53001
53002 come after
53007 replace fifth with
53010 seventh to
53012 to
53013
53027
53039
53040 Or
53042
53047
53067
53070 Understand
53071 Add
53088
53096
54017 After numeral, add
54042
54050 Add
54052 The
54074
54087
54091 Add
54099
54127 meaning reciprocal action gets
54132
54151
54152
54153 after
54154 Other longhorn get
The affixes described in the next rules, down to 53027 dikzabdebhya, are vibhakti affixes. For instance, tral and tasil and
These affixes are also called prAgdizIya affixes.
They are added after some pronouns as if they were sup affixes. For instance,
For instance, we can add the prAgdizIya affixes tral and tasil after kim-, bahu-, and most pronouns, like yad- --
kim- + Gi
kim- + Gasi
But not after the
KAZIKA prAgdizaH ityeva. kimaH sarvanAmno bahuzabdAc ca prAgdizaH pratyayAH veditavyAH. sarvanAmatvAt prApte grahaNe dvyAdiparyudAsaH kriyate. kutaH , kutra. yataH, yatra. tataH, tatra. bahutaH, bahutra. advyAdibhyaH iti kim? dvAbhyAm. dvayoH. prakRtiparisaGkhyAnaM kim? vRkSAt. vRkSe. prAgdizaH ity eva, vaiyAkaraNapAzaH. sarvanAmatvAdeva siddhe kimo grahaNam dvyAdiparyudAsAt. bahugrahaNe saGkhyAgrahaNam. iha na bhavati, bahoH sUpAt, bahau sUpe iti.
kim- is a pronoun, but it had to be mentioned separately in this rule because it is a
By a vArttika, Only the bahu- that means "many" is affected by this rule, and not the one that means "much". So we say
So we can say also
Be warned. Even though this rule only allows tasil replacement after a few nounbases, you'll find that replacement everywhere in all sort of works in verse. So instead of --
a
KAZIKA paJcamy-antebhyaH kiM-sarvanAma-bahubhyaH tasil pratyayo bhavati. kutaH. yataH. tataH. bahutaH.
As in --
pUrva- + Gi
kim- + Gi
So also
alternatively, we may say
The change does not affect the meaning. So both of
KAZIKA kiMsarvanAmabahubhyaH saptamyantebhyaH tral pratyayo bhavati. kutra. yatra. tatra. bahutra.
This
This rule, together with kvAti, roughly boils down to saying that " kim- plus Gi may add up to
Only example --
kim- + Gi
as in--
This rule is optional; for "where?", we may also say
KAZIKA kimaH saptamyantAdat pratyayo bhavati. tralo 'pavAdaH. kva bhokSyase. kvAdhyeSyase. tralam api kecid icchanti. kutra. tatkatham? uttarasUtrAd vAvacanaM purastAd apakRSyate.
So in the veda we may have --
kim- + Gi kim- +
besides
KAZIKA kimaH saptamyanatAd vA haH pratyayo bhavati chandasi visaye. yathAprAptaM ca. kva. kuha. kutracid asya sA dUre kva brAhmaNasya cAvakAH.
For instance, the direction word pUrva-, when we add seventh fifth first to it, makes --
pUrva- + Gi →
pUrva- + Gasi →
pUrva- + su →
This rule says that we may, if we want, add
pUrva- + Gi →
This
KAZIKA dizAM zabdAH dikzabdAH. tebhyo dikzabdebhyo digdezakAleSu vartamAnebhyaH saptamI. paJcamIprathamAntebhyaH astAtiH pratyayo bhavati svArthe. yathAsaGkhyam atra na iSyate. purastAd vasati. purastAdAgataH. purastAd ramaNIyam. adhastAd vasati. adhastAdAgataH. adhastAd ramaNIyam. dikzabdebhyaH iti kim? aindryAM dizi vasati. saptamIpaJcamIprathamAbhyaH iti kim? pUrvaM grAmaM gataH. dig-deza-kAlesu iti kim? pUrvasmin gurau vasati. ikAras takAra-paritrAN%ArthaH.
The kAzikA says:
So, instead of pUrva- + astAti, we may also say --
pUrva- + astAti
KAZIKA apaJcamyAH iti nivRttam. tisRNAM vibhaktInAm iha grahaNam. pUrvAdharAvarANAm asiH pratyayo bhavati astAterarthe. tat saMniogena ca eSAm yathA-saGkhyaM pur-adh-av ity ete AdezA bhavanti. asi ityavibhaktiko nirdezaH. puro vasati. pura AgataH. puro ramaNIyam. adho vasati. adha AgataH. adho ramaNIyam. avo vasati. ava AgataH. avo ramaNIyam.
So instead of adding as to pUrva-,
pUrva- + astAti
KAZIKA saptamyAntam etat. astAti-pratyaye parataH purv´AdInAM yathA-saGkhyaM pur-Adaya AdezA$ bhavanti. idam eva AdezavidhAnaM jJApakam, astAtirebhyo bhavati, asi-pratyayena na Adhyate iti. purastAd vasati. purastAd AgataH. purastAd ramaNIyam. adhastAd vasati. adhastAd AgataH. adhastAd ramaNIyam.
For instance,
Which is an adverb, and can mean in a hundred ways or in a hundred parts, as in --
In bhg 7:4,
"matter has eight parts -- earth, water, fire, air, space, thoughts, reason, sense of identity".
KAZIKA saGkhyAvAcibhyaH prAtipadikebhyo vidhArthe vartamANebhyo dhA pratyayo bhavati svArthe. vidhA prakAraH, sa ca sarva-kriyA-viSaya eva gRhyate. kriyaprakAre vartamAnAyAH saGkhyAyA dhA pratyayaH. ekadhA bhuGkte. dvidhA gacchati. tridhA. caturdhA. paJcadhA.
This affix is used to express contempt. As in --
Please note that the contempt is expressed only with regards to whatever the affix is added to. You insult someone with that word only to express your contempt for his lack of knowledge of the grammar. Adding
KAZIKA yApyaH kutsitaH iti ucyate. yApye vartamAnAt prAtipadikAt svArthe pAzap pratyayo bhavati. yApyo vaiyAkaraNaH, kutsito vaiyAkaraNaH vaiyAkaraNapAzaH. yAjJikapAzaH. yo vyAkaranazAstre pravINo duHzIlaH, tatra kasmAn na bhavati? yasya guNasya sadbhAvAd dravye zabdanivezaH, tasya kutsAyAM pratyayaH.
Example. From
all meaning "quite clever but not fully", "tolerably clever".
These can be added after verbs too --
here the verb must be singular, and the compound is neuter.
KAZIKA sampUrNatA padArthAnAM samAptiH. stokenAsampUrNatA ISadasamAptiH. prakRtyarthavizeSaNaM ca etat. ISadasamAptivizeSTe 'rthe vartamAnAt prAtipadikAt kalpap dezya dezIyarityete pratyayA bhavanti. ISadasamAptaH paTuH paTukalpaH, paTudezyaH, paTudezIyaH. mRdukalpaH, mRdudezyaH, mRdudezIyaH. tiGazca
headline. The following sUtras, down to
These affixes (
These senses (question, imitation, contempt, compassion...) are called prAgivIya senses.
KAZIKA ive pratikRtau 53096 iti vakSyati. prAketasmAdiva saMzabdanAd yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH kapratyayas teSu adhikRto veditavyaH. vakSyati ajJAte 5-3-73 iti. azvakaH. gardabhakaH. tiGantAdayaM pratyayo niSyate, akajiSyate. tiGazca
Strangely, this
Example with a noun --
Example with an unchanging --
KAZIKA tiGazca 53056 ityeva. avyayAnAm sarvanAmnAM ca prAgivIyeSvartheSu akac pratyayo bhavati, sa ca prAk TeH, na parataH. kasya apavAdaH. uccakaiH. nIcakaiH. zanakaiH. sarvanAmnaH khalvapi sarvake. vizvake. ubhayake. prAtipadikAt, supaH iti dvayam api iha anuvartate. tatra abhidhAnato vyavasthA bhavati. kvacit prAtipadikasya prAk TeH pratyayo bhavati, kvacit subantasya. yuSmakAbhiH , asmakAbhiH, yuSmakAsu, asmakAsu, yuvakayoH, AvakayoH, ityatra prAtipadikasya. tvayakA, mayakA, tvayaki, mayaki ityatra subantasya. akacprakaraNe tUSNImaH kAmpratyayo vaktavyaH. sa ca mittvAdantyAtacaH paro bhavati. tuSNIkAm Aste. tUSNIkAM tiSThati. zIle ko malopazca vaktavyaH. tUSNIMzIlaH tUSNIkaH. tiGazca 5-3-56 iti prakRtamatra sambadhyate. pacataki. jalpataki.
These three, when small, get
So a short or small
Only examples:
These three are m, even though
KAZIKA hrasve ity eva. saMjJA-grahaNaM nAnuvartate. sAmAnyena vidhAnam. kuTI-zamI-zuNDAbhyo hrasv%Arthe dyotye raH pratyayo bhavati. kasya apavAdaH. hrasvA kuTI kuTIraH. zamIraH. zuNDAraH. svArthika-tve 'pi puMliGga-tA, lok´Azraya-tvAl liGgasya.
As for instance --
may mean any statue, toy, drawing... made to resemble a horse.
KAZIKA kanityanuvartate. ivArthe yat prAtipadikaM vartate tasmAt kan pratyayo bhavati. ivArthaH sAdRzyaM, tasya vizesaNaM pratikRtigrahaNam. pratikRtiH pratirUpakaM, praticchandakam. azva iva ayam azvapratikRtiH azvakaH. uSTrakaH. gardabhakaH. pratikRtau iti kim? gauriva gavayaH.
So adding this affix
This zas' affix has no labels and is not the same as the second plural affix
The nounbases that mean much or little, and are related in sense to a verb, may get zas'.
Example meaning much.
Here the word
Example meaning little.
(Instead of
Notice that the rule has
The replacement with zas' is forbidden when the word is not a role, as in
This rule does not build the sentence
KAZIKA bahvarthAtalpArthAc ca kArakAbhidhAyinaH zabdAt zaspratyayo bhavati anyatarasyAm. vizeSAnabhidhAnAc ca sarvaM karmAdikArakaM gRhyate. bahUni dadAti bahuzo dadAti. alpaM dadAti alpazo dadAti. bahubhir dadAti bahuzo dadAti. alpena, alpazaH. bahubhyaH, bahuzaH. alpAya, alpazaH ityevam AdyudAhAryam. bahvalpArthAtiti kim? gAM dadAti. azvaM dadAti. kArakAtiti kim? bahUnAM svAmI. alpAnAm svAmI. arthagrahaNAt paryAyebhyo 'pi bhavati. bhUrizo dadAti. stokazo dadAti. bahvalpArthAn maGgal%AmaGgala-vacanam. yatra maGgalaM gamyate tatra ayaM pratyaya isyate. bahuzo dadAti iti AbhyudayikeSu karmasu. alpazo dadAti iti aniSTeSu karmasu.
In other words --
' A noun can compound in front of a word made from bhU kR as to mean "turn into" or "make into", and the noun gets
Or more simply explained --
' add cvi plus bhU or kR to a noun to make a verb that means "turn into" '
This affix
Example. We may always say --
(this sentence can also mean "the prince is a frog")
But instead of saying that the normal way, we can use the roots
(this sentence cannot mean "the prince is a frog", as
But are most often found with kRt affixes, such as kta --
The verb
Examples with other nouns --
KAZIKA kAraNasya vikArarUpeNa abhUtasya tadAtmanA bhAvaH abhUtatadbhAvaH. sampadyateH kartA sampadyakartA. sampadyakartari vartamAnAt prAtipadikAtabhUtatadbhAve gamyamAne kRbhvastibhir dhAtubhir yoge cviH pratyayo bhavati. azuklaH zuklaH sampadyate, taM karoti zuklIkaroti. malinaM zuklIkaroti. zuklIbhavati. zuklIsyAt. ghaTIkaroti mRdam. ghaTIbhavati. ghaTIsyAt. abhUtatadbhAve iti kim? zuklaM karoti. na atra prakRtir vivakSitA. kRbhvastiyoge iti kim? azuklaH zuklo jAyate. sampadyakartari iti kim, yAvatA abhUtatadbhAvasAmarthyAl labdham eva sampadyakartRtvam? kArakAntara-sampattau mA bhUt, adevagRhe devagRhe sampadyate. devagRhasyAdheyavizeSasambandhena abhUtatadbhAvaH sattvAdhikaraNasya, na kartuH iti?.
Therefore instead of
but only if the transformation is complete.
KAZIKA abhUtatadbhAve kRbhvastiyoge sampadyakartari iti sarvam anuvartate. asmin viSaye vibhASa sAtiH prayayo bhavati kArtsnye gamyamAne. yadi prakrtiH kRtsnAM vikArAtmatAmApadyate ityarthaH. agnisAdbhavati zastram, agnIbhavati zastram. udakasAdbhavati, udakIbhavati lavaNam. kArtsnye iti kim? ekadezena paTaH zuklIbhavati. vibhASAgrahaNam cveH prApakam. pratyayavikalpas tu mahAvibhASaya eva siddhaH.
Example --
KAZIKA bahuvrIhau iti na svaryate. sAmAnyena vidhAnam. Rk pur ap dhur pathin ity evam antAnAM samAsAnAm akAraH pratyayo bhavati samAsAnto 'kSe na. sAmarthyAd dhura etad vizeSaNam, RgAdInAM na bhavati. akSesambandhinI yA dhUH tadantasya na bhavati. anRcaH. bahvRcaH. ardharcaH. pur lalATapuram. nAndIpuram. ap dvIpam. antarIpam. samIpam. dhur rAjadhurA. mahAdhuraH. pathin sthalapthaH. jalapathaH. anRco anakSe iti kim? akSasya dhUH akSadhUH. dRDhadhUH akSaH. anRco mANavako jJejo, baH vRcazcaraNAkhyAyAm. mANavakaH. bahvRco brAhmaNaH. anRkkaM sAma, bahvRkkaM sUktam ityatra na bhavati.
The feminine
KAZIKA aharAdibhyaH paro yo rAtrizabdaH tadantasya tatpuruSasya ac pratyayo bhavati, cakArAt saGkhyAdeH avyayAdezca. ahargrahaNaM dvandvArtham. ahazca rAtrizca ahorAtraH. sarvarAtraH. ekadeze pUrvaM rAtreH pUrvarAtraH. apararAtraH. pUrvaparAvara iti samAsaH. saMkhyAtA rAtriH saGkhyAtarAtraH. vizeSaNaM vizeSyeNa iti samAsaH. evaM puNyA ratriH puNyarAtraH. saGkhyAvyAyadeH khalvapi dve rAtrI samAhRte dvirAtraH. trirAtraH. atikrAnto rAtrim atirAtraH. nIrAtraH.
This can be reworded (roughly) as --
' Replace latter
Examples --
As these are Tac-enders, the feminine gets GI, by TiDDhA --
For some reason, the feminine
longhorn compounds are unaffected.
KAZIKA rAjanahan sakhi ityevam antAt prAtipadikAt Tac pratyayo bhavati. mahArAjaH. madrarAjaH. paramAhaH. uttamAhaH. rAjJaH sakhA rAjasakhaH. brAhmaNasakhaH. iha kasmAn na bhavati, madrANAm rAjJI madrarAjJI? liGgaviziSTaparibhASayA prApnoti? laghvakSarasya pUrvanipAte prApte rAjazabdasya savarNadIrghArthaM prathamaM prayogaM kurvann etad jJApayati yasya akAreNa savarNadIrghatvaM sambhavati tasya idaM grahaNam iti.
In other words, nau- becomes
If the compound is not a dvigu, the nau- of course stays. So in a longhorn compound --
KAZIKA nauzabdAntAt dvigoH Tac pratyayo bhavati samAsAntaH. dve nAvau samAhRte dvinAvam. trinAvam. dvinAvadhanaH. paJcanAvapriyaH. dvAbhyAM naubhyAmAgataM dvinAvarUpyam. dvinAvamayam. dvigor iti kim? rAjanauH. ataddhitaluki ityeva, paJcabhir naubhiH krItaH paJcanauH. dazanauH.
...
example --
KAZIKA karmavyatihAre yo bahuvrIhiH tasmAdic pratyayo bhavati. tatra tenedam iti sarUpe ityayaM bahuvrIhir gRhyate. kezesu kezesu gRhItvA idaM yuddhaM pravRttaM kezAkezi. kacAkaci. mRsalaizca musalaizca prahRtya idaM yuddhaM pravRttaM musalAmusali. daNDAdaNDi. tiSThadguprabhRtiSu ayam ic pratyayaH paThyate.
KAZIKA dhanuH-zabd%Antasya bahuvrIheH anaG-Adezo bhavati samAs%AntaH. zArGgaM dhanur asya zArGga-dhanvA. gANDIvadhanvA. puSpadhanvA. adhijyadhanvA.
The
KAZIKA uraH-prabhRty-antAt bahuvrIheH kap-pratyayo bhavati. vyUDham uro 'sya vyUDhoraskaH. priyasarpiSkaH. avamuktopAnatkaH. pumAnanaDvAn payaH nauH lakSmIH iti vibhaktyantAH paThyante, na prAtipadikAni. tatra idaM prayojanam ekavacanAntAnAm eva grahaNam iha vijJAyeta, dvivacanabahuvacanAntAnAM mA bhUtiti. tatra zeSAdvibhASA iti vikalpa eva bhavati iti. dvipumAn, dvipuMskaH. bahupumAn, bahupuMskaH. uras. sarpis. upAnaH. pumAn. anaDvAn. nauH. payaH. lakSmIH. dadhi. madhu. zAli. arthAn naJaH anarthakaH.
The
Example --
As in --
The masculine and feminine of course
Unles of course we add the optional kap of zeSAdvibhASA --
KAZIKA innantAd bahuvrIheH kap pratyayo bhavati striyAM viSaye. bahavo daNdinaH asyAM zAlAyAM bahudaNdikA zAlA. bahucchatrikA. bahusvAmikA nagarI. bahuvAgmikA sabhA. striyAm iti kim? bahudaNDI rAjA, bahudaNDikaH. zeSAd vibhASA ityetad bhavati.
kap is compulsory after a longhorn if its latter ends in
We are not trickling "when describing a feminine" from the previous rule, so this rule will work even when the longhorn describes a masculine or neuter.
Examples:
same meaning as
If the longhorn describes a feminine, kap will of course take TAp by ajAdyataSTAp.
Counterexample.
KAZIKA nady..-antAt bahuvrIheH R-kAr%AntAt ca kap pratyayo bhavati. bahvyaH kumArya asmin deze bahu-kumArIkaH dezaH. bahu-brahmabandhUkaH. RtaH khalv api bahu-kartRkaH. takAraH mukha-sukhArthaH.
The longhorn that does not get a compulsory kap because of the previous rules may get kap optionally.
So "that has many beds", from bahu- +
but if we choose to apply this rule --
KAZIKA yasmAd bahuvrIheH samAsAnto na vihitaH sa zeSaH tasmAd vibhASA kap pratyayo bhavati. bahvyaH khaTvAH asmin bahukhaTvakaH. bahumAlakaH. bahuvINakaH. bahukhaTvAkaH. bahumAlAkaH. bahuvINAkaH. bahukhaTvaH. bahumAlaH. bahuvINaH. katham anRkkaM sAma, bahvRkkaM sUktam iti, yAvatA vihito 'tra sAmAnyena samAsAntaH RSpUr iti. na etad asti. vizeSe sa iSyate, anRco mANadako jJeyo bahvRcazcaraNAkhyAyAm iti. zeSAd iti kim? priyapathaH. priyadhuraH.