogaM tRtIyA samartha-vibhaktiH.

tasya nivAsaH ONPANINI 42069
His residence.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 458

The word nivAsaH means nivasanti yasmin, "place in which they live". So some kRt affixes, such as aN, may be used to name a city after whoever live in it.

So, we may use zaiba- (from zibi + aN) to mean the country where the zibis live, as in --

zibInAm nivAso dezaH zaibo dezaH

where --

zibayo nivasanti yasmin deze "country where the shibis live" zibInAm + aN →supodhA zibi + aN →taddhiteSva zaibi + a →yasyetica zaiba- "zibi country"

See also exception janapadelup, that would also allow saying zibayas to mean zaibo dezaH.

KAZIKA tasya iti SaSThI-samarthAn nivAsaH ity etasminn arthe yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati deza-nAmadheye gamyamAne. nivasanty asminn iti nivAsaH. RjunAvAM nivAso dezaH ArjunAvo dezaH. zaibaH. zudiSThaH.

adUrabhavazca ONPANINI 42070
What is nearby.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 459

We may name a place by adding a cAturarthika affix after what is near it.

For instance, the vidizA is a river. So any place (city, region, field) that has it nearby may be named vidizA + aN --

vidizAyA:: adUrabhavam "that is not far from the vidizA" vidiza + aN →taddhiteSva vaidiza + a →yasyetica vaidiza-

vaidizanM nagaram

vaidizo giriH

himavato 'dUrabhavam himavatas + aN haimavata-

haimavatanM nagaram

haimavatI nadI

KAZIKA pUrvA samartha-vibhaktir anuvartate. tasya iti SaSThI-samarthAd adUrabhavaH ity etasminn arthe yathA-vihitaM pratyayo bhavati. vidizAyAH adUrabhavaM nagaraM vaidizam. haimavatam. cakAraH pUrveSAM trayANAm arthAnAm iha sannidhAnArthaH. tena uttareSu. catvAro 'py arthAH sambadhyante.

or aJ x ONPANINI 42071
aJ (comes in the cAturarthika senses) after u U.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 460

This debars aN. Thew difference is in the accent (see JnityAdirnityam).

araDu + aJ →orguNaH araDo + aJ →taddhiteSva AraDo + a →ecoya AraDava- "place where the araDus live"

See also the homophonous rule oraJ.

KAZIKA aNo 'pavAdaH. catvAro 'rthAH anuvartante. u-varN'-.AntAt prAtipadikAt yathavihitaM samarthavibhaktiyuktAd aJ pratyayo bhavati tad asminn asti ity evam AdiSvartheSu.

janapade lup ONPANINI 42081
Sometimes lup means a country.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 461

This rule allows us to say --

kurUn gacchAmi "I'm going to the kurus"

sundarAH kuravaH "the kurus are beautiful"

to mean --

"I'm going to the country of the kurus".

"the country of the kurus is beautiful".

According to Sanskrit grammarians, the kuru- nounbase in the above sentence is a name of a country, and it is formed from kuravas, which is kuru + jas, which means the descendants of kuru-, a nation, and is a plural. First we add after kuravas any taddhita affix that makes it mean "country where the kurus live". For instance, adding aN we get kaurava- (see rule tasyanivAsaH). After that, we replace that aN affix with lup, getting kuru- again (see nalumatA). Why didn't we replace aN with luk? If we had replaced with luk, the country name kuru- would have been singular, because it means one country. But we replaced with lup instead, so that this new kuru- still means one country, but it gets to be plural grammatically because the original kuravas (the kuru folks) was a plural.

If that explanation made your head hurt, don't lose sleep about it. All you have to remember is that sometimes "I'm going to the Mexicans" means "I'm going to Mexico".

This doesn't work with all countries; it is allowed with the country of the kurus, matsyas, aGgas, magadhas and some others, not with all.

KAZIKA deze tan-nAmni yaz cAturarthikaH pratyayaH bhavati, tasya deza-vizeSe janapade 'bhidheye lub bhavati. grAmasamudAyo janapadaH. paJcAlAnAM nivAso janapadaH paJcAlAH. kuravaH. matsyAH. aGgAH. baGGAH. magadhAH. suhmAH. puNDrAH. iha kasmAn na bhavati, udumbarAH asmin santi audumbaro janapadaH, vaidizo janapadaH iti? tannAmni iti vartate. na ca atra lubantaM tannAmadheyaM bhavati.

avyayAt tyap ONPANINI 42104
Some unchanging get tyap.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 462

Only examples --

ama "together" + tyap → amatya- "minister"

iha "here " + tyap → ihatya- "from here"

kva "where?" + tyap → kvatya- "produced where?"

And then all those unchanging that end in tasil or tral --

tatas "from there" + tyap → tatastya- "that is from there"

tatra "there" + tyap → tatratya- "that is there"

KAZIKA avyayAt tyap pratyayo bhavati zaiSikaH. amehakvatasitrebhyas tyadvidhir yo 'vyayAt smRtaH. ninirbhyAM ghruvagatyozca pravezo niyame tathA. amAtyaH. ihatyaH. kvatyaH. itastyaH. tatratyaH. yatratyaH. parigaNanaM kim? aupariSTaH paurastaH. pArastaH. vRddhAttudho bhavati. ArAtIyaH. tyab nerghruve. niyataM ghruvam nityam. niso gate. nirgato varNAzramebhyaH niSTyaH caNDAlAdiH. Avisaz chandasi. Avis zabdAc chandasi tyap pratyayo bhavati. AviSTyo vardhate cArurAsu. araNyAN No vaktavyaH. AraNyAH sumanasaH. dUrAdetyaH. dUretyaH pathikaH. uttarAdAhaJ. auttarAham.

vidyA;yoni-sambandhebhyo vuJ ONPANINI 43077
vu(J) after teaching and blood relationships.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 464

To make adjectives that express teaching relationships or blood relationships, we add vu(J), instead of aN'' or cha.

Examples --

upAdhyAyAd Agatam "that came from teacher" upAdhyAyAt + vuJ →yuvoranAkau upAdhyAyAt + aka(J) → aupAdhyAyaka-

pitAmaha- + akaJ →taddhiteSva paitAmaha- + aka →yasyetica paitAmah- + aka → paitAmahaka- "grandfatherly, belonging or related to grandparents"

As in

aupAdhyAyakaJM jJAnam "teacherly knowledge, knowledge derived from a teacher"

AcAryakaJM jJAnam "teacherly knowledge"

See also vAsudevArjunAbhyAM vun and gotra;kSatriyAkhyebhyo bahulaM vuJ below.

KAZIKA vidyA-yoni-kRtaH sambandho yeSAM te vidyA-yoni-sambandhAH. tadvAcibhyaH zabdebhyo vuJ pratyayo bhavati tata AgataH ity etasmin viSaye. aNo 'pavAdaH. chaM tu paratvAd bAdhate. vidyA-sambandhebhyas tAvat upAdhyAyAd AgataM aupAdhyAyakam. zaiSyakam. AcAryakam. yoni-sambandhebhyaH mAtAmahakaH. paitAmahakaH. mAtulakaH.

vAsudevArjunAbhyAM vun ONPANINI 43098
vun comes after vAsudeva- and arjuna- to mean "devotee of".mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 465

This debars cha and aN'' and vuJ.

This affix vu(n) is aka(n), by yuvoranAkau.

The n causes accent in the first by JnityAdirni.

Only examples --

vAsudevakaH "devotee of vAsudeva"

arjunakaH "devotee of arjuna"

This rule applies only to the arjuna of mahAbhAratam fame, and not to any kSatriyas that happens to be his namesake. We know that because, otherwise,

the rule would have been just arjunAdvun.

KAZIKA vAsudevArjunazabdAbhyAM vun pratyayo bhavati so 'sya bhaktiH ityetasmin viSaye. chANorapavAdaH. vAsudevo bhaktirasya vAsudevakaH. arjunakaH. nanu ca vAsudeva-zabdAd gotra-kSatriy'-AkhyebhyaH iti vuJastyeva, na ca atra vunvuJor vizeSo vidyate, kimarthaM vAsudeva-grahaNam? saMjJaiSA devatA-vizeSasya na kSatriy'-AkhyA. alpActara 22034, ajAdyadantam 22033 iti ca arjuna-zabdasya pUrva-nipAtam akurvan jJApayati abhyarhitaM pUrvam nipatati iti.

gotra;kSatriyAkhyebhyo bahulaM vuJ ONPANINI 43099
vuJ is used sometimes to mean "loyal to" after the name of a family or a famous kSatriya.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 466

This debars cha and aN''.

This vu(J) turns into aka(J) by yuvoranAkau.

Examples. The supporter of glucukAyani- (a family name) is glaucukAyanaka-,

glucukAyanir bhaktir asya glucukAyani- + aka(J) →taddhiteSva glaucukAyani + aka → glaucukAyanaka-

and the supporter of nakula- (famous kSatriya) is nAkulaka-.

nakulo bhaktir asya nakula- + aka(J) →taddhiteSva nAkula + aka →yasyetica nAkulaka- "devotee of nakula"

KAZIKA gotr'-AkhyebhyaH kSatriy'-Akhyebhyazca prAtipadikebhyaH bahulaM vuJ pratyayo bhavati so 'sya bhaktiH ityetasmin viSaye. aNo 'pavAdaH. vRddhAc chAM paratvAd bAdhate. glucukAyanir bhaktir asya glaucukAyanakaH. aupagavakaH. kApaTavakaH. kSatriy´AkhyebhyaH nAkulakaH. sAhadevakaH. sAmbakaH. AkhyAgrahaNaM prasiddhakSatriyazabdaparigrahArthaM, yathAkathaMcit kSatriyavRttibhyo mA bhUt. bahulagrahaNAt kvacidapravRttireva. pANino bhaktirasya pANinIyaH. pauravIyaH.

or aJ ONPANINI 43139
a(J) comes after u (of an acute-starter to mean 'made of').mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 467

This aJ debars aN. The J label triggers JnityA.

As in --

devadAru + aJ →taddhiteSva daivadAru + aJ →orguNaH daivadAro + a →ecoya daivadArava- "made of devadAru wood"

KAZIKA uvarN%AntAt prAtipadikAd aJ pratayo bhavati vikArAvayavayor arthayoH. aNo 'pavAdaH. anudAttAder anyad ihodAharaNam. daivadAram. bhAdradAravam.

prANi;rajat´Adibhyo 'J ONPANINI 43154
aJ (can mean "coming from" or "made of") after living beings and the rajata-class.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 468

Examples --

mayUra + aJ → mAyUra- "coming from peafowl"

rajata + aJ → rAjata- "made of silver"

KAZIKA prA NivA cibhyaH prA tipadikebhyo rajatadibhyazca aJ pratyayo bhavati vikA rA vayavayorarthayoH. aNA dinA m apavA daH. anudA ttA deH aJ vihita eva pariziSTam iha udA haraNam. prA NibhyastA vat kApotam. mAyUram. taittiram. rajatA dibhyaH rA jatam. saisam. lauham. rajatA diSu ye 'nudA ttA dayaH paTyante rajatakaNDakaraprabhRtayastebhyo 'Ji siddhe punarvacanaM mayaDvA dhanA rtham. rajata. sIsa. loha. udumbara. nIladA ru. rohitaka. bibhItaka. pItadA sa. tIvradA ru. trikaNTaka. kaNTakA ra. rajatA diH.

prAg vahateS Thak ONPANINI 44001
Thak down to vahati.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 469

headline. The following rules, down to 44076 tadvahati, teach the taddhita Thak (a.k.a. ika(k)). Unless of course they mention some other affix.

Example. Rule saMskRtam, with the trickle added, says "after third, seasoned". Adding the trickle, this means "add some taddhita affix after a third-ender to mean seasoned". But because of this headline, we have to understand "add Thak after third-ender to mean seasoned". Therefore we can replace maricyA saMskRtam "seasoned with pepper" with maricI + Thak, and say mAricikasH sUpaH for "peppered soup".

Some Thak examples --

AkSika- by tenadIvyati

mAricika- by saMskRtam

zaulkazAlika- by tatraniyuktaH

KAZIKA tad vahati ratha-yuga-prAsaGgam iti vakSyati. prAg etasmAd vahatisaMzabdanAd yAn arthAn anukramamiSyAmaH, Thak pratyayas teSv adhikRto veditavyaH. vakSyati tena dIvyati khanati jayati jitam iti. akSair dIvyati AkSikaH. ThakprakaraNe tadAheti mAzabdAdibhya upasaGkhyAnam. mAzabdaH ityAha mAzabdikaH. naityazabdikaH kAryazabdikaH. vAkyAdetat pratyayavidhAnam. Ahau prabhUtAdibhyaH. prabhUtam Aha prAbhUtikaH. pAryAptikaH. kriyAvizeSaNat pratyayaH. pRcchatau susnAtAdibhyaH. susnataM pRcchati sausnAtikaH. saukharAtrikaH. saukhazAyanikaH. gacchati paradArAdibhyaH. paradArAn gacchati pAradArikaH. gaurutalpikaH.

tena dIvyati khanati jayati jitam ONPANINI 44002
( Thak means who) "gambles with", "digs with", "defeats with", "is defeated by" it.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 470

Therefore, we may replace akSair dIvyati "he gambles with dice" with akSair + ika(k), and that makes AkSika- "who gambles with dice, dicesharp, diceshark"

In detail --

akSair dIvyati "gambles with dice" akSais + Thak →supodhA akSa- + Thak →ThasyekaH akSa- + ikak →kitica AkSa + ika →yasyetica AkSika- "that gambles with dice, dice-player, gambler"

KAZIKA tena iti tRtIyAsamarthAd dIvyati khanati jayati jitam ityeteSvartheSu Thak pratyayo bhavati. akSair dIvyati AkSikaH. zAlAkikaH. abhryA khanati AbhrikaH. kauddAlikaH. akSair jayati AkSikaH. akSair jitam AkSikam. zAlAkikam. sarvatra karaNe tRtIyA samarthavibhaktiH. devadattena jitam iti pratyayo na bhavati, anabhidhAnAt. aGgulyA khanati iti ca. pratyayArthe saGkhyAkAlayoravivakSA. kriyApradhAnatve 'pi cAkhyAtasya taddhitaH svabhAvAt sAdhanapradhAnaH.

saMskRtam ONPANINI 44003
( Thak after a third-ender means) "well made".mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 471

The word saMskRtam means "very well prepared, very well arranged, seasoned". For instance --

maricyA saMskRtam odanam "porridge seasoned with pepper"

According to this rule, we may replace that maricyA saMskRtam with maricyA + Thak. Thak stands for ika(k), and maricyA + ika(k) adds up to mAricika-. So we may also say --

mAricikam odanam "porridge seasoned with pepper, peppered porridge"

The word maricyA "with black pepper" is marica- + GI + TA. When we add ika(k) after it, the TA gets luked off by supodhA, and the y reverts to GI by naluma --

maricyA + saMskRta- → maricyA + Thak →supodhA maricI + Thak →ThasyekaH maricI + ika(k) →kitica mAricI + ika →yasyetica mAricIka-

With the same steps,

zRGgavereNa + Thak zArGgaverika- "seasoned with ginger"

dadhnA + Thak →supodhA dadhi + Thak dAdhika- "seasoned with curds"

(dadhnA is dadhi- plus TA , see asthidadhi.)

KAZIKA teneti tRtIyA-samarthAt saMskRtam ity etasminn arthe Thak pratyayo bhavati. sata utkarSAdhAnaM saMskAraH. dadhnA saMskRtam dAdhikam. zArGgaverikam. mArIcikam. yogavibhAga uttarArthaH.

Incidentally: in times of pANini the Sanskrit language was not called saMskRtam. It was usually called just bhASA "language". When you wanted to specify that you only meant the sort of language used by educated people, you said saMskRtA bhASA "well-made language, refined language". When hanumAn was going to meet sItA for the first time, he was worried that if he talked too well then sItA would suspect that he was ravaNa in disguise, as most monkeys never studied any grammar.

yadi vAcam pradAsyAmi dvijAtir iva saMskRtAm "if I talk refined speech like a brahmin"

rAvaNam manyamAnA mAm sItA bhItA bhaviSyati "sItA will think I'm rAvaNa and get scared"

vAnarasya vizeSeNa kathaM syAd abhibhASaNam "how can a monkey know it?"

rAmAyaNa 5 30 18

ktrer mam@ nityam ONPANINI 44020
(k)tri gets ma(p).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 472

Words formed with ktri always get ma added.

pac + ktri pac + tri + ma →coHkuH paktrima "ripened, cooked"

vap + ktri vap + tri + ma →vacisvapi uptrima "sown"

kR + ktri kRtrima "artificial"

KAZIKA nirvRtta ity eva. DvitaH ktrir ity ayaM tri-zabdo gRhyate. try-antAn nityaM map pratyayo bhavati tena virvRtte ity etasminn arthe. DupacaS pAke paktrimam. Duvap uptrimam. DukRJ kRtrimam. nitya-grahaNaM svAtantrya-nivRtty-artham, tena tryantaM nityaM map-pratyay%Antam eva bhavati, viSayAntare na prayoktavyam iti. bhAva-pratyay%AntAdim abvaktavyaH. pAkena nirvRttam pAkimam. tyAgimam. sekimam. kuTTimam.

tatra niyuktaH ONPANINI 44069
( Thak may mean) appointed there.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 473

You may add Thak ( ika(k) ) to a word that carries seventh to mean who is appointed there. As in --

zulkazAlAyAnM niyuktaH "he is appointed in the customs house" zulkazAlAyAm + Thak →supodhA zulkazAlA- + Thak →ThasyekaH zulkazAlA + ikak →kitica zaulkazAlA + ika →yasyetica zaulkazAlika- "(who is / that is / he is) appointed in the customs house, customs officer"

KAZIKA tatra iti saptamI-samarthAn niyukta ity etasminn arthe Thak-pratyayo bhavati. niyuktaH AdhikRto vyApAritaH ity arthaH. zulkazAlAyAM niyuktaH zaulkazAlikaH. AkarikaH. ApaNikaH. gaulmikaH. dauvArikaH.

prAg @ghitAd yat ONPANINI 44075
yat'' down to hitam.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 474

headline --

" The following rules, down to 51005 tasmai hitam, add ya(t). "

This yat'' is a taddhita and sounds the same as the kRtya affix yat. It can have many meanings.

KAZIKA tasmai hitam iti vakSyati. prAg etasmAd dhita-saMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmo yat pratyayas teSv adhikRto veditavyaH. vakSyati

tad-vahati ratha;yuga;prAsaGgam ONPANINI 44076
( yat'' means) "he carries it" after ratha- yuga- prAsaGga-mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 475

vahati means "pulls", "carries", or "drives, gives a lift".

Example --

rathaM vahati "it pulls a cart" ratha + yat'' →yasyetica rathya- "cart-puller, beast of burden"

KAZIKA tad iti dvitIyA-samarthebhyo rathayugaprAsaGgebhyo vahati ityetasminn arthe yat pratyayo bhavati. rathaM vahati rathyaH. yugyaH. prAsaGgyaH. rathasItAhalebhyo yad vidhau iti tadanatavidhyupasaGkhyAnAt paramarathyaH ityapi bhavati.

dhuro yaD;Dhakau ONPANINI 44077
dhur- gets yat'' or Dha(k) (to mean what carries it).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 476

dhuraM vahati dhur "burden" + yat'' → dhurya- "beast of burden"

dhuraM vahati dhur "burden" + Dhak →AyaneyI dhur + eya(k) →kitica dhaureya- "beast of burden"

KAZIKA tad vahati ityeva. dhur ity etasmAd dvitIyA-samarthAd vahati ity etasminn arthe yat Dhakityetau pratyayau bhavataH. dhuraM vahati dhuryaH, dhaureyaH.