ata:: AdeH ONPANINI 74070
( lengthen) initial "a" (of stammer of liT).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 948

The stammer starts with a when the root starts with a, R or RR (see urat).

as + atus →liTidhA a + as + atus A + as + atus →akassa As + atus → Asatus "both were"

aT + us →liTidhA a + aT + us A + aT + us →akassa ATus "they wandered"

If the root has two consonants after its vowel, the next rule, tasmAn@ nuD dvi-halaH, works too.

KAZIKA abhyAsasya AdeH akArasya dIrgho bhavati liTi parataH. ato guNe para-rUpa-tvasya apavAdaH. ATa, ATatuH, ATuH. AdeH iti kim? papAca. papATha.

tasmAn@ nuD dvi-halaH ONPANINI 74071
After that ( stammer), two-consonant root gets nuT.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 949

This will work on roots that consist of a R plus two consonants. The rule above, ata_AdeH, turns the stammer into A, and then this rule adds n in front of the root --

aJcu + Nal →liTidhA a + aJca →ata::AdeH A + aJca AnaJca "he bent"

Rch + Nal →puganta arch + Nal →ata::AdeH A + arch + a Anarcha "both went at, both attacked"

Rc + us →puganta arc + us →liTidhA a + arc + us →ata::AdeH A + arc + us Anarcus "they honored"

KAZIKA tasmAd ato 'bhyAsAd dIrghIbhUtAd uttarasya dvi-halo 'Ggasya nuD-Agamo bhavati. AnaGga, AnaGgatuH, AnaGguH. anaJja, AnaJjatuH, AnaJjuH. dvi-halaH iti kim? ATa, ATatuH, ATuH. RkAraikadezo repho hal-grahaNena gRhyate, tena iha api dvihalo 'Ggasya nuD-Agamo bhavati, AnRdhatuH, AnRdhuH.

bhavater aH ONPANINI 74073
(Before liT, stammer) of bhU to a.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 950

So bhU becomes babhU --

bhU + liT →liTidhA bhUbhU + liT →hrasvaH bhubhU + liT →abhyAsecarca bubhU + liT babhU + liT

babhU + Nal →bhuvovugluG;liToH babhUva "was"

babhU + atus →bhuvovugluG;liToH babhUvatus "both were"

babhU + us →bhuvovugluG;liToH babhUvus "they were"

As in --

tasya cAnye 'pi diGnAgA babhUvur anuyAyinaH "the other elephants of the quarters too became his followers"

KAZIKA bhavater abhyAsasya akArAdezo bhavati liTi parataH. babhUva, babhUvatuH, babhUvuH. bhavateH iti kRtavikarananirdezAdiha na bhavati, anubabhUve kambalo devadattena. liTi ity eva, bubhUSati. bobhUyate.

When bhU is not before liT, that is, when it is before san and yaG, this root bhU reduplicates normally --

bhU + san bubhUSa "want to be"

bhU + yaG bobhUya "repeatedly be"

as in --

sAvadhAno bobhUyase "you are being extremely careful"

bhRJAm it ONPANINI 74076
( stammer) of bhR mA hA to i (before zlu).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 952

Examples with mA --

mA + laT te''' → mimA + te →IhalyaghoH mimIte "he measures"

anumimImahe "we deduce"

with bhR --

bibharti "carries"

with 03.0008 hA "leave" --

hA "go" + laT ta → hA + zlu + ta →zlau hA + hA + ta →hrasvaH ha + hA + ta →kuhozcuH ja + hA + ta ji + hA + ta → ji + hA + te''' →IhalyaghoH jihIte "sets out, leaves"

This rule does not affect 03.0009 hA "abandon" --

hA "quit" + laT tip jahAti "quits, discards"

KAZIKA bhRJAdInAM trayANAm abhyAsasya ikArAdezo bhavati zalau sati. bhRJ bibharti. mAG mimIte. ohAG jihIte. trayANAm ityeva, jahAti. zlau ityeva, babhAra.

arti;pipartyoz ca ONPANINI 74077
( stammer) of arti piparti (to i before laT)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 953

Exception to urat. R usually makes an a stammer, but the R of the three roots R pRR pR makes an i stammer.

The root R "go" is called arti in the rule. Example --

R + laT tip → R + zlu + tip →hardsoft ar + ti →zlau a + ar + ti i + ar + ti →abhyAsasyA iyarti "reaches"

The piparti of the rule means the zluclass roots ad 03.0004 pRR and 03.0005 pR, both meaning pAlanapUraNayoH "take care, nurture, nourish, provide, fulfill"

pRR + laT tip piparti "takes care of"

KAZIKA arti piparti ityetayoH abhyAsasya ikArAdezo bhavati zlau. iyarti bhUmam. piparti somam.

sany ataH ONPANINI 74079
Before san, a (of stammer to i).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 954

In other words -- before san, everything but u U reduplicates into i. So pac reduplicates into papac before liT, but into pipac before san.

Examples with A-a-roots --

pac + san →sanyaGoH pa + pac + sa pi + pac + sa →coHkuH pipaksa →kric pipakSa "want to cook"

as in

pipakSa + laT tip → pipakSati "wants to cook"

yaj + san yiyakSa "want to sacrifice"

sthA + san ta + sthA + sa ti sthA sa →kric tiSthAsa →STunA tiSThAsa "want to stay"

If the stammer has R RR, rule urat turns R into a first, and then this rule turns the a into i --

pracch + san pRcch + iSan → pRpRcch + iSa →urat papRcch + iSa pipRcchiSa

Counterexample with an u root --

yudh + san yuyutsa "want to fight"

KAZIKA sani parato 'kAr%Ant%AbhyAsasya ikAr'-Adezo bhavati. pipakSati. yiyakSati. tiSThAsati. pipAsati. sani iti kim? papAca. ataH iti kim? lulUSati. tapara-karaNaM kim? pApaciSate.

oH pu;yaN;jy-a-pare ONPANINI 74080
u U (of stammer of san) to (i) before pu yaN j that is before A ammmmmmmmm ^ C+ 955

Replace the u U of the stammer of a san with i when it is before a pu yaN j that is before A a.

Example 1.

Adding san after pU first makes pUpaviSa --

pU + san →sanyaGoH pU + pU + san → pU + pU + iSan →hardsoft pU + po + iSa →ecoya pUpaviSa

But now the stammer pU is before p that is before a. So this rule works --

pUpaviSa → pipaviSa "be about to clean"

Example 2.

bhU + Nic + san →sanyaGoH bU + bhU + Nic + san →acoJNiti bU + bhau + i + san →ecoya bU + bhAvi + san → bU + bhAvi + iSan →hardsoft bU + bhAve + iSa →ecoya bUbhAvayiSa bibhAvayiSa "want to create"

KAZIKA uvarNAntAbhyAsasya pavarge yaNi jakAre ca avarNapare parataH ikArAdezo bhavati sani pratyaye parataH. pavarge apare pipaviSate. pipAvayiSati. bibhAvayiSati. yaNyapare yiyaviSati. yiyAvayiSati. rirAvayiSati. lilAvayiSati. jyapare ju iti sautro 'yaM dhAtuH. jijAvayiSati.

guNo yaG;lukoH ONPANINI 74082
ik of stammer to guNa before yaG or yaGlukmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 957

Exception to hrasvaH.

Examples with yaG --

ci + yaG →sanyaGoH ciciya ceciya →zrUyatAm cecIya "keep piling up, hoard"

lU + yaG lolUya "harvest lots"

lup + yaG lolupya "cut badly"

Examples with yaGluk --

hu + yaG + laT tip →sanyaGoH juhu + yaG + tip johu + yaG + tip →yaGluk johu + tip →hardsoft joho + tip →yaGovA joho + Iti →ecoya johavIti "keeps pouring"

See also dIrghokitaH below.

KAZIKA yaGi yaGluki ca ig-antasya abhyAsasya guNo bhavati. cecIyate. lolUyate. yaGluki johavIti. yago vA iti iDvikalpaH. cokruzIti.

dIrgho 'kitaH ONPANINI 74083
a of an akit ( stammer) to long (before yaG or yaGluk)mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 958

A " kit stammer" is a stammer, like the raM of raMramyate, that got the kit augment n(uk) from nugato'nunAsikAntasya, for instance the . The other stammers are akit, for instance the one of vad + yaG --

vad + yaG →sanyaGoH vavad + yaG vAvadya

See also guNo yaG;lukoH above.

This rule only works when the stammer has a. Otherwise, the stammer will either get n(uk) by nugato, or have an ik vowel guNated by guNoyaGlukoH. So the stammer vowel will always be heavy. The root vowel, however, can end up being light or heavy.

More examples with yaG --

pApacyate

yAyajyate

yaMyamyate

More examples with yaGluk --

pApacIti

yAyajIti

yaMyamIti

KAZIKA akito 'bhyAsasya dIrgho bhavati yagi yaGluki ca. pApacyate. pApacIti. yAyajyate. yAyajIti. akitaH iti kim? yaMyamyate. yaMyamIti. raMramyate. raMramIti.

nug ato 'nunAsikAntasya ONPANINI 74085
( stammer) that ends in a of ( yaG yaGluk) root that ends in m gets n(uk).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 959

Example with yaG --

kram + yaG + laT ta → kram + ya + te'' →sanyaGoH ca + kram + ya + te cankramya + te → cankramya + zap + te →atoguNe cankramyate →nazcA caGMkramyate →anusvA caGkramyate "he shakes"

Example with yaGluk --

ram + yaGluk + laT tip →sanyaGoH raram + tip ranram + ti →yaGovA ranram + Iti →nazcA raMramIti

This last example did not get kartarizap because yaGluks are lukclass .

The n added to the stammer is not affected by halAdizzeSaH, because, if halAdizzeSaH were to work here, this rule would be useless. It would add an n that would be always removed.

sanval laghuni caG-pare 'n-ag-lope ONPANINI 74093
( stammer) works san-wise before light that is before caG, unless ak dropped.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 960

In other words -- "the stammer made by caGi sometimes works like the stammer made by sanyaGoH ".

Example.

Because of rule sany ataH, the root pac reduplicates into papac before liT, but into pipac before san.

Now, this rule says that when pAci is before caG, the stammer "works san-wise" or "is san-like". This means that rule sanyata works on it, as if that stammer had been before san instead of being before caG.

And that's why we say apIpacat "he made them cook", not apApacat.

KAZIKA laghuni dhAtvakSare parato yo 'bhyAsaH tasya caGpare Nau parataH sanIva kAryaM bhavati an-ag-lope. sanyataH ity uktam, caGpare 'pi tathA. acIkarat. apIpacat. oH puyaNjyapare ity uktam, caG-pare 'pi tathA. apIpavat. alIlavat. ajIjavat. sravatizRNotidravatipravatiplavaticyavatInAM vA ityuktam, caGpare 'pi tathA. asisravat, asusravat. azizravat, azuzravat. adidravat, adudravat. apipravat, apupravat. apiplavat, apuplavat. acicyavat, acucyavat. lughuni iti kim? atatakSat. ararakSat. jAgarayateH ajajAgarat. atra kecid gazabdam labhumAzritya sanbadbhAvam icchanti, sarvatraiva laghorAnantaryam abhyAsena na asti iti vyavadhAne 'pi vacanaprAmANyAd bhavitavyam, tadasat. yena na avyavadhAnaM tena vyavahite 'pi vacanaprAmANyAtityekena vyavadhAnam AzrIyate, na punaranekena. yadyevam, katham acikSaNatiti? AcAryapravRttir jJApayati bhavatyevaM jAtIyakAnAm ittvam iti. yadayaM tad bAdhanArthaM samratyAdInAm atvam vidadhAti. caGpare iti kim? ahaM papaca. paragrahaNaM kim? caGi eva kevale mA bhUt, acakamata. anaglope iti kim? acakathat. dRSadamAkhyAtavAnadadRSat. vAditavantaM prayojitavAnavIvadatityatra yo 'sau Nau Nerlopo nAsAvaglopa ityAzrIyate. kiM kAraNam? caGpare iti NijAter nimittatvena AkSepAt, tato 'nyasya ako lopaH parigRhyate. mImAdInAm atra grahaNAt sanvadbhAvena abhyAsalopo na bhavati ityuktam. kiM ca sanvatiti sanAzrayaM kAryamatidizyate, na ca lopaH sanam eva apekSate, kiM tarhi, isbhAvAdyapi. tadabhAvAtamImapatityAdau abhyAsalopo na bhaviSyati.

dIrgho laghoH ONPANINI 74094
lengthen light ( stammer before light root before Ni before caG).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 961

Example. Because of NaucaGyupa and other rules, nI + Nic + luG tip "he made (them) carry" adds up to a + ni + nay + caG + t''', namely aninayat. In this aninayat, the vowel a of the root nay is light, and the vowel i of the stammer ni is light too. Therefore this rule has to work, and the stammer vowel lengthens --

nI + Nic + luG tip aninayat anInayat "he made (them) carry"

If instead of starting with nI we start with bhraj, we get abibhrajat, and this rule cannot work because the stammer bi has a heavy vowel.

And if we start with rakS, we get ararakSat, and this rule cannot work because the root rakS has a heavy vowel.

KAZIKA dIrghA bhavati laghoH abhyAsasya laghuni Nau caGpare anaglope. acIkarat. ajIharat. alIlavat. apIpacat. laghoH iti kim? abibhrajat. laghuni ityeva, atatakSat. ararakSat. caGi ityava, ahaM papaca. pare ity eva, acakamata. anaglope ityeva, acakathat.

Because of the trickle of caGpare, this rule does not work when there is caG but no Nic, as in acakamata. And because of the trickle of anaglope, acakathat is unaffected, because the root katha lot its final a here.

sarvasya dve ONPANINI 81001
Replace a whole word with two.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 962

headline. The following rules, down to 81015 dvandvaMraha, replace one word with two.

Why do we say "a whole word"? Because the rules below have nothing to do with the reduplication rules ( ekAcodve ff), that only replace a PART of a word with two.

KAZIKA sarvasya iti ca dve iti ca etadadhikRtaM veditavyam. ita uttaraM yad vakSyAmaH padasya ityataH prAk, sarvasya dve bhavataH ityevaM tad veditavyam. vakSyati nityavIpsayoriti, tatra sarvasya sthAne dve bhavataH. ke dve bhavataH? ye zabdatazca arthatazca ubhayathAntaratame. ekasya pacatizabdasya dvau pacatizabdau havataH. pacati pacati. grAmo grAmo ramaNIyaH. yadA tu dviH prayogo dvirvacanam tadA sa eva pacatizabdo dvirAvartate, tasya dve AvRttI bhavataH. sarvasya iti kim? vispaSTArtham. atha padasya ityeva kasmAn na ucyate? na evaM zakyam, iha hi na syAt prapacati prapacati iti. iha drogdhA, droDhA iti ghatvaDhatvayoH asiddhatvAdakRtayoreva tayor dvivacanaM prApnoti, tatra pazcAd vikalpe satyaniStam api syAt drogdhA droDhA, droDhA drogdhA iti. tasmAd vaktavyam etat pUrvatra asiddhIyam advirvacane iti. sarvasya ityetadeva vA kRtaM sarvakAryapratipattyarthaM draSTavyam.

tasya param AmreDitam ONPANINI 81002
repeat is the second one (of what is said twice).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 963

When we replace a whole word with two by any of the rules down to 81015, the second word is said to be the repeat or AmreDita.

So, when we say sAdhu sAdhu "good! good!", the second sAdhu is the repeat, and the first one is not.

Being a repeat makes rule kAnAmreDite work.

nitya;vIpsayoH ONPANINI 81004
(Repeat the whole word) to mean "repeated action" or "each".mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 964

Example of repeated action --

pacati pacati "he's always cooking"

Example of "each" --

divase divase "every day"

More examples at (ktvA and) Namul mean repetition .

Back to sarvasya dve.

dvandvaM rahasya;maryAdA-vacana; vyutkramaNa;yajJa-pAtra-prayog%AbhivyaktiSu ONPANINI 81015
dvanMdva- means "secret", "limit", "separation", "employing as a sacrificial vessel", "manifestation".mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 965

The word dvanMdva-, according to this rule, comes from dvi- + dvi-. The first i was replaced with am and the second with a, then monusvA and anusvA turned m into n.

Besides the meanings allowed by this rule, the word has other meanings, such as "couple", "pair of opposites", and " dvandva compound".

Feel free to spell dvandva or dvaMdva as you see fit. The word is spelled both ways.

KAZIKA dvandvam iti dvizabdasya dvirvacanam, pUrva padasyAmbhAvaH, attvaM ca uttarapadasya nipAtyate rahasya maryAdA-vacana vyutkramaNa yajJa-pAtra-prayoga abhivyakti ity eteSu artheSu. tatra rahasyaM dvandvazabdavAcyam, itare viSayabhUtAH. dvandvaM mantrayate. maryAdAvacane maryAdA sthItyanatikramaH. AcaturaM hIme pazavo dvandvaM mithunIyanti. mAtA putreNa mithunaM gacchati, pautreNa, tat-putreNa api iti maryAdArthaH. vyutkramaNe dvandvaM vyutkrAntAH. vyutkramaNaM bhedaH, pRtha-gava-sthAnam. dvi-varga-sambandhanena pRthagavasthitA dvanvdvaM vyutkrAntA ityucyante. yajJa-pAtra-prayoge dvandvaM nyaJci yajJa-pAtrANi prayunakti dhIraH. abhivyaktau dvandvaM nAradaparvatau. dvandvaM saGkarSaNavAsudevau. dvAvapyabhivyaktau sAhacaryeNa ityarthaH. anyatra api dvandvam ityetad dRzyate, tadarthaM yogavibhAgaH kartavyaH, dvandvaM yuddhaM vartate, dvandvAni sahate dhIraH, c%Arthe dvandvaH iti.

padasya ONPANINI 81016
Replace wordfinal.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 966

headline. The following rules, down to 83054 iDAyAvA, replace only wordfinal letters.

Example. Rule 82007 nalopaHprA says "replace nounbase-final n with nothing". But that rule will only work on the nounbase-final n that is also wordfinal.

anudAttaM sarvam a-pAd'-Adau ONPANINI 81018
The following are hangers.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 967

headline.

The words described in the next rules are not allowed at the start of a verse, half-verse, or sentence.

Example. The word te "they" from jasazzI can go anywhere, but te'', which is made by temayAvekavacanasya below, cannot go first. That's why this verse must have vayanM te, not te vayam, as te'' can't go right after the middle of the verse --

te tasmai kathayAmAsur vayanM te pitarasH svakAH "they told him, we are your ancestors"

KAZIKA anudAttam iti ca, sarvam iti ca, apAdAdau iti ca, apAdAdau iti ca etat trayam adhikRtaM veditavyam A pAdaparisamApteH. ita uttaraM yad vakSyAmaH anudAttaM sarvam apAdAdau ityevaM tad veditavyam. vakSyati Amantritasya ca 7-1-19 iti. pacasi devadatta. apAdAdau iti kim? yat te niyAnaM rajasaM mRtyo anavadharSyam. bahuvacanasya vasnasau 8-1-21. grAmo vaH svam, janapado naH svam. apAdAdau iti kim? rudro vizvezvaro devo yaSmAkaM kuladevatA. sa eva nAtho bhagavAnasmAkaM zatrumardanaH. pAdagrahaNenAtra RkpAdaH zlokapAdazca gRhyate. sarvagrahaNam sarvam anUdyamAnaM vidhIyamAnaM ca anudAttaM yathA syAtiti. tena yuSmadasmadAdezAnAm api vAkyabhedena anudAttatvaM vidhIyate. yuSmadasmadAdezAzca sarvasya subantasya padasya yathA syuH, yatra api svAdipadaM padasaMjJaM bhavati. grAmo vAM dIyate. janapado nau dIyate.

yuSmad;asmadoH SaSThI;caturthI;dvitIyA-sthayor vAn;nAvau ONPANINI 81020
(Optionally dual) yuSmad- asmad- plus sixth fourth second to vAm'' nau''.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 968

The dual yuSmad- asmad- plus sixth fourth second are these six --

yuSmad- + os yuvayos

yuSmad- + bhyAm yuvAbhyAm

yuSmad- + au yuvAm

asmad- + os Avayos

asmad- + bhyAm AvAbhyAm

asmad- + au AvAm

But if we apply this optional rule, we may replace those with --

yuvayos vAm''

yuvAbhyAm vAm''

yuvAm vAm''

Avayos nau''

AvAbhyAm nau''

AvAm nau''

As in --

putrau yuvAmM me kA lajjA zrUyatAGM kathayAmi vAm "you are like sons to me, why should I be ashamed? Listen, I'll tell you the whole story."

where vAm replaced fourth yuvAbhyAm. This vAm cannot replace the yuvAbhyAm made with third bhyAm or fifth bhyAm.

These vAm'' and nau'' are hangers, by anudAttaMsarva.

Important. Those six words can be replaced ONLY if they have been made with sixth fourth second os bhyAm au. If they were made with seventh third fifth first os bhyAm bhyAm au, they stay unchanged.

bahuvacane vas;nasau ONPANINI 81021
( yuSmad- asmad- to) vas'' nas'' when plural (optionally).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 969

Because of exceptions, this only works before second, fourth, and sixth.

So, there are exactly six examples --

yuSmad- + zas vas'' "y'all"

yuSmad- + @fourth bhyas vas'' "to y'all"

yuSmad- + Am vas'' "of y'all"

asmad- + zas nas'' "us"

asmad- + @fourth bhyas nas'' "to us"

asmad- + Am nas'' "our"

Example sentences --

grAmo vasH svam "the village is your property"

grAmo vo dIyate "the village is given to y'all"

grAmo vaH pazyati "the village sees y'all"

These vas'' nas'' are hangers, by anudAttaMsarva.

The fifth bhyas is not affected by this rule, so "from y'all" is compulsorily yuSmat or yuSmattas (see paJcamyA::at), never vas''.

KAZIKA bahuvacan%AntayoH yuSmad-asmadoH SaSThI-caturthI-dvitIyA-sthayoH yathA-saGkhyam vas nas ity etAv Adezau bhavataH. grAmo vaH svam. janapado naH svam. grAmo vo dIyate. janapado no dIyate. grAmo vaH pazyati. janapado naH pazyati.

te;mayAv ekavacanasya ONPANINI 81022
singular ( yuSmad- asmad- with Ge or Gas optionally to) te'' me''.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 970

(For the other te, see te disambiguation .)

Only examples --

yuSmad- + Ge tubhyam te'' "to you"

yuSmad- + Gas tava te'' "your"

asmad- + Ge mahyam me'' "to me"

asmad- + Gas mama me'' "my"

As in --

namas "salutation" + ( yuSmad- + Ge ) "to you " namas + tubhyam namas te "Hi!"

This replacement is optional, so both of namas tubhyam and tubhyanM namaH are kosher too.

KAZIKA yuSmadasmadoH ekavacanAntayoH SaSthIcaturthIsthayoH yathAsaGkhyaM te me ityetau Adezau bhavataH. grAmaste svam. grAmo me svam. grAmaste dIyate. grAmo me dIyate. dvitIyAntasya AdezAntaravidhAna-sAmarthyAt SaSThIcaturthyoH ev%AyaM yogaH.

These me'' and te'' are hangers. Therefore, they cannot appear at the start of a sentence, verse or half-verse. So, te namaH won't fly.

Yet, tubhyam, mahyam, te', te'''', mama, tava can be placed anywhere --

punar dadau surapatir mahyaM varma sasaGMgraham

mohitaz cAsmi deveza tubhyaM rUpaviparyayAt

tvA;mau dvitIyAyAH ONPANINI 81023
(Optionally) replace tvAm mAm with tvA'' mA''.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 971

For instance, this tvA might as well have been tvAm --

gaNAnAnM tvA gaNapatiM havAhamahe kaviG kavinAm upama-zravas-tamam

These tvA'' mA'' are uncommon, but you will hear them in verse, mostly metri causa.

Notice that tvA'' mA'' are hangers by anudAttaMsarvamapAdAdau, but tvAm mAm ain't.

KAZIKA ekavacanasya iti vartate. dvitIyAyA yadekavacanaM tadantayoH yuSma-dasmadoH yathA-saGkhyam tvA mA ity etau Adezau bhavataH. grAmas tvA pazyati. grAmo mA pazyati.