prAg dizo vibhaktiH ONPANINI 53001
vibhakti down to dik.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 501

The affixes described in the next rules, down to 53027 dikzabdebhya, are vibhakti affixes. For instance, tral and tasil and dAnIm.

These affixes are also called prAgdizIya affixes.

They are added after some pronouns as if they were sup affixes. For instance, dAnIm, when added after idam-, makes idAnIm "now".

KAZIKA dikzabdebhyaH saptamIpaJcamIprathamAbhyo digdezakAleSvastAtiH iti vakSyati. prAgetasmAd dikSaM zabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmo vibhaktisaMjJAs te veditavyAH. vakSyati paJcamyAs tasil. tataH. yataH. kutaH. tasilAdInAM vibhaktitve prayojanaM tyadAdividhayaH idamo vibhaktisvarazca. iha. UDidam iti vibhaktyudAttatvaM siddhaM bhavati. ataH paraM svArthikAH pratyayAH, teSu samarthAdhikAraH prathamagrahaNaM ca pratiyogyapekSatvAn na upayujyate iti nivRttam. vAvacanaM tu vartata eva. tena vikalpena tasilAdayo bhavanti, kutaH , kasmAt, kutra, kasminiti.

kiM;sarvanAma;bahubhyo '-dvy-AdibhyaH ONPANINI 53002
(The prAgdizIya) come after kim-, pronoun, bahu-, but not after the dvi-class.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 502

For instance, we can add the prAgdizIya affixes tral and tasil after kim-, bahu-, and most pronouns, like yad- --

kim- + Gi kim + tral →kutihoH kutra "where?"

kim- + Gasi kim + tasil →kutihoH kutas "from where?"

bahutra "in many places"

yatra "that in which"

yatas "that from which"

But not after the dvi-class pronouns dvi-, yuSmad-, asmad-, and bhavatu-. So, no tasil allowed here --

dvi + @fifth bhyAm dvAbhyAm "from two"

KAZIKA prAgdizaH ityeva. kimaH sarvanAmno bahuzabdAc ca prAgdizaH pratyayAH veditavyAH. sarvanAmatvAt prApte grahaNe dvyAdiparyudAsaH kriyate. kutaH , kutra. yataH, yatra. tataH, tatra. bahutaH, bahutra. advyAdibhyaH iti kim? dvAbhyAm. dvayoH. prakRtiparisaGkhyAnaM kim? vRkSAt. vRkSe. prAgdizaH ity eva, vaiyAkaraNapAzaH. sarvanAmatvAdeva siddhe kimo grahaNam dvyAdiparyudAsAt. bahugrahaNe saGkhyAgrahaNam. iha na bhavati, bahoH sUpAt, bahau sUpe iti.

kim- is a pronoun, but it had to be mentioned separately in this rule because it is a dvi-class.

By a vArttika, Only the bahu- that means "many" is affected by this rule, and not the one that means "much". So we say bahau sUpe nApekSe makSikAm "in much soup I don't mind a fly", no bahutra allowed.

paJcamyAs tasil ONPANINI 53007
(After the kiMsarva, optionally) replace fifth with tasil.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 503

So we can say also kutas yatas tatas bahutas instead of kasmAt yasmAt tasmAt bahubhyas.

Be warned. Even though this rule only allows tasil replacement after a few nounbases, you'll find that replacement everywhere in all sort of works in verse. So instead of --

gajanM tArAvalokAd yAcadhvam "ask the elephant from tAravaloka"

a zloka may have --

gatvA kuvalayApIDaGM gajanM tArAvalokataH |

yAcadhvaM yadi tAvat taM yuSmabhyaM sa pradAsyati ||

KAZIKA paJcamy-antebhyaH kiM-sarvanAma-bahubhyaH tasil pratyayo bhavati. kutaH. yataH. tataH. bahutaH.

saptamyAs tral ONPANINI 53010
(After the kiMsarva, optionally) seventh to tral.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 504

As in --

pUrva- + Gi pUrva + tral → pUrvatra "earlier"

kim- + Gi kim + tral →kutihoH ku + tral → kutra "where?, in which one?"

bahu- + sup' bahu + tral → bahutra "in many"

So also atra, tatra, sarvatra, amutra, anyatra, paratra, ekatra.

alternatively, we may say kasmin purvasmin bahuSu by GasiGyossmAtsminau and other rules.

The change does not affect the meaning. So both of tatra and tasmin would work here --

tatas tilottamA tatra vane puSpANi cinvatI "then tilottamA, while she was picking up flowers in that forest..."

KAZIKA kiMsarvanAmabahubhyaH saptamyantebhyaH tral pratyayo bhavati. kutra. yatra. tatra. bahutra.

kimo 't ONPANINI 53012
( Gi) to a(t) after kim-.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 505

This a(t) affix is a taddhita, and it is also a vibhakti because prAgdizo says so.

This rule, together with kvAti, roughly boils down to saying that " kim- plus Gi may add up to kva".

Only example --

kim- + Gi kim + at →kvAti kva + a →atoguNe kva "where?"

as in--

kva gacchasi "quo vadis?"

This rule is optional; for "where?", we may also say kutra (with tral) and kasmin (with smin). There is also a vedic 1kuha by kutihoH.

KAZIKA kimaH saptamyantAdat pratyayo bhavati. tralo 'pavAdaH. kva bhokSyase. kvAdhyeSyase. tralam api kecid icchanti. kutra. tatkatham? uttarasUtrAd vAvacanaM purastAd apakRSyate.

dik-zabdebhyaH saptamI;paJcamI;prathamAbhyo dig;deza;kAleSv astAtiH ONPANINI 53027
astAt(i) comes after direction with seventh fifth first that mean direction, place or time, (without change of sense).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 507

For instance, the direction word pUrva-, when we add seventh fifth first to it, makes --

pUrva- + Gi → pUrva + smin → pUrvasmin "in the East"

pUrva- + Gasi → pUrva + smAt → pUrvasmAt "from the East"

pUrva- + su → pUrvas "previous, earlier"

This rule says that we may, if we want, add astAt these three, without changing the meaning. The Gi Gasi Gas will disappear by supodhA, of course --

pUrva- + Gi → pUrva + smin pUrva + smin + astAt →supodhA pUrva- + astAt →astAtica purastAt

This purastAt, therefore can have the three meanings "in the east", "from the East", "earlier". As in --

purastAd vasati "he lives in the east"

purastAd AgataH "he came from the east"

purastAd rAmaNIyam "it was pleasant earlier"

purastAj janma "a previous life"

KAZIKA dizAM zabdAH dikzabdAH. tebhyo dikzabdebhyo digdezakAleSu vartamAnebhyaH saptamI. paJcamIprathamAntebhyaH astAtiH pratyayo bhavati svArthe. yathAsaGkhyam atra na iSyate. purastAd vasati. purastAdAgataH. purastAd ramaNIyam. adhastAd vasati. adhastAdAgataH. adhastAd ramaNIyam. dikzabdebhyaH iti kim? aindryAM dizi vasati. saptamIpaJcamIprathamAbhyaH iti kim? pUrvaM grAmaM gataH. dig-deza-kAlesu iti kim? pUrvasmin gurau vasati. ikAras takAra-paritrAN%ArthaH.

The kAzikA says: ikAras takAra-paritrAN%ArthaH "This astAt(i) has label i because otherwise the final t would be a label, by halantyam."

astAti ca ONPANINI 53040
Or astAti (to mean direction, place or time, and turn into pur adh av).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 509

So instead of adding as to pUrva-, adhara- avara- by the previous rule we may add astAt --

pUrva- + astAti purastAt "in the East; from the East; earlier"

adhara- + astAti adhastAt "below, from below, the place below"

avara- + astAti avastAt "below, from below, the place below"

KAZIKA saptamyAntam etat. astAti-pratyaye parataH purv´AdInAM yathA-saGkhyaM pur-Adaya AdezA$ bhavanti. idam eva AdezavidhAnaM jJApakam, astAtirebhyo bhavati, asi-pratyayena na Adhyate iti. purastAd vasati. purastAd AgataH. purastAd ramaNIyam. adhastAd vasati. adhastAd AgataH. adhastAd ramaNIyam.

saMkhyAyA$ vidh`Arthe dhA ONPANINI 53042
dhA' after numeral to mean manner or kind.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 510

For instance, zata- is a numeral, and adding dhA' we get --

zata- + dhA' zatadhA "hundredwise, hundredfold"

Which is an adverb, and can mean in a hundred ways or in a hundred parts, as in --

zrutvA kathAnM te hRdayaM zata-dhA dIryate mama "after hearing your story my heart splits into smithereens"

In bhg 7:4, aSTadhA bhinnA "is split eightwise" means "has eight parts" or "is of eight kinds" --

bhUmir Apo 'nalo vAyuH khamM mano buddhir eva ca |

ahaGMkAra itIyamM me bhinnA prakRtir aSTadhA ||

"matter has eight parts -- earth, water, fire, air, space, thoughts, reason, sense of identity".

KAZIKA saGkhyAvAcibhyaH prAtipadikebhyo vidhArthe vartamANebhyo dhA pratyayo bhavati svArthe. vidhA prakAraH, sa ca sarva-kriyA-viSaya eva gRhyate. kriyaprakAre vartamAnAyAH saGkhyAyA dhA pratyayaH. ekadhA bhuGkte. dvidhA gacchati. tridhA. caturdhA. paJcadhA.

yApye pAzap ONPANINI 53047
pAzap means trifling.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 511

This affix is used to express contempt. As in --

yApyo vaiyakAraNaH "wannabee grammarian" → vaiyakAraNapAzaH "wannabee grammarian"

Please note that the contempt is expressed only with regards to whatever the affix is added to. You insult someone with that word only to express your contempt for his lack of knowledge of the grammar. Adding pAza- to a word that means thief expresses contempt for bad thieving, not contempt for being a thief.

KAZIKA yApyaH kutsitaH iti ucyate. yApye vartamAnAt prAtipadikAt svArthe pAzap pratyayo bhavati. yApyo vaiyAkaraNaH, kutsito vaiyAkaraNaH vaiyAkaraNapAzaH. yAjJikapAzaH. yo vyAkaranazAstre pravINo duHzIlaH, tatra kasmAn na bhavati? yasya guNasya sadbhAvAd dravye zabdanivezaH, tasya kutsAyAM pratyayaH.

ISad-a-samAptau kalpab;dezya;dezIyaraH ONPANINI 53067
kalpa(p), dezya and dezIya(r) mean slight incompleteness.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 512

Example. From paTu- "clever", adding these, we get --

paTukalpaH

paTudezyaH

paTudezIyaH

all meaning "quite clever but not fully", "tolerably clever".

These can be added after verbs too --

pacatikalpam "he sort of cooks"

here the verb must be singular, and the compound is neuter.

KAZIKA sampUrNatA padArthAnAM samAptiH. stokenAsampUrNatA ISadasamAptiH. prakRtyarthavizeSaNaM ca etat. ISadasamAptivizeSTe 'rthe vartamAnAt prAtipadikAt kalpap dezya dezIyarityete pratyayA bhavanti. ISadasamAptaH paTuH paTukalpaH, paTudezyaH, paTudezIyaH. mRdukalpaH, mRdudezyaH, mRdudezIyaH. tiGazca 53056 ityeva, pacatikalpam. jalpatikalpam.

prAg ivAt kaH ONPANINI 53070
Understand ka down to iva.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 513

headline. The following sUtras, down to iva (that means down to 53096 ivepratikRtau), allow the use of several ka and ak affixes in several senses, as for instance "imitation" --

azva- + ka →ivepratikRtau azvaka- "toy horsey"

These affixes (ka, akac etc) are called prAgivIya affixes.

These senses (question, imitation, contempt, compassion...) are called prAgivIya senses.

KAZIKA ive pratikRtau 53096 iti vakSyati. prAketasmAdiva saMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH kapratyayas teSu adhikRto veditavyaH. vakSyati ajJAte 5-3-73 iti. azvakaH. gardabhakaH. tiGantAdayaM pratyayo niSyate, akajiSyate. tiGazca 53056 ityanuvRttam uttarasUtreNa eva sambandhanIm.

avyaya;sarvanAmnAm akac prAk TeH ONPANINI 53071
Add akac before the tail of unchanging, ( verb,) pronoun, in the prAgivIya senses.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 514

Strangely, this ak(ac) thingy is added to full words, without erasing the sup or tiG.

Example with a noun --

sarvais + akac → sarvakais "all?"

Example with an unchanging --

uccais "aloud" + akac → uccakais "loftily"

KAZIKA tiGazca 53056 ityeva. avyayAnAm sarvanAmnAM ca prAgivIyeSvartheSu akac pratyayo bhavati, sa ca prAk TeH, na parataH. kasya apavAdaH. uccakaiH. nIcakaiH. zanakaiH. sarvanAmnaH khalvapi sarvake. vizvake. ubhayake. prAtipadikAt, supaH iti dvayam api iha anuvartate. tatra abhidhAnato vyavasthA bhavati. kvacit prAtipadikasya prAk TeH pratyayo bhavati, kvacit subantasya. yuSmakAbhiH , asmakAbhiH, yuSmakAsu, asmakAsu, yuvakayoH, AvakayoH, ityatra prAtipadikasya. tvayakA, mayakA, tvayaki, mayaki ityatra subantasya. akacprakaraNe tUSNImaH kAmpratyayo vaktavyaH. sa ca mittvAdantyAtacaH paro bhavati. tuSNIkAm Aste. tUSNIkAM tiSThati. zIle ko malopazca vaktavyaH. tUSNIMzIlaH tUSNIkaH. tiGazca 5-3-56 iti prakRtamatra sambadhyate. pacataki. jalpataki.

ive pratikRtau ONPANINI 53096
kan means imitation.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 516

As for instance --

azva- + kan + su → azvakas "horsie"

may mean any statue, toy, drawing... made to resemble a horse.

KAZIKA kanityanuvartate. ivArthe yat prAtipadikaM vartate tasmAt kan pratyayo bhavati. ivArthaH sAdRzyaM, tasya vizesaNaM pratikRtigrahaNam. pratikRtiH pratirUpakaM, praticchandakam. azva iva ayam azvapratikRtiH azvakaH. uSTrakaH. gardabhakaH. pratikRtau iti kim? gauriva gavayaH.

saGkhyAyAH kriyA-'bhyAvRtti-gaNane kRtvasuc ONPANINI 54017
After numeral, add kRtvasuc to mean repetition count of an action.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 517

So adding this affix kRtvas(uc) after tri-, we say --

trikRtvo bhuGkte "eats three times"

KAZIKA saGkhyAzabdebhyaH kriyAbhyAvRttigaNane vartamAnebhyaH svArthe kRtvasuc pratyayo bhavati. paunaHpunyam abhyAvRttiH. ekakakArtRNAM tulyajAtIyAnAM kriyANAM janmasaGkhyAnaM kriyAbhyAvRttigaNanaM, tatra pratyayaH. paJcavArAn bhuGkte paJcakRtvaH. saptakRtvaH. saGkhyAyAH iti kim? mUrIn vArAn bhuGkte. kriyAgrahaNam kimartham, yAvatA abhyavRttiH kriyAyA eva sambhavati, na dravyaguNayoH? uttarArthaM kriyAgrahaNam. ekasya sakRc ca 54019 ityatra kriya eva gaNyate, na abhyAvRttiH, asambhavAt. abhyAvRttigrahaNaM kim? kriyAmAtragrahaNe mA bhUt. paJca pAkAH. daza pAkAH. gaNanagrahaNaM kimartham, yAvatA gaNanAtmikaiva saGkhyA? akriyamANe gaNanagrahaNe kriyAbhyAvRttau vartamAnebhyaH saGkhyeyavacanebhya eva pratyayaH syAt, zatavArAn bhuGkte zatakRtvaH iti? iha na syAt, zataM vArANAM bhuGkte iti? na hyatra abhyAvRttau zatazabdaH, saGkhyAnamAtravRttitvAt. gaNanagrahaNAt tu sarvatra siddhaM bhavati.

bahv; alp%ArthAc chas kArakAd anyatarasyAm ONPANINI 54042
zas' may be added to a role that means much or little.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 518

This zas' affix has no labels and is not the same as the second plural affix (z)as.

The nounbases that mean much or little, and are related in sense to a verb, may get zas'.

Example meaning much.

rAjA bahvIr dadAti "the king gives many things"

Here the word bahvIs, from bahu- + GI + zas, means many, and is the object role of the verb dadAti. So we may replace bahu- + GI + zas with bahu- + zas' --

dadAti bahuzo rAjA "the king gives abundantly, the king gives diversely"

Example meaning little.

dadAty alpazo rAjA "the king gives scantily"

(Instead of alpazas we might have said alpAni "few things, small things".)

bahuzas and alpazas are unchanging, or, if you want, "adverb"s. This rule says that we can replace bahvIs "many", which is a role word because it is the object of dadAti, with bahuzas "diversely, abundantly, by droves".

Notice that the rule has bahu + alpa- + arthAt, meaning "after words that mean much or little". The artha- is necessary because bahvalpAt would mean "after bahu- and alpa-" (see svaMrUpa).

The replacement with zas' is forbidden when the word is not a role, as in bahUnAM svAmI "lord of many". But it is allowed for all role words, no matter their original noun ending.

This rule does not build the sentence dadAti zatazo rAjA gAH "the king gives cows by the hundreds, the king gives hundreds of cows", because a numeral like zata takes zas' naturally, and this zatazas is not a replacement of zata (the sentence dadAti zata gA rAjA means "the king gives a hundred cows").

KAZIKA bahvarthAtalpArthAc ca kArakAbhidhAyinaH zabdAt zaspratyayo bhavati anyatarasyAm. vizeSAnabhidhAnAc ca sarvaM karmAdikArakaM gRhyate. bahUni dadAti bahuzo dadAti. alpaM dadAti alpazo dadAti. bahubhir dadAti bahuzo dadAti. alpena, alpazaH. bahubhyaH, bahuzaH. alpAya, alpazaH ityevam AdyudAhAryam. bahvalpArthAtiti kim? gAM dadAti. azvaM dadAti. kArakAtiti kim? bahUnAM svAmI. alpAnAm svAmI. arthagrahaNAt paryAyebhyo 'pi bhavati. bhUrizo dadAti. stokazo dadAti. bahvalpArthAn maGgal%AmaGgala-vacanam. yatra maGgalaM gamyate tatra ayaM pratyaya isyate. bahuzo dadAti iti AbhyudayikeSu karmasu. alpazo dadAti iti aniSTeSu karmasu.

avyaktAnukaraNAd dvy-aj-avarArdhAd anitau DAc ONPANINI 54057
Add DAc after an onomatopoeia whose half has at least two vowels and is not before iti.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 521

An onomatopoeia (avyaktAnukaraNam) is a speech sound that somehow imitates an inarticulate sound. For instance, the rooster is called kukkuTaH because it goes kuT kuT kuT. Grammarians call the kuTat word inside the sentence kuTiti karoti kukkuTaH "the cock goes cock cock cock" an onomatopoeia.

So when something makes a paT paT sound you may say --

paTapaTAkaroti "it goes paT paT"

This rule wont work when the paTa is before iti --

paTiti karoti ( with avyaktAnukaraNasyAta::itau )

KAZIKA yatra dhvanAvakArAdayo varNA vizeSarUpeNa na vyajyante so 'vhyaktaH. tasya anukaraNam avyaktAnukaraNam. dvyacavarArdhaM yasya tad dvyajavarArdham. avarazabdo 'pakarSe. yasya apakarSe kriyamANe suSThu nyUnamardhaM dvyackaM sampadyate, tasmAdavyaktAnukaraNAdanitiparAD DAc pratyayo bhavati. kRbhvastiyoge ityanuvartate. yasya ca dvirvacane kRte dvyajavarArdhaM tataH pratyayaH. DAci bahulaM dve bhavataH iti viSayasaptamI. DAci vivakSite dvirvacanam eva pUrvaM kriyate, pazcAt pratyayaH. paTapaTAkaroti. paTapaTAbhavati. paTapaTAsyAt. damadamAkaroti. damadamAbhavati. damadamAsyAt. avyaktAnukaraNAtiti kim? dRSatkaroti. dvajavarArdhAtiti kim? zratkaroti. avaragrahaNam kim? kharaTakharaTAkaroti. trapaTatrapaTAkaroti. anitau iti kim? paTiti karoti. cakAraH svarArthaH, svaritabAdhanArthaH. paTapaTAsi, atra svarito vA 'nudAtte padAdau 82006 iti svarito na bhavati. kecid dvyajavarArdhyAd iti yakAraM paThanti, sa svarthiko vijJeyaH.

Rk;pUr;ab;dhUH;pathAm /An-akSe ONPANINI 54074
Rc pUr ap dhUr pathin- (when latter) get a, except in akSadhUH.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 522

Example --

dvirgatA Apo yasmin → dvi + ap →dvyantaru dvi + Ip dvI + Ip + a →akassa dvIpa- "land between two waters"

KAZIKA bahuvrIhau iti na svaryate. sAmAnyena vidhAnam. Rk pur ap dhur pathin ity evam antAnAM samAsAnAm akAraH pratyayo bhavati samAsAnto 'kSe na. sAmarthyAd dhura etad vizeSaNam, RgAdInAM na bhavati. akSesambandhinI yA dhUH tadantasya na bhavati. anRcaH. bahvRcaH. ardharcaH. pur lalATapuram. nAndIpuram. ap dvIpam. antarIpam. samIpam. dhur rAjadhurA. mahAdhuraH. pathin sthalapthaH. jalapathaH. anRco anakSe iti kim? akSasya dhUH akSadhUH. dRDhadhUH akSaH. anRco mANavako jJejo, baH vRcazcaraNAkhyAyAm. mANavakaH. bahvRco brAhmaNaH. anRkkaM sAma, bahvRkkaM sUktam ityatra na bhavati.

ahaH-sarv%aikadeza-saMkhyAta-puNyAc ca rAtreH ONPANINI 54087
rAtri gets ac' after ahan-, sarva-, part of a night, saGMkhyAta-, puNya-, ( numeral, and unchanging, in a tatpuruSa).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 523

The feminine rAtri- "night" becomes ratra-, masculine, in these compounds --

ahaz ca rAtriz ca ahas + rAtri + ac' + su ahorAtras "day and night"

sarvA rAtris sarvarAtras "the whole night"

pUrvarAtras "the first half of the night"

apArarAtras "the second half of the night"

puNyA rAtris puNyarAtras "holy night"

dve rAtrI samAhRte dvirAtras "group of two nights"

atikrAnto rAtrim atirAtras "that has passed the night"

KAZIKA aharAdibhyaH paro yo rAtrizabdaH tadantasya tatpuruSasya ac pratyayo bhavati, cakArAt saGkhyAdeH avyayAdezca. ahargrahaNaM dvandvArtham. ahazca rAtrizca ahorAtraH. sarvarAtraH. ekadeze pUrvaM rAtreH pUrvarAtraH. apararAtraH. pUrvaparAvara iti samAsaH. saMkhyAtA rAtriH saGkhyAtarAtraH. vizeSaNaM vizeSyeNa iti samAsaH. evaM puNyA ratriH puNyarAtraH. saGkhyAvyAyadeH khalvapi dve rAtrI samAhRte dvirAtraH. trirAtraH. atikrAnto rAtrim atirAtraH. nIrAtraH.

rAjAhas;sakhibhyaS Tac ONPANINI 54091
Add Tac after ( tatpuruSa compounds that end in) rAjan- ahan- sakhi-.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 524

This can be reworded (roughly) as --

' Replace latter rAjan- ahan- sakhi- with rAja- aha- sakha-. '

Examples --

mahArAja- m "great king"

uttamAha- m "last day"

priyasakha- m "dear friend"

As these are Tac-enders, the feminine gets GI, by TiDDhA --

priyasakhI- f "dear friend"

For some reason, the feminine mahArAjJI- "great queen" is unaffected by this rule.

longhorn compounds are unaffected.

KAZIKA rAjanahan sakhi ityevam antAt prAtipadikAt Tac pratyayo bhavati. mahArAjaH. madrarAjaH. paramAhaH. uttamAhaH. rAjJaH sakhA rAjasakhaH. brAhmaNasakhaH. iha kasmAn na bhavati, madrANAm rAjJI madrarAjJI? liGgaviziSTaparibhASayA prApnoti? laghvakSarasya pUrvanipAte prApte rAjazabdasya savarNadIrghArthaM prathamaM prayogaM kurvann etad jJApayati yasya akAreNa savarNadIrghatvaM sambhavati tasya idaM grahaNam iti.

nAvo dvigoH ONPANINI 54099
nau--ender dvigu (gets Tac).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 525

In other words, nau- becomes nAva- when compounded after a numeral to mean a group. As in --

dve nAvau samAhRte → dvi + nau- + su dvi + nau- + Tac dvinAvam @n "shippair, group of two ships"

bahunAvam "group of many boats, fleet"

If the compound is not a dvigu, the nau- of course stays. So in a longhorn compound --

bahvyo nAvo yasya "that has many ships" → bahu + nau + su → bahunaus "owner of many ships"

KAZIKA nauzabdAntAt dvigoH Tac pratyayo bhavati samAsAntaH. dve nAvau samAhRte dvinAvam. trinAvam. dvinAvadhanaH. paJcanAvapriyaH. dvAbhyAM naubhyAmAgataM dvinAvarUpyam. dvinAvamayam. dvigor iti kim? rAjanauH. ataddhitaluki ityeva, paJcabhir naubhiH krItaH paJcanauH. dazanauH.

dhanuSaz ca ONPANINI 54132
(In a longhorn,) dhanus (to anaG).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 527

dhanus replaced with an turns into dhanuan, then into dhanvan by ikoyaNaci. So, if your bow is made of horn you are a zArGgadhanvan-.

zArGganM dhanur asya "his bow is made of horn" →anekamanyapadArthe zarGgam + dhanus + su →supodhA zarGga + dhanus + su zarGga + dhanu + an(aG) + su →ikoya zarGgadhanvan + su → zarGgadhanvA "name of viSNu" ( same steps as rAjA )

KAZIKA dhanuH-zabd%Antasya bahuvrIheH anaG-Adezo bhavati samAs%AntaH. zArGgaM dhanur asya zArGga-dhanvA. gANDIvadhanvA. puSpadhanvA. adhijyadhanvA.

uraH-prabhRtibhyaH kap ONPANINI 54151
uras- etc get kap (when latter in a longhorn).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 528

uras-class words get kap at the end of a longhorn ----

mahA + uras- mahA + uras + kap →AdguNaH mahoraska- "big-chested"

avamukta- + upAnah- →AdguNaH avamuktopAnah- avamuktopAnahka- →hoDhaH avamuktopAnaDhka- →kharica avamuktopAnaTka- "that has taken off his shoes"

The uras-class are these twelve --

uras | sarpis | upAnah | pumAn |

anaDvAn | payas | nauH | lakSmIH |

dadhi | madhu | zAlI | zAliH ||

KAZIKA uraH-prabhRty-antAt bahuvrIheH kap-pratyayo bhavati. vyUDham uro 'sya vyUDhoraskaH. priyasarpiSkaH. avamuktopAnatkaH. pumAnanaDvAn payaH nauH lakSmIH iti vibhaktyantAH paThyante, na prAtipadikAni. tatra idaM prayojanam ekavacanAntAnAm eva grahaNam iha vijJAyeta, dvivacanabahuvacanAntAnAM mA bhUtiti. tatra zeSAdvibhASA iti vikalpa eva bhavati iti. dvipumAn, dvipuMskaH. bahupumAn, bahupuMskaH. uras. sarpis. upAnaH. pumAn. anaDvAn. nauH. payaH. lakSmIH. dadhi. madhu. zAli. arthAn naJaH anarthakaH.

nady..;Rtaz ca ONPANINI 54153
( longhorn gets kap) after R or nadI.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 530

kap is compulsory after a longhorn if its latter ends in R or is a nadI.

We are not trickling "when describing a feminine" from the previous rule, so this rule will work even when the longhorn describes a masculine or neuter.

Examples:

bahvyaH kumArya asmin deze → bahu-kumArIkaH dezaH "a country full of little girls"

pAcikA-patnIkaH "a guy whose wife is a cook"

same meaning as pAcikApatis "the husband of a cook"

bahu-kartRka- "that has many makers"

If the longhorn describes a feminine, kap will of course take TAp by ajAdyataSTAp.

Counterexample. bhI- "fear" is not a nadI, so kap is optional in the longhorn from vItA bhIs --

vIta-bhIz cApi te rAjaJ zAtravaisH saha yotsyate "he will fight your enemies fearlessly"

KAZIKA nady..-antAt bahuvrIheH R-kAr%AntAt ca kap pratyayo bhavati. bahvyaH kumArya asmin deze bahu-kumArIkaH dezaH. bahu-brahmabandhUkaH. RtaH khalv api bahu-kartRkaH. takAraH mukha-sukhArthaH.

zeSAd vibhASA ONPANINI 54154
Other longhorn get kap optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 531

The longhorn that does not get a compulsory kap because of the previous rules may get kap optionally.

So "that has many beds", from bahu- + khaTvA-, can be said in three ways. More often than not there is no kap --

bahvyaH khaTvAs tasmin "there are many beds in this one" bahukhaTvaH "that has many beds"

but if we choose to apply this rule --

bahukhaTvakaH "that has many beds"

bahukhaTvAkaH "that has many beds"

KAZIKA yasmAd bahuvrIheH samAsAnto na vihitaH sa zeSaH tasmAd vibhASA kap pratyayo bhavati. bahvyaH khaTvAH asmin bahukhaTvakaH. bahumAlakaH. bahuvINakaH. bahukhaTvAkaH. bahumAlAkaH. bahuvINAkaH. bahukhaTvaH. bahumAlaH. bahuvINaH. katham anRkkaM sAma, bahvRkkaM sUktam iti, yAvatA vihito 'tra sAmAnyena samAsAntaH RSpUr iti. na etad asti. vizeSe sa iSyate, anRco mANadako jJeyo bahvRcazcaraNAkhyAyAm iti. zeSAd iti kim? priyapathaH. priyadhuraH.