51001 more taddhita ←

chunk 28: vibhakti

→ 61001 reduplication

53001 vibhakti down to dik. prAgdizovibhaktiH
53002 come after kim-, pronoun, bahu-, but not after the dvi-class. kiMsarvanAmabahubhyodvyAdibhyaH
53007 replace fifth with tasil. paJcamyAstasil
53010 seventh to tral. saptamyAstral
53012 to a after kim-. kimot
53013 ha too optionally in the veda. vAhacacchandasi
53027 astAt comes after direction with seventh fifth first that mean direction, place or time, . dikzabdebhyassaptamIpaJcamIprathamAbhyodigdezakAleSvastAtiH
53039 pUrva-, adhara- avara- get as , and turn into pur adh av. pUrvAdharAvarANAmasipuradhavazcaiSAm
53040 Or astAti . astAtica
53042 dhA' after numeral to mean manner or kind. saGkhyAyAvidhArthedhA
53047 pAzap means trifling. yApyepAzap
53067 kalpa, dezya and dezIya mean slight incompleteness. ISadasamAptaukalpabdezyadezIyaraH
53070 Understand ka down to iva. prAgivAtkaH
53071 Add akac before the tail of unchanging, pronoun, in the prAgivIya senses. avyayasarvanAmnAmakacprAkTeH
53088 kuTI zamI and zuNDA get ra . kuTIzamIzuNDAbhyoraH
53096 kan means imitation. ivepratikRtau
54017 After numeral, add kRtvasuc to mean repetition count of an action. saGkhyAyAHkriyAbhyAvRttigaNanekRtvasuc
54042 zas' may be added to a role that means much or little. bahvalpArthAcchaskArakAdanyatarasyAm
54050 Add v with kR bhU as to mean "turn into". abhUtatadbhAvekRbhvastiyogesampadyakartaricviH
54052 The sAt may be employed optionally in the sense of cvi, when something is changed in all its parts into something else. vibhASAsAtikArtsnye
54074 Rc pUr ap dhUr pathin- get a, except in akSadhUH. RkpUrabdhUHpathAmAnakSe
54087 rAtri gets ac' after ahan-, sarva-, part of a night, saMkhyAta-, puNya-, . ahassarvaikadezasaGkhyAtapuNyAccarAtreH
54091 Add Tac after rAjan- ahan- sakhi-. rAjAhassakhibhyaSTac
54099 nau--ender dvigu . nAvodvigoH
54127 meaning reciprocal action gets i. ickarmavyatihAre
54132 dhanus . dhanuSazca
54151 uras- etc get kap . uraHprabhRtibhyaHkap
54152 in-ender that means woman . inasstriyAm
54153 after R or nadI. nadyRtazca
54154 Other longhorn get kap optionally. zeSAdvibhASA




(prAgdizovi) (/prAgd)

prAg dizo vibhaktiH ONPANINI 53001
vibhakti down to dik.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 496

The affixes described in the next rules, down to 53027 dikzabdebhya, are vibhakti affixes. For instance, tral and tasil and dAnIm.

These affixes are also called prAgdizIya affixes.

They are added after some pronouns as if they were sup affixes. For instance, dAnIm, when added after idam-, makes idAnIm "now".

241 letters. -- 53.bse 2 -- popularity 4

156 (/sup and /tiG) are /vibhakti.

497 (The /prAgdizIya) come after /kim-, @pronoun, /bahu-, but not after the [/dvi-]class.

500 (/Gi) to {a(t)} after /kim-.




(kiMsarvanA) (/kiM)

kiM;sarvanAma;bahubhyo '-dvy-AdibhyaH ONPANINI 53002
(The prAgdizIya) come after kim-, pronoun, bahu-, but not after the dvi-class.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 497

For instance, we can add the prAgdizIya affixes tral and tasil after kim-, bahu-, and most pronouns, like yad- --

kim- + Gi → * kim + tral kutihoH kutra "where?"

kim- + Gasi → * kim + tasil kutihoH kutas "from where?"

bahutra "in many places"

yatra "that in which"

yatas "that from which"

But not after the dvi-class pronouns dvi-, yuSmad-, asmad-, and bhavatu-. So, no tasil allowed here --

dvi + @fifth bhyAm → .. → dvAbhyAm "from two"

KAZIKA prAgdizaH ityeva. kimaH sarvanAmno bahuzabdAc ca prAgdizaH pratyayAH veditavyAH. sarvanAmatvAt prApte grahaNe dvyAdiparyudAsaH kriyate. kutaH , kutra. yataH, yatra. tataH, tatra. bahutaH, bahutra. advyAdibhyaH iti kim? dvAbhyAm. dvayoH. prakRtiparisaGkhyAnaM kim? vRkSAt. vRkSe. prAgdizaH ity eva, vaiyAkaraNapAzaH. sarvanAmatvAdeva siddhe kimo grahaNam dvyAdiparyudAsAt. bahugrahaNe saGkhyAgrahaNam. iha na bhavati, bahoH sUpAt, bahau sUpe iti.

kim- is a pronoun, but it had to be mentioned separately in this rule because it is a dvi-class.

By a vArttika, Only the bahu- that means "many" is affected by this rule, and not the one that means "much". So we say bahau sUpe nApekSe makSikAm "in much soup I don't mind a fly", no bahutra allowed.

516 letters. -- 53.bse 48 -- popularity 2




(paJcamyAsta) (/tas)

paJcamyAs tasil ONPANINI 53007
(After the kiMsarva, optionally) replace fifth with tasil.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 498

So we can say also kutas yatas tatas bahutas instead of kasmAt yasmAt tasmAt bahubhyas.

Be warned. Even though this rule only allows tasil replacement after a few nounbases, you'll find that replacement everywhere in all sort of works in verse. So instead of --

gajanM tArAvalokAd yAcadhvam "ask the elephant from tAravaloka"

a zloka may have --

gatvA kuvalayApIDaGM gajanM tArAvalokataH |

yAcadhvaM yadi tAvat taM yuSmabhyaM sa pradAsyati ||

KAZIKA paJcamy-antebhyaH kiM-sarvanAma-bahubhyaH tasil pratyayo bhavati. kutaH. yataH. tataH. bahutaH.

356 letters. -- 53.bse 98 -- popularity 6

458 Some @unchanging get /tyap.

496 /vibhakti down to !dik.

744 @Fifth (/bhyas) to !at (after /yuSmad- /asmad-).

745 /Gasi (to !at after /yuSmad- /asmad-).

835 (/kim-) to !ku (before /vibhakti) before !t !h.




(saptamyAstral) (/tral)

saptamyAs tral ONPANINI 53010
(After the kiMsarva, optionally) seventh to tral.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 499

As in --

pUrva- + Gi → * pUrva + tralpUrvatra "earlier"

kim- + Gi → * kim + tral kutihoH ku + tralkutra "where?, in which one?"

bahu- + sup' → * bahu + tralbahutra "in many"

So also atra, tatra, sarvatra, amutra, anyatra, paratra, ekatra.

alternatively, we may say kasmin purvasmin bahuSu by GasiGyossmAtsminau and other rules.

The change does not affect the meaning. So both of tatra and tasmin would work here --

tatas tilottamA tatra vane puSpANi cinvatI "then tilottamA, while she was picking up flowers in that forest..."

KAZIKA kiMsarvanAmabahubhyaH saptamyantebhyaH tral pratyayo bhavati. kutra. yatra. tatra. bahutra.

382 letters. -- 53.bse 111 -- popularity 8

277 The affixes below are /kRt, except the /tiG.

458 Some @unchanging get /tyap.

496 /vibhakti down to !dik.

500 (/Gi) to {a(t)} after /kim-.

501 (After /kim-, /Gi to) !ha too optionally in the /veda.

1200 /stu' "praise"

1440 @Cluster lengthening after @short.




(kimot) (!kimo)

kimo 't ONPANINI 53012
( Gi) to a(t) after kim-.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 500

This a(t) affix is a taddhita, and it is also a vibhakti because prAgdizo says so.

This rule, together with kvAti, roughly boils down to saying that " kim- plus Gi may add up to kva".

Only example --

kim- + Gi → * kim + at kvAti kva + a atoguNe kva "where?"

as in--

kva gacchasi "quo vadis?"

This rule is optional; for "where?", we may also say kutra (with tral) and kasmin (with smin). There is also a vedic 1kuha by kutihoH.

KAZIKA kimaH saptamyantAdat pratyayo bhavati. tralo 'pavAdaH. kva bhokSyase. kvAdhyeSyase. tralam api kecid icchanti. kutra. tatkatham? uttarasUtrAd vAvacanaM purastAd apakRSyate.

292 letters. -- 53.bse 148 -- popularity 4

501 (After /kim-, /Gi to) !ha too optionally in the /veda.

834 /kim- to !ka- (before /vibhakti)




(vAhacaccha) (!vAh)

vA ha ca cchandasi ONPANINI 53013
(After kim-, Gi to) ha too optionally in the veda.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 501

So in the veda we may have --

kim- + Gi → * kim- + ha kutihoH kuha "where?"

besides kutra with tral, and kva with kimot, and kasmin with smin.

KAZIKA kimaH saptamyanatAd vA haH pratyayo bhavati chandasi visaye. yathAprAptaM ca. kva. kuha. kutracid asya sA dUre kva brAhmaNasya cAvakAH.

91 letters. -- 53.bse 175 -- popularity 1




(dikzabdebhya) (/ast)

dik-zabdebhyaH saptamI;paJcamI;prathamAbhyo dig;deza;kAleSv astAtiH ONPANINI 53027
astAt(i) comes after direction with seventh fifth first that mean direction, place or time, (without change of sense).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 502

For instance, the direction word pUrva-, when we add seventh fifth first to it, makes --

pUrva- + GipUrva + sminpUrvasmin "in the East"

pUrva- + GasipUrva + smAtpUrvasmAt "from the East"

pUrva- + supUrvas "previous, earlier"

This rule says that we may, if we want, add astAt these three, without changing the meaning. The Gi Gasi Gas will disappear by supodhA, of course --

pUrva- + GipUrva + smin → * pUrva + smin + astAt supodhA pUrva- + astAt astAtica purastAt

This purastAt, therefore can have the three meanings "in the east", "from the East", "earlier". As in --

purastAd vasati "he lives in the east"

purastAd AgataH "he came from the east"

purastAd rAmaNIyam "it was pleasant earlier"

purastAj janma "a previous life"

KAZIKA dizAM zabdAH dikzabdAH. tebhyo dikzabdebhyo digdezakAleSu vartamAnebhyaH saptamI. paJcamIprathamAntebhyaH astAtiH pratyayo bhavati svArthe. yathAsaGkhyam atra na iSyate. purastAd vasati. purastAdAgataH. purastAd ramaNIyam. adhastAd vasati. adhastAdAgataH. adhastAd ramaNIyam. dikzabdebhyaH iti kim? aindryAM dizi vasati. saptamIpaJcamIprathamAbhyaH iti kim? pUrvaM grAmaM gataH. dig-deza-kAlesu iti kim? pUrvasmin gurau vasati. ikAras takAra-paritrAN%ArthaH.

The kAzikA says: ikAras takAra-paritrAN%ArthaH "This astAt(i) has label i because otherwise the final t would be a label, by halantyam."

635 letters. -- 53.bse 181 -- popularity 3

496 /vibhakti down to !dik.

503 /pUrva-, !adhara- !avara- get !as (to mean @direction, place or time), and turn into !pur !adh !av.




(pUrvAdharA) (!pUrvA)

pUrv%Adhar%AvarANAm asi puradhavaz c/aiSAm ONPANINI 53039
pUrva-, adhara- avara- get as (to mean direction, place or time), and turn into pur adh av.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 503

So, instead of pUrva- + astAti, we may also say --

pUrva- + astAti → * pur + aspuras "in the East; from the East; earlier"

adhas "below, from below, the place below"

avas "below, from below, the place below"

KAZIKA apaJcamyAH iti nivRttam. tisRNAM vibhaktInAm iha grahaNam. pUrvAdharAvarANAm asiH pratyayo bhavati astAterarthe. tat saMniogena ca eSAm yathA-saGkhyaM pur-adh-av ity ete AdezA bhavanti. asi ityavibhaktiko nirdezaH. puro vasati. pura AgataH. puro ramaNIyam. adho vasati. adha AgataH. adho ramaNIyam. avo vasati. ava AgataH. avo ramaNIyam.

145 letters. -- 53.bse 213 -- popularity none




(astAtica) (!astA)

astAti ca ONPANINI 53040
Or astAti (to mean direction, place or time, and turn into pur adh av).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 504

So instead of adding as to pUrva-, adhara- avara- by the previous rule we may add astAt --

pUrva- + astAti → * purastAt "in the East; from the East; earlier"

adhara- + astAti → * adhastAt "below, from below, the place below"

avara- + astAti → * avastAt "below, from below, the place below"

KAZIKA saptamyAntam etat. astAti-pratyaye parataH purv´AdInAM yathA-saGkhyaM pur-Adaya AdezA$ bhavanti. idam eva AdezavidhAnaM jJApakam, astAtirebhyo bhavati, asi-pratyayena na Adhyate iti. purastAd vasati. purastAd AgataH. purastAd ramaNIyam. adhastAd vasati. adhastAd AgataH. adhastAd ramaNIyam.

205 letters. -- 53.bse 222 -- popularity 1




(saGkhyAyAvi) (/dhA')

saMkhyAyA$ vidh`Arthe dhA ONPANINI 53042
dhA' after numeral to mean manner or kind.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 505

For instance, zata- is a numeral, and adding dhA' we get --

zata- + dhA' → * zatadhA "hundredwise, hundredfold"

Which is an adverb, and can mean in a hundred ways or in a hundred parts, as in --

zrutvA kathAnM te hRdayaM zata-dhA dIryate mama "after hearing your story my heart splits into smithereens"

In bhg 7:4, aSTadhA bhinnA "is split eightwise" means "has eight parts" or "is of eight kinds" --

bhUmir Apo 'nalo vAyuH khamM mano buddhir eva ca |

ahaGMkAra itIyamM me bhinnA prakRtir aSTadhA ||

"matter has eight parts -- earth, water, fire, air, space, thoughts, reason, sense of identity".

KAZIKA saGkhyAvAcibhyaH prAtipadikebhyo vidhArthe vartamANebhyo dhA pratyayo bhavati svArthe. vidhA prakAraH, sa ca sarva-kriyA-viSaya eva gRhyate. kriyaprakAre vartamAnAyAH saGkhyAyA dhA pratyayaH. ekadhA bhuGkte. dvidhA gacchati. tridhA. caturdhA. paJcadhA.

442 letters. -- 53.bse 241 -- popularity 2

1212 /dA "give", /dhA "put"




(yApyepAzap) (/pAz)

yApye pAzap ONPANINI 53047
pAzap means trifling.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 506

This affix is used to express contempt. As in --

yApyo vaiyakAraNaH "wannabee grammarian" → vaiyakAraNapAzaH "wannabee grammarian"

Please note that the contempt is expressed only with regards to whatever the affix is added to. You insult someone with that word only to express your contempt for his lack of knowledge of the grammar. Adding pAza- to a word that means thief expresses contempt for bad thieving, not contempt for being a thief.

KAZIKA yApyaH kutsitaH iti ucyate. yApye vartamAnAt prAtipadikAt svArthe pAzap pratyayo bhavati. yApyo vaiyAkaraNaH, kutsito vaiyAkaraNaH vaiyAkaraNapAzaH. yAjJikapAzaH. yo vyAkaranazAstre pravINo duHzIlaH, tatra kasmAn na bhavati? yasya guNasya sadbhAvAd dravye zabdanivezaH, tasya kutsAyAM pratyayaH.

356 letters. -- 53.bse 265 -- popularity 1

1034 (/H to) !s before (/ku /pu) affix.




(ISadasa) (/kal)

ISad-a-samAptau kalpab;dezya;dezIyaraH ONPANINI 53067
kalpa(p), dezya and dezIya(r) mean slight incompleteness.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 507

Example. From paTu- "clever", adding these, we get --

paTukalpaH

paTudezyaH

paTudezIyaH

all meaning "quite clever but not fully", "tolerably clever".

These can be added after verbs too --

pacatikalpam "he sort of cooks"

here the verb must be singular, and the compound is neuter.

KAZIKA sampUrNatA padArthAnAM samAptiH. stokenAsampUrNatA ISadasamAptiH. prakRtyarthavizeSaNaM ca etat. ISadasamAptivizeSTe 'rthe vartamAnAt prAtipadikAt kalpap dezya dezIyarityete pratyayA bhavanti. ISadasamAptaH paTuH paTukalpaH, paTudezyaH, paTudezIyaH. mRdukalpaH, mRdudezyaH, mRdudezIyaH. tiGazca 53056 ityeva, pacatikalpam. jalpatikalpam.

215 letters. -- 53.bse 392 -- popularity 1

1034 (/H to) !s before (/ku /pu) affix.




(prAgivAtkaH) (/prAgi)

prAg ivAt kaH ONPANINI 53070
Understand ka down to iva.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 508

headline. The following sUtras, down to iva (that means down to 53096 ivepratikRtau), allow the use of several ka and ak affixes in several senses, as for instance "imitation" --

azva- + ka ivepratikRtau azvaka- "toy horsey"

These affixes (ka, akac etc) are called prAgivIya affixes.

These senses (question, imitation, contempt, compassion...) are called prAgivIya senses.

KAZIKA ive pratikRtau 53096 iti vakSyati. prAketasmAdiva saMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH kapratyayas teSu adhikRto veditavyaH. vakSyati ajJAte 5-3-73 iti. azvakaH. gardabhakaH. tiGantAdayaM pratyayo niSyate, akajiSyate. tiGazca 53056 ityanuvRttam uttarasUtreNa eva sambandhanIm.

271 letters. -- 53.bse 410 -- popularity 3

510 !kuTI !zamI and !zuNDA get !ra (to mean shortness).

1034 (/H to) !s before (/ku /pu) affix.




(avyayasa) (/aka)

avyaya;sarvanAmnAm akac prAk TeH ONPANINI 53071
Add akac before the tail of unchanging, ( verb,) pronoun, in the prAgivIya senses.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 509

Strangely, this ak(ac) thingy is added to full words, without erasing the sup or tiG.

Example with a noun --

sarvais + akacsarvakais "all?"

Example with an unchanging --

uccais "aloud" + akacuccakais "loftily"

KAZIKA tiGazca 53056 ityeva. avyayAnAm sarvanAmnAM ca prAgivIyeSvartheSu akac pratyayo bhavati, sa ca prAk TeH, na parataH. kasya apavAdaH. uccakaiH. nIcakaiH. zanakaiH. sarvanAmnaH khalvapi sarvake. vizvake. ubhayake. prAtipadikAt, supaH iti dvayam api iha anuvartate. tatra abhidhAnato vyavasthA bhavati. kvacit prAtipadikasya prAk TeH pratyayo bhavati, kvacit subantasya. yuSmakAbhiH , asmakAbhiH, yuSmakAsu, asmakAsu, yuvakayoH, AvakayoH, ityatra prAtipadikasya. tvayakA, mayakA, tvayaki, mayaki ityatra subantasya. akacprakaraNe tUSNImaH kAmpratyayo vaktavyaH. sa ca mittvAdantyAtacaH paro bhavati. tuSNIkAm Aste. tUSNIkAM tiSThati. zIle ko malopazca vaktavyaH. tUSNIMzIlaH tUSNIkaH. tiGazca 5-3-56 iti prakRtamatra sambadhyate. pacataki. jalpataki.

158 letters. -- 53.bse 430 -- popularity 3

727 Not after {k}-less /idam- /adas- .

843 /idam- to !ana before /TA /os, provided there's no !k.




(kuTIzamI) (!kuT)

kuTI;zamI;zuNDAbhyo raH ONPANINI 53088
kuTI zamI and zuNDA get ra (to mean shortness).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 510

These three, when small, get ra affix, instead of the usual ka from prAg ivAt kaH.

So a short or small kuTI- "house" is a kuTIra- "hut".

Only examples:

kuTI- "house" → * kuTIra- "hut"

zamI- "shamee tree" → * zamIra- "small shamee tree"

zuNDA- "trunk" → * zuNDAra- "the trunk of a young elephant"

These three are m, even though kuTI- zamI- zuNDA- are f.

KAZIKA hrasve ity eva. saMjJA-grahaNaM nAnuvartate. sAmAnyena vidhAnam. kuTI-zamI-zuNDAbhyo hrasv%Arthe dyotye raH pratyayo bhavati. kasya apavAdaH. hrasvA kuTI kuTIraH. zamIraH. zuNDAraH. svArthika-tve 'pi puMliGga-tA, lok´Azraya-tvAl liGgasya.

246 letters. -- 53.bse 464 -- popularity none




(iveprati) (/kan)

ive pratikRtau ONPANINI 53096
kan means imitation.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 511

As for instance --

azva- + kan + suazvakas "horsie"

may mean any statue, toy, drawing... made to resemble a horse.

KAZIKA kanityanuvartate. ivArthe yat prAtipadikaM vartate tasmAt kan pratyayo bhavati. ivArthaH sAdRzyaM, tasya vizesaNaM pratikRtigrahaNam. pratikRtiH pratirUpakaM, praticchandakam. azva iva ayam azvapratikRtiH azvakaH. uSTrakaH. gardabhakaH. pratikRtau iti kim? gauriva gavayaH.

81 letters. -- 53.bse 470 -- popularity 2

98 !l !z /ku (in affixes are [@label]s), but not in a /taddhita

508 Understand !ka down to !iva.




(saGkhyAyAHkri) (/kRtv)

saGkhyAyAH kriyA-'bhyAvRtti-gaNane kRtvasuc ONPANINI 54017
After numeral, add kRtvasuc to mean repetition count of an action.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 512

So adding this affix kRtvas(uc) after tri-, we say --

trikRtvo bhuGkte "eats three times"

67 letters. -- 54.bse 1 -- popularity 1




(bahvalpArthA) (/zas')

bahv; alp%ArthAc chas kArakAd anyatarasyAm ONPANINI 54042
zas' may be added to a role that means much or little.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 513

This zas' affix has no labels and is not the same as the second plural affix (z)as.

The nounbases that mean much or little, and are related in sense to a verb, may get zas'.

Example meaning much.

rAjA bahvIr dadAti "the king gives many things"

Here the word bahvIs, from bahu- + GI + zas, means many, and is the object role of the verb dadAti. So we may replace bahu- + GI + zas with bahu- + zas' --

dadAti bahuzo rAjA "the king gives abundantly, the king gives diversely"

Example meaning little.

dadAty alpazo rAjA "the king gives scantily"

(Instead of alpazas we might have said alpAni "few things, small things".)

bahuzas and alpazas are unchanging, or, if you want, "adverb"s. This rule says that we can replace bahvIs "many", which is a role word because it is the object of dadAti, with bahuzas "diversely, abundantly, by droves".

Notice that the rule has bahu + alpa- + arthAt, meaning "after words that mean much or little". The artha- is necessary because bahvalpAt would mean "after bahu- and alpa-" (see svaMrUpa).

The replacement with zas' is forbidden when the word is not a role, as in bahUnAM svAmI "lord of many". But it is allowed for all role words, no matter their original noun ending.

This rule does not build the sentence dadAti zatazo rAjA gAH "the king gives cows by the hundreds, the king gives hundreds of cows", because a numeral like zata takes zas' naturally, and this zatazas is not a replacement of zata (the sentence dadAti zata gA rAjA means "the king gives a hundred cows").

KAZIKA bahvarthAtalpArthAc ca kArakAbhidhAyinaH zabdAt zaspratyayo bhavati anyatarasyAm. vizeSAnabhidhAnAc ca sarvaM karmAdikArakaM gRhyate. bahUni dadAti bahuzo dadAti. alpaM dadAti alpazo dadAti. bahubhir dadAti bahuzo dadAti. alpena, alpazaH. bahubhyaH, bahuzaH. alpAya, alpazaH ityevam AdyudAhAryam. bahvalpArthAtiti kim? gAM dadAti. azvaM dadAti. kArakAtiti kim? bahUnAM svAmI. alpAnAm svAmI. arthagrahaNAt paryAyebhyo 'pi bhavati. bhUrizo dadAti. stokazo dadAti. bahvalpArthAn maGgal%AmaGgala-vacanam. yatra maGgalaM gamyate tatra ayaM pratyaya isyate. bahuzo dadAti iti AbhyudayikeSu karmasu. alpazo dadAti iti aniSTeSu karmasu.

1157 letters. -- 54.bse 11 -- popularity 3

98 !l !z /ku (in affixes are [@label]s), but not in a /taddhita




(abhUtata) (/cv)

abhUtatadbhAve kR;bhv;asti-yoge saMpadyakartari cviH ONPANINI 54050
Add (c)v(i) with kR bhU as to mean "turn into".mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 514

In other words --

' A noun can compound in front of a word made from bhU kR as to mean "turn into" or "make into", and the noun gets (c)v(i) affix. '

Or more simply explained --

' add cvi plus bhU or kR to a noun to make a verb that means "turn into" '

This affix (c)v(i) has label c and label i, and the v always disappears by vera.

Example. We may always say --

bheko rAjaputro bhavati "the prince turns into a frog"

(this sentence can also mean "the prince is a frog")

bhekaM rAjaputraGM karoti yogI "the sorcerer turns the prince into a frog"

But instead of saying that the normal way, we can use the roots bhekIbhU "become a frog, get frogged" and bhekIkR "turn someone into a frog, frogify". Those can get all tenses, for instance laT --

rAjaputro bhekIbhavati "the prince turns into a frog"

(this sentence cannot mean "the prince is a frog", as bhekIbhavati necessarily means change)

rAjaputramM bhekIkaroti yogI "the sorcerer turns the prince into a frog"

But are most often found with kRt affixes, such as kta --

bhekI-bhUto rAjaputro na rAjya-sukham aznute

The verb bhekIbhavati is formed this way --

bheko bhavati "becomes a frog" → * bhekas + cvi + bhavati supodhA bheka + v + bhavati asyacvau bhekI + v + bhavati verapRktasya bhekIbhavati "becomes a frog"

Examples with other nouns --

zukla- + cvi + bhavati asyacvau zuklIbhavati "become white"

zuci- + cvi + bhavati cvauca zucIbhavati "become clean"

paTu- + cvi + bhavati cvauca paTUbhavati "become sharp"

KAZIKA kAraNasya vikArarUpeNa abhUtasya tadAtmanA bhAvaH abhUtatadbhAvaH. sampadyateH kartA sampadyakartA. sampadyakartari vartamAnAt prAtipadikAtabhUtatadbhAve gamyamAne kRbhvastibhir dhAtubhir yoge cviH pratyayo bhavati. azuklaH zuklaH sampadyate, taM karoti zuklIkaroti. malinaM zuklIkaroti. zuklIbhavati. zuklIsyAt. ghaTIkaroti mRdam. ghaTIbhavati. ghaTIsyAt. abhUtatadbhAve iti kim? zuklaM karoti. na atra prakRtir vivakSitA. kRbhvastiyoge iti kim? azuklaH zuklo jAyate. sampadyakartari iti kim, yAvatA abhUtatadbhAvasAmarthyAl labdham eva sampadyakartRtvam? kArakAntara-sampattau mA bhUt, adevagRhe devagRhe sampadyate. devagRhasyAdheyavizeSasambandhena abhUtatadbhAvaH sattvAdhikaraNasya, na kartuH iti?.

1067 letters. -- 54.bse 94 -- popularity 7

111 The /bhU /as of an @auxiliary never get @bent affixes.

245 [/sanAdi]-enders are [@root]s.

515 The {sAt(i)} may be employed optionally in the sense of /cvi, when something is changed in all its parts into something else.

1409 @auxiliary roots




(vibhASAsA) (/sAt)

vibhASA sAti kArtsnye ONPANINI 54052
The sAt(i) may be employed optionally in the sense of cvi, when something is changed in all its parts into something else.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 515

Therefore instead of bhasmIkurute we may also say bhasmasAtkurute --

yathaidhAMsi samiddho 'gnir bhasmasAt kurute 'rjuna "just like fire turns embers completely into ash..."

but only if the transformation is complete.

KAZIKA abhUtatadbhAve kRbhvastiyoge sampadyakartari iti sarvam anuvartate. asmin viSaye vibhASa sAtiH prayayo bhavati kArtsnye gamyamAne. yadi prakrtiH kRtsnAM vikArAtmatAmApadyate ityarthaH. agnisAdbhavati zastram, agnIbhavati zastram. udakasAdbhavati, udakIbhavati lavaNam. kArtsnye iti kim? ekadezena paTaH zuklIbhavati. vibhASAgrahaNam cveH prApakam. pratyayavikalpas tu mahAvibhASaya eva siddhaH.

179 letters. -- 54.bse 223 -- popularity 1

1058 no /kric for the affix /sAt or word-initial !s




(RkpUrabdhU) (!Rk)

Rk;pUr;ab;dhUH;pathAm /An-akSe ONPANINI 54074
Rc pUr ap dhUr pathin- (when latter) get a, except in akSadhUH.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 516

Example --

dvirgatA Apo yasmindvi + ap dvyantaru dvi + Ip → * dvI + Ip + a akassa dvIpa- "land between two waters"

KAZIKA bahuvrIhau iti na svaryate. sAmAnyena vidhAnam. Rk pur ap dhur pathin ity evam antAnAM samAsAnAm akAraH pratyayo bhavati samAsAnto 'kSe na. sAmarthyAd dhura etad vizeSaNam, RgAdInAM na bhavati. akSesambandhinI yA dhUH tadantasya na bhavati. anRcaH. bahvRcaH. ardharcaH. pur lalATapuram. nAndIpuram. ap dvIpam. antarIpam. samIpam. dhur rAjadhurA. mahAdhuraH. pathin sthalapthaH. jalapathaH. anRco anakSe iti kim? akSasya dhUH akSadhUH. dRDhadhUH akSaH. anRco mANavako jJejo, baH vRcazcaraNAkhyAyAm. mANavakaH. bahvRco brAhmaNaH. anRkkaM sAma, bahvRkkaM sUktam ityatra na bhavati.

65 letters. -- 54.bse 231 -- popularity 2

624 /ap- to !Up after /anu when meaning a place




(ahassarvai) (!ahas)

ahaH-sarv%aikadeza-saMkhyAta-puNyAc ca rAtreH ONPANINI 54087
rAtri gets ac' after ahan-, sarva-, part of a night, saGMkhyAta-, puNya-, ( numeral, and unchanging, in a tatpuruSa).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 517

The feminine rAtri- "night" becomes ratra-, masculine, in these compounds --

ahaz ca rAtriz ca → * ahas + rAtri + ac' + su → .. → ahorAtras "day and night"

sarvA rAtris → * sarvarAtras "the whole night"

pUrvarAtras "the first half of the night"

apArarAtras "the second half of the night"

puNyA rAtris → * puNyarAtras "holy night"

dve rAtrI samAhRte → * dvirAtras "group of two nights"

atikrAnto rAtrim → * atirAtras "that has passed the night"

KAZIKA aharAdibhyaH paro yo rAtrizabdaH tadantasya tatpuruSasya ac pratyayo bhavati, cakArAt saGkhyAdeH avyayAdezca. ahargrahaNaM dvandvArtham. ahazca rAtrizca ahorAtraH. sarvarAtraH. ekadeze pUrvaM rAtreH pUrvarAtraH. apararAtraH. pUrvaparAvara iti samAsaH. saMkhyAtA rAtriH saGkhyAtarAtraH. vizeSaNaM vizeSyeNa iti samAsaH. evaM puNyA ratriH puNyarAtraH. saGkhyAvyAyadeH khalvapi dve rAtrI samAhRte dvirAtraH. trirAtraH. atikrAnto rAtrim atirAtraH. nIrAtraH.

325 letters. -- 54.bse 279 -- popularity 3

202 !rAtra- !ahna- !aha- are @masculine (in a /tatpuruSa or /dvandva).

1264 /rAtri- "night"




(rAjAhassa) (/Tac)

rAjAhas;sakhibhyaS Tac ONPANINI 54091
Add Tac after ( tatpuruSa compounds that end in) rAjan- ahan- sakhi-.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 518

This can be reworded (roughly) as --

' Replace latter rAjan- ahan- sakhi- with rAja- aha- sakha-. '

Examples --

mahArAja- m "great king"

uttamAha- m "last day"

priyasakha- m "dear friend"

As these are Tac-enders, the feminine gets GI, by TiDDhA --

priyasakhI- f "dear friend"

For some reason, the feminine mahArAjJI- "great queen" is unaffected by this rule.

longhorn compounds are unaffected.

KAZIKA rAjanahan sakhi ityevam antAt prAtipadikAt Tac pratyayo bhavati. mahArAjaH. madrarAjaH. paramAhaH. uttamAhaH. rAjJaH sakhA rAjasakhaH. brAhmaNasakhaH. iha kasmAn na bhavati, madrANAm rAjJI madrarAjJI? liGgaviziSTaparibhASayA prApnoti? laghvakSarasya pUrvanipAte prApte rAjazabdasya savarNadIrghArthaM prathamaM prayogaM kurvann etad jJApayati yasya akAreNa savarNadIrghatvaM sambhavati tasya idaM grahaNam iti.

294 letters. -- 54.bse 301 -- popularity 13




(nAvodvigoH) (!nAv)

nAvo dvigoH ONPANINI 54099
nau--ender dvigu (gets Tac).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 519

In other words, nau- becomes nAva- when compounded after a numeral to mean a group. As in --

dve nAvau samAhRtedvi + nau- + su → * dvi + nau- + Tac → .. → dvinAvam @n "shippair, group of two ships"

bahunAvam "group of many boats, fleet"

If the compound is not a dvigu, the nau- of course stays. So in a longhorn compound --

bahvyo nAvo yasya "that has many ships" → bahu + nau + subahunaus "owner of many ships"

KAZIKA nauzabdAntAt dvigoH Tac pratyayo bhavati samAsAntaH. dve nAvau samAhRte dvinAvam. trinAvam. dvinAvadhanaH. paJcanAvapriyaH. dvAbhyAM naubhyAmAgataM dvinAvarUpyam. dvinAvamayam. dvigor iti kim? rAjanauH. ataddhitaluki ityeva, paJcabhir naubhiH krItaH paJcanauH. dazanauH.

292 letters. -- 54.bse 369 -- popularity 1

169 (@numeral and @direction may @compound) with the meaning of a /taddhita, when @former, and when meaning a group.




(ickarmavya) (!ic)

ic karma-vyatihAre ONPANINI 54127
( compound) meaning reciprocal action gets i(c).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ 520

TURTLETURTLETURTLE

...

example --

kezAkezi

KAZIKA karmavyatihAre yo bahuvrIhiH tasmAdic pratyayo bhavati. tatra tenedam iti sarUpe ityayaM bahuvrIhir gRhyate. kezesu kezesu gRhItvA idaM yuddhaM pravRttaM kezAkezi. kacAkaci. mRsalaizca musalaizca prahRtya idaM yuddhaM pravRttaM musalAmusali. daNDAdaNDi. tiSThadguprabhRtiSu ayam ic pratyayaH paThyate.

15 letters. -- 54.bse 391 -- popularity 1




(dhanuSazca) (!dhan)

dhanuSaz ca ONPANINI 54132
(In a longhorn,) dhanus (to anaG).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 521

dhanus replaced with an turns into dhanuan, then into dhanvan by ikoyaNaci. So, if your bow is made of horn you are a zArGgadhanvan-.

zArGganM dhanur asya "his bow is made of horn" anekamanyapadArthe zarGgam + dhanus + su supodhA zarGga + dhanus + su → * zarGga + dhanu + an(aG) + su ikoya zarGgadhanvan + suzarGgadhanvA "name of viSNu" ( same steps as rAjA )

KAZIKA dhanuH-zabd%Antasya bahuvrIheH anaG-Adezo bhavati samAs%AntaH. zArGgaM dhanur asya zArGga-dhanvA. gANDIvadhanvA. puSpadhanvA. adhijyadhanvA.

239 letters. -- 54.bse 391 -- popularity none




(uraHprabhR) (@ur)

uraH-prabhRtibhyaH kap ONPANINI 54151
uras- etc get kap (when latter in a longhorn).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 522

uras-class words get kap at the end of a longhorn ----

mahA + uras- → * mahA + uras + kap AdguNaH mahoraska- "big-chested"

avamukta- + upAnah- AdguNaH avamuktopAnah- → * avamuktopAnahka- hoDhaH avamuktopAnaDhka- kharica avamuktopAnaTka- "that has taken off his shoes"

The uras-class are these twelve --

uras | sarpis | upAnah | pumAn |

anaDvAn | payas | nauH | lakSmIH |

dadhi | madhu | zAlI | zAliH ||

KAZIKA uraH-prabhRty-antAt bahuvrIheH kap-pratyayo bhavati. vyUDham uro 'sya vyUDhoraskaH. priyasarpiSkaH. avamuktopAnatkaH. pumAnanaDvAn payaH nauH lakSmIH iti vibhaktyantAH paThyante, na prAtipadikAni. tatra idaM prayojanam ekavacanAntAnAm eva grahaNam iha vijJAyeta, dvivacanabahuvacanAntAnAM mA bhUtiti. tatra zeSAdvibhASA iti vikalpa eva bhavati iti. dvipumAn, dvipuMskaH. bahupumAn, bahupuMskaH. uras. sarpis. upAnaH. pumAn. anaDvAn. nauH. payaH. lakSmIH. dadhi. madhu. zAli. arthAn naJaH anarthakaH.

262 letters. -- 54.bse 419 -- popularity 3

223 [@affix]es start here.

1240 /upAnah- "shoe"




(inasstriyAm) (!ina)

inaH striyAm ONPANINI 54152
in-ender ( longhorn) that means woman (gets kap).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 523

The in-enders usually get GI added when feminine, as in yogin- yoginI-. However, when they are at the end of a longhorn that describes a feminine, they get kap compulsorily. The kap will then get Ap, by ajAdya.

Example --

bahavo daNDino 'syAmbahu- + daNDin- + kap + Ap nalopaHprA bahudaNDikA- "abundant in truncheon-bearers"

As in --

bahavo daNDino 'syAM zAlAyAm → * bahudaNDikA zAlA "the assembly hall is full of security staff"

The masculine and feminine of course bahudaNDin-.

bahudaNDI rAjA "the king has many security staff"

Unles of course we add the optional kap of zeSAdvibhASA --

bahudaNDiko rAjA "the king has many security staff"

KAZIKA innantAd bahuvrIheH kap pratyayo bhavati striyAM viSaye. bahavo daNdinaH asyAM zAlAyAM bahudaNdikA zAlA. bahucchatrikA. bahusvAmikA nagarI. bahuvAgmikA sabhA. striyAm iti kim? bahudaNDI rAjA, bahudaNDikaH. zeSAd vibhASA ityetad bhavati.

489 letters. -- 54.bse 531 -- popularity none




(nadyRtazca) (!nady)

nady..;Rtaz ca ONPANINI 54153
( longhorn gets kap) after R or nadI.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 524

kap is compulsory after a longhorn if its latter ends in R or is a nadI.

We are not trickling "when describing a feminine" from the previous rule, so this rule will work even when the longhorn describes a masculine or neuter.

Examples:

bahvyaH kumArya asmin dezebahu-kumArIkaH dezaH "a country full of little girls"

pAcikA-patnIkaH "a guy whose wife is a cook"

same meaning as pAcikApatis "the husband of a cook"

bahu-kartRka- "that has many makers"

If the longhorn describes a feminine, kap will of course take TAp by ajAdyataSTAp.

Counterexample. bhI- "fear" is not a nadI, so kap is optional in the longhorn from vItA bhIs --

vIta-bhIz cApi te rAjaJ zAtravaisH saha yotsyate "he will fight your enemies fearlessly"

KAZIKA nady..-antAt bahuvrIheH R-kAr%AntAt ca kap pratyayo bhavati. bahvyaH kumArya asmin deze bahu-kumArIkaH dezaH. bahu-brahmabandhUkaH. RtaH khalv api bahu-kartRkaH. takAraH mukha-sukhArthaH.

566 letters. -- 54.bse 570 -- popularity 4

831 @Feminine /tri- /catur- to !tisR !catasR

890 Before @calling, shorten "dear mother" and /nadI

1720 prefixed /sa- and /saha-




(zeSAdvibhA) (!zeSAd)

zeSAd vibhASA ONPANINI 54154
Other longhorn get kap optionally.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 525

The longhorn that does not get a compulsory kap because of the previous rules may get kap optionally.

So "that has many beds", from bahu- + khaTvA-, can be said in three ways. More often than not there is no kap --

bahvyaH khaTvAs tasmin "there are many beds in this one" → .. → bahukhaTvaH "that has many beds"

but if we choose to apply this rule --

bahukhaTvakaH "that has many beds"

bahukhaTvAkaH "that has many beds"

KAZIKA yasmAd bahuvrIheH samAsAnto na vihitaH sa zeSaH tasmAd vibhASA kap pratyayo bhavati. bahvyaH khaTvAH asmin bahukhaTvakaH. bahumAlakaH. bahuvINakaH. bahukhaTvAkaH. bahumAlAkaH. bahuvINAkaH. bahukhaTvaH. bahumAlaH. bahuvINaH. katham anRkkaM sAma, bahvRkkaM sUktam iti, yAvatA vihito 'tra sAmAnyena samAsAntaH RSpUr iti. na etad asti. vizeSe sa iSyate, anRco mANadako jJeyo bahvRcazcaraNAkhyAyAm iti. zeSAd iti kim? priyapathaH. priyadhuraH.

317 letters. -- 54.bse 610 -- popularity 3

522 {uras-} etc get /kap (when @latter in a @longhorn).

523 {in}-ender (@longhorn) that means @woman (gets /kap).
















51001 more taddhita ←

chunk 28: vibhakti

→ 61001 reduplication