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chunk 91: some shortcuts

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phalam, phale, phalAni
rAjA, rAjan
nAma, pitA, pitar
kSipa, cintaya, nRtya.
examples of reduplication before liT
Some auxiliary verbs.
examples of reduplication before san
znA examples
plava, aplava, paca, bhava, naya, zoca, cara.
nAyi, kAri, pAci, cori, cinti
dadA juhu bibhI mimA bibhR jahA
about rundh and runadh




(/phalam) (/phal)

phalam, phale, phalAnimmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ 1641

All neuter nounbases replace svaujas with "nothing, I, i". And these replace amauTchaS too.

The following summary shows the rules that work after we add one of the endings svaujas or amauTchaS to a neuter that ends in a.

phala- + su OR am atom phalam "result; a piece of fruit"

phala- + auphala- + zI AdguNaH phale "two results, two pieces of fruit"

phala- + jas OR zas napuMsakAcca phala + zi nonfunny phalan + i rAjAnam phalAni "results, fruits"

Amra- + jas OR zasamrAni ( like phalAni ) Natvam AmrANi "mangoes"

The calling disappears by rule eGhra. Therefore the correct way to address a banana in Sanskrit is

he kadalIphala "hey banana!"

As my granma used to say, "you'll never go to sleep without having learnt something new".

518 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 7 -- popularity 2

1345 /muk is an !m added afterwards




(/rAjA) (/rAjA)

rAjA, rAjanmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 1642

The nounbase rAjan- m means "king".

When we add the non- calling su after it, we get rAjA by these three rules --

rAjan m + su rAjAnam rAjAns halGyA rAjAn nalopaHprA rAjA

When we add the calling su after it, we get rAjan --

rAjan m + su halGyA rAjan "hey king; Your Highness"

(Here nalopaHprA did not work because of the exception naGisa)

The feminine is rAjJI- (by Rnne), which means queen, or, most often, queen consort (any wife of a king).

rAjan f + su Rnne rAjan- + GIp + su allopona rAjn + I + s halGyA rAjnI STunA rAjJI "queen"

342 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 35 -- popularity 8

49 The /Git (replace only one letter).

57 But the [@stem]-changes caused by !lu affixes do not stay.

486 /vati may come after a [@third]-ender to mean similar action.

526 (In a @longhorn,) !dhanus (to /anaG).

1109 /GasibhyAmbhyas are the @fifth case affixes, /Gasi /bhyAm /bhyas

1273 /sakhi- "friend".

1643 /nAma, /pitA, /pitar




(/nAma) (/nAma)

nAma, pitA, pitarmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ 1643

pitR- m means "father". When it gets the non- calling su, rule Rduzana changes pitRs into pitans. Then, the same three rules that change rAjan + su into rAjA change pitans into pitA --

pitR- + su Rduzana pitans rAjAnam pitAns halGyA pitAn nalopaHprA pitA "father"

And with the calling su --

pitR + @calling s RtoGi pitars saMyogAnta pitar "hey dad; O revered sire"

nAman- n means "name". As it is a neuter, we get --

nAman @n + su OR am svamorna nAman nalopaHprA nAma

287 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 52 -- popularity 2

281 The affixes below are /kRt, except the /tiG.




(/kSipa) (/kS)

kSipa, cintaya, nRtya.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 1644

These word-pieces are made by adding za Nic zyan after a root that is before a hard doer affix.

kSip tudAdibhyazzaH kSip + zakSipa

cint satyApapAza cinti kartarizap cinti + zap hardsoft cinte + a ecoya cintaya

nRt divAdibhyazzyan nRt + zyannRtya

135 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 88 -- popularity 3

690 After !a, /hi''' to (/luk).

1115 @Flat @hard /liG after !a.




(/papac) (/pap)

examples of reduplication before liTmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1645

In the following examples, the roots pac, kR etcetera reduplicate by rule ekAcodve because they are before liT and rule liTidhA makes ekAcodve work.

pac ekAcodve papac

kR ( before liT ) ekAcodve kRkR kuhozcuH cRkR urat carkR halAdizzeSaH cakR

kSip ekAcodve kSikSip halAdizzeSaH kikSip kuhozcuH cikSip

nI ekAcodve nInI hrasvaH ninI

bhUbabhU

If the reduplication is caused by affixes other than liT, there may be small differences. For example,

before san, pac and kR reduplicate into pipac and cikR (by rule sanyataH),

and nI before yaG reduplicates into nenI (by rule guNoyaG).

387 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 90 -- popularity 16




(/cakre) (/cakr)

Some auxiliary verbs.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 1646

The auxiliary verbs are those that rule kRJcA makes by adding a liT affix after one of the roots kR, bhU, asti.

kR + liT tipkR + Nal acoJNiti kAr + Nal liTidhA kAkAr + a hrasvaH kakAr + a kuhozcuH /cakAra "he did"

kR + liT tacakR + ez ikoyaNaci cakre "he did"

bhU + liT tipbhU + Nal bhuvovug bhUv + Nal liTidhA bhU + bhUv + a bhavatera bha + bhUva abhyAsecarca babhUva "he did"

asti + liT tipas + Nal ata_upa As + Nal liTidhA A + As + a hrasvaH a + As + a akassa Asa "he did"

Therefore, the liT of cintayati can be --

cintayAJMcakAra "he thought"

cintayAmMbabhUva "he thought"

cintayAmAsa "he thought"

Because of rule Ampratyaya, the roots bhU and asti cannot get ez in an auxiliary, they get Nal instead. Therefore, the liT of cintayate can be --

cintayAJMcakre "he thought"

cintayAmMbabhUva "he thought"

cintayAmAsa "he thought"

With the dual and plural third person endings, we get --

/cakAra cakratus cakrus

cakre cakrAte cakrire

babhUva babhUvatus babhUvus

Asa Asatus Asus

Note: as + Nal makes Asa only when building an auxiliary with kRJcA. Otherwise, that is, when as + Nal is used alone to mean "there was", rule asterbhU works and we get babhUva --

asti + liT tipas + Nal asterbhU bhU + as → .. → babhUva "there was"

as in

rAjA babhUva "there was a king"

832 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 112 -- popularity 5

3 next pages for chris

251 !kAs and the /sanAdyanta get /Am'' before /liT.

252 Roots that start with a @heavy /ic get /Am'' (before /liT), except /Rcch and /UrNu.

1419 Which roots get /Am''




(/didRkSa) (/did)

examples of reduplication before sanmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 1647

The reduplication before san mostly replaces the stammer vowel with i, by sany ataH --

dRz + san vrazca dRS + sa sanyaGoH dadRS + sa sanyataH didRS + sa SaDhoHkassi didRkSa "want to see"

jJA + san sanyaGo jajJAsa sanyataH jijJAsa "want to know"

jijJAsate gurur dharmaJM chAtraz zuzrUSate gurum

pac + san → .. → pipakSa "want to cook"

han + san sanyaGoH ha + han + sa abhyAsAcca ha + ghan + sa kuhozcuH jha + ghan + sa abhyAsecarca ja + ghan + sa sanyataH ji + ghan + sa ajjhana ji + ghAn + sa nazcA jighAMsa "want to kill"

kR + san ajjhana kRR + san RRta::i kirsa halica kIrsa sanyaGoH cikIrsa kric cikIrSa "want to do"

pA + san sanyaGoH papAsa sanyataH pipAsa "thirst"

grah + san → * grah + (k)sa grahijyA gRh + sa sanyaGoH gRgRh + sa sanyataH gigRh + sa kuhozcuH jigRh + sa hoDhaH jigRDh + sa SaDhoHkassi jigRksa ekAcoba jighRksa kric jighRkSa "want to grab"

( grah is a seT root, but got no iSan here, by sanigraha)

This jighRkSa root does appear in the epics when it makes versifying easier --

tanM nUnam eSa dhAvantaJM jighRkSati dhanaJMjayaH "now he's running away and arjuna is trying to catch him"

but usually we'd say gRhItum icchati, of course.

However, the u U of the stammer stays --

bhU + san sanyaGo bhUbhU + sa hrasvaH bhubhU + sa abhyAsecarca bubhU + sa kric bubhUSa "want to be"

(no iSan here, by sanigraha)

plu + san sanyaGoH puplusa ajjhana puplU + sa kric puplUSa "want to jump"

mR + san ajjhana mRR + san udoSThya mursa halica mUrSa sanyaGoH mumUrSa "want to die, be about to die, be willing to risk one's life"

zru + san sanyaGoH zu + zru + sa ajjhana zu + zrU + sa kric zuzrUSa "want to hear"

stu + san + laT → .. → tuSTUSati

hR + san + laT → .. → jihIrSati

jijJAsa and zuzrUSa are bendy by jJAzru.

Some roots such as labh dA dhA mA lose their stammer after they get san (see sanimImA ff).

labh + san + laT ta → .. → lipsate "wants to get"

1059 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 150 -- popularity 12




(/gRhNA) (/gR)

znA examplesmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1648

Examples of znaclass roots getting znA --

pU + znA pvAdInAMhrasvaH punA

puS + znA Natvam puSNA

krI + znA Natvam krINA

As znA is Git (by sArvadhAtukamapit) it triggers grahijyA --

grah + znA grahijyA gRh + nA Natvam gRhNA

jyA + znA grahijyA jinA

The A of the znA affix

stays before aGit affixes,

gRhNA + laT tipgRhNAti "he grabs"

turns into I before consonant Git (by IhalyaghoH),

gRhNA + laT tasgRhNItas "both grab"

and disappears before vowel Git (by znAbhyastayorAtaH) --

gRhNA + laT anti'''gRhNanti "they grab"

346 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 233 -- popularity 1




(/plava) (/pla)

plava, aplava, paca, bhava, naya, zoca, cara.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 1649

These word-pieces are made by adding zap after a root that is before a hard doer affix.

plu kartarizap plu + zap hardsoft plo + a ecoya plava

plu ( before laG ) → plava ( like above ) luGlaG aplava

pac kartarizap paca

bhU kartarizap bhU + zap hardsoft bho + zap ecoya bhava

nI kartarizap nI + zap hardsoft ne + zap ecoya naya

zuc kartarizap zuc + zap puganta zoca

car kartarizap cara

There is also a plava- nounbase that means "a boat".

221 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 250 -- popularity 30




(/pAci) (/pAc)

nAyi, kAri, pAci, cori, cintimmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 1650

These are examples of roots made by adding Nic after another root.

Any root can get Nic by hetumatica, and in that case the meaning changes --

nI "carry" + causative Nic acoJNiti nai + Nic ecoya nAyi "make others carry"

This nAyi is a root because sanAdyantAdhAtavaH says so.

kR "do" + Nic acoJNiti kAri "make others do"

pac "cook" + Nic ata::upa pAci "make others cook"

The nichclass roots, such as cur, always get Nic by satyApa, and do not change meaning. --

cur "steal" + Nichclass Nic puganta cori "steal"

cint "think" + Nichclass Niccinti "think"

These can also get the causative Nic instead of the Nichclass Nic, but that is rare.

A nichclass roots, such as cur, may also get the Nic that means "make others do" --

cur "steal" + causative Nic puganta cori "make others steal"

but that seldom happens in practice. If you hear corayati, the chances of it meaning "steals" are far far higher than the chances of it meaning "makes others steal".

As these nAyi, kAri, pAci, cori are all roots (rule sanAdyantA says so), and they do not belong to any verb class, they get zap when kartarizap says so --

nAyi + laT tipnAyi + zap + ti hardsoft nAye + a + ti ecoya nAyayati "makes others lead"

cori + laT tipcori + zap + ti hardsoft core + a + ti ecoya corayati "steals"

883 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 270 -- popularity 9

251 !kAs and the /sanAdyanta get /Am'' before /liT.

261 /cli to /caG after [/Ni]-enders, !zri !dru !sru !kam before /kartari.

664 /Ni to (/lopa) before [/iT]-less (@soft).

824 ({a}-enders) get /muk before /zAnac /kAnac.

1344 /ekAc is what has exactly one /ac.

1397 When !kartarizap won't work.

1756 About /Nic plus /san.




(/juhu) (/juh)

dadA juhu bibhI mimA bibhR jahAmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 1651

The zluclass roots (like hu and bhI) get zlu when right before a hard doer affix (such as mas, tip or zatR) --

dA + zlu zlau dA + dA + zlu hrasvaH da + dA + zlu pratyayasya dadA

hu + zlu zlau hu + hu + zlu kuhozcuH juhu

bhI + zlu zlau bhI + bhI + zlu hrasvaH bhibhI abhyAsecarca bibhI

mAG' + zlu zlau mA + mA + zlu bhRJAmit mimA

bhR + zlu zlau bhR + bhR + zlu bhRJAmit bhi + bhR → .. → bibhR

hA + zlu zlau hA + hA + zlu hrasvaH hahA kuhozcuH jahA

These will behave differently before the Git and the aGit. Before the aGit affixes we get hardsoft as usual --

juhu + mip hardsoft juhomi "I pour"

bibhI + mip hardsoft bibhemi "I am afraid"

dadA + mipdadAmi "I give"

bibhR + tipbibharti "carries"

but the other verb endings are Git because of hard apit is Git , so there is no hardsoft there

juhu + masjuhumas "we pour"

bibhI + masbibhImas "we are afraid"

also, mimA dadA lose their A by znAbhya --

mimA + te''' IhalyaghoH mimIte "he measures"

dadA + mas znAbhya dadmas "we give"

578 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 300 -- popularity 20




(/rundh) (/run)

about rundh and runadhmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 1652

Before hard doer affixes, the znamclass root rudh turns into either rundh or ruNadh.

If the affix is aGit, the a of (z)na(m) stays, and Natvam works --

rudh + laT miprudh + znam + mi midaco runadh + mi Natvam ruNadhmi "I obstruct"

If the affix is Git, znasora eats the a, placing the n right before dh, and then there is no Natvam before serious --

rudh + laT masrudh + znam + mas midaco runadh + mas znasora rundh + masrundhmas "we obstruct"

304 letters. -- 60000someshortcuts.bse 348 -- popularity 3

688 ({iT}less) /hi''' to !dhi after /hu and @serious.

994 !t !th to !dh after /jhaS, unless after !dhA.

1085 @serious to /jaz before /jhaz.
















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