64019 cchvoz ←

chunk 34: 64077 iyaG uvaG

→ 64131 on wimpiness

64077 yu roots, znu, bhrU- to iy uv before vowel. aciznudhAtubhruvAMyvoriyaGuvaGau
64078 of stammer to before non-similar. abhyAsasyAsavarNe
64079 strI- to . striyAH
64080 But optionally before am zas. vAmzasoH
64081 iN' to y . iNoyaN
64082 Final i I a cluster-less an-ekAc root to y. eranekAcosaMyogapUrvasya
64085 But bhU- sudhI- to bhuv sudhiy nabhUsudhiyoH
64086 optionally in the veda chandasyubhayathA
64087 hu and znu to before vowel hard. huznuvossArvadhAtuke
64088 bhU gets vuk before luG and liT. bhuvovugluGliToH
64092 Some roots shorten A before Nic. mitAMhrasvaH
64093 And lengthen optionally before ciN and Namul. ciNNamulordIrghonyatarasyAm
64098 of gam han jan khan ghas to lopa before kGit that is not aG. gamahanajanakhanaghasAMlopaHkGityanaGi
64101 hi''' to dhi after hu and serious. hujhalbhyoherdhiH
64104 ta to luk after ciN ciNoluk
64105 After a, hi''' to . atoheH
64106 after an u that is not after cluster and belongs to an affix. utazcapratyayAdasaMyogapUrvAt
64107 lopa before m v optionally. lopazcAsyAnyatarasyAmmvoH
64108 kuru compulsorily . nityaGkaroteH
64109 before y. yeca
64110 karu to kuru before hard . ata::utsArvadhAtuke
64111 a of znam and as to lopa . znasorallopaH
64112 , A of znA and stammered to . znAbhyastayorAtaH
64113 But to I before consonant, except the A of a ghu. IhalyaghoH
64119 ghu and as to e before hi''', and delete the stammer. ghvasoreddhAvabhyAsalopazca
64120 Before vowel liT, replace "PaPaC" with "PeC". ataekahalmadhyenAdezAderliTi
64121 pecus rule works before ithal. thalicaseTi




 

aci znu;dhAtu;bhruvAM y;vor iyaG;uvaGau ONPANINI 64077
yu roots, znu, bhrU- to iy(aG) uv(aG) before vowel.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 624

Exception to ikoyaNaci, akassa, amipUrvaH. Before all vowel affixes, y;u roots, znu and bhrU replace their final --

u U with uv

i I with iy.

The y;u roots are the ones that end in i I u U.

Examples with y;u roots --

dhi + laT tipdhi + za + ti → dhiyati "holds"

nU + laT tipnU + za + ti → nuvati "praises"

zru + liT jhizru + us liTidhA zuzru + us → zuzruvus "they heard"

Notice that bhU- and dhI- are roots, even when used as nounbases --

dhI- + am → dhiyam "smartness"

bhU- + Gi → bhuvi "on earth"

Example with znu-enders --

Ap + laT jhiAp + znu + jhiApnu + anti''' → Apnuvanti "they get"

zak + zatRzak + znu + atzaknuvat- "that can"

Example with bhrU "eyebrow" --

bhrU + os → bhruvos "two eyebrows"




 

abhyAsasy' .A-savarNe ONPANINI 64078
(i u) of stammer to (iy uv) before non- similar.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 625

Exception to ikoyaNaci. This turns i + e into iye, and u + o into uvo.

Examples --

iS + liT tipiS + Nal puganta eS + Nal liTidhA e + eS + Nal hrasvaH i + eS + a → iyeSa "he wanted"

uS + Nal → .. → u + oS + Nal → uvoSa "he burnt"

Before similar, akassa works normally --

iS + liT jhi → .. → i + iS + us akassa ISus "they wanted"

vac + liT tasvac + atus vacisvapi uc + atus liTidhA u + uc + atus akassa Ucatus "both said"

uS + us → .. → u + uS + usUSus "they burnt"

When the root starts with a, we get A by ata::AdeH.




 

striyAH ONPANINI 64079
strI- to ( iyaG before vowels).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 626

Addition to aciznu --

strI- + Gas ANnadyAH strI- + As → striy + AsstriyAs "woman's"




 

vA 'm;zasoH ONPANINI 64080
But optionally before am zas.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 627

Exception to striyAH above. Only examples --

strI- + am amipUrvaH strIm "woman"

strI- + zas prathamayo strIs "women"

If we don't take the option, rule striyAH works normally --

strI- + am striyAH striyam "woman"

strI- + zas striyAH striyas "women"




 

iNo yaN ONPANINI 64081
iN' to y (before vowel).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 628

Exception to aciznu, that would have replaced iN' with iy.

iN' + laT jhii + anti''' → y + antiyanti "they go"

i + laG jhiAT + i + jh'''AT + i + ant''' → AT + y + ant'''Ayan "they went"

i + zatR → yat- "that goes"

By the talkaround madhye 'pavAdAH pUrvAn vidhIn bAdhante "exceptions in the middle debar previous rules only", this rule is weaker than acoJNiti and hardsoft, downriver. Therefore there is no i-to-y change here --

i + Nvuli + Nakal acoJNiti ai + aka ecoya Ayaka- m "goer"

i + lyuTi + lanaT hardsoft e + ana ecoya ayana- n "a going"




 

er an-ekAco 'saMyoga-pUrvasya ONPANINI 64082
Final i I a cluster-less an- ekAc root to y.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 629

Examples with a root proper before liT affixes, where this rule debars aciznu --

nI + atus liTidhA ninI + atus → niny + atus → .. → ninyatus "both led"

ninI- + us → niny + us → .. → ninyus "they led"

Example with a rootnoun before au, where prathamayo would have worked otherwise --

pradhI- mf + aupradhyau (not pradhiyau as aciznu would have it)

This rule won't work when the I i follows a cluster, such as the kr here --

yava- + krI + au aciznu yavakriyau

nI + atus → ny + atus liTidhA nI + ny + atus hrasvaH ni + ny + atusninyatus "both led"




 

na bhU;sudhiyoH ONPANINI 64085
But bhU- sudhI- to bhuv sudhiymmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 630

Examples --

bhU + sudhI- + os → bhUsudhiyos "replace bhU and sudhi"

svayam + bhU + Gas → svayambhuvas "of brahmA"




 

chandasy ubhayathA ONPANINI 64086
(bhU- sudhi- to bhuv sudhiy) optionally in the vedammmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 631

Examples --

sudhyo havyamagne

sudhiyo havyamagne




 

hu;znuvoH sArvadhAtuke ONPANINI 64087
hu and (clusterless non- ekAc) znu to (v) before vowel hard.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 632

Exception to aciznu, that would have turned u into uv. So juhu becomes juhv --

hu + laT jhijuhu + ati''' → juhvati "they pour"

hu + znu + zatRjuhu + at → juhvat- "pouring"

And znu becomes znv --

zru + laT jhizRNu + anti''' → zRNvanti "they hear"

zru + znu + zatRzRNu + at → zRNvat- "hearing"

hu + laT jhihu + usjuhu + us aciznu juhuvus "they poured"

Ap + znu + laT anti''' aciznu Apnuvanti "they reach"




 

bhuvo vug luG;liToH ONPANINI 64088
bhU gets vuk before luG and liT.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 633

Examples before luG --

bhU + luG mipbhU + sic + mip gAtisthA bhU + mip → bhUv + mip luGlaG abhUv + mipabhUv + am'''abhUvam "I was"

bhU + luG jhibhU + sic + jhi gAtisthA bhU + jhi → bhUv + jhi luGlaG abhUv + jhi AtaH abhUvan "they were"

Examples before liT --

bhU + us → bhUv + us liTidhA bubhUv + us bhavateraH babhUvus "they were"

babhUvatus "both were"

babhUva "he was"

abhU + luG tasabhU + tAm''' → abhUv + tAm lopovyorvali abhUtAm "both were"




 

mitAM hrasvaH ONPANINI 64092
Some roots shorten A before Nic.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 634

Some roots, called mit roots, shorten the A that they get because of Nic. The shortening may be compulsory or optional.

Examples.

kram + Nic is affected by this rule --

kram + Nic ata::upa krAmi → krami "set in motion, make (others) advance"

krami + laT → .. → kramayati "makes (them) walk"

This shortening also happens in some roots that have an original A, not coming from a --

jJA + Nic artti jJAp + Nic → jJapi "inform, make others know"

jJapi + laT → .. → jJapayati "lets (them) know"

ghaTayati

vyathayati

janayati

rajayati

zamayati




 

ciN;Namulor dIrgho 'nyatarasyAm ONPANINI 64093
And lengthen optionally before ciN and Namul.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ 635

The roots mentioned in the previous rule may lengthen or not before ciN and Namul --

zam + ciN → azAmi

zam + ciN → azami

zam + Namul → zAmaMzAmam

zam + Namul → zamaMzamam




 

gama;hana;jana;khana;ghasAM lopaH kGity an-aGi ONPANINI 64098
( Nexttolast) of gam han jan khan ghas to lopa before ( vowel) kGit that is not aG.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 636

Example. us is kit here, by asaMyogAlliTkit --

gam + liT jhigam + us → gm + us liTidhA gagmus kuhozcuH jagmus "they went"

And here anti''' is Git by hard apit is Git --

han + anti''' → hn + anti hohante ghnanti "they kill"




 

hu;jhalbhyo her dhiH ONPANINI 64101
(iTless) hi''' to dhi after hu and serious.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 637

Examples after hu --

hu + loT sipjuhu + sipjuhu + hi''' → juhudhi "pour!"

After dh, S, d, all serious --

rudh + loT siprundh + hi → rundh + dhi jhalAJjazjhazi runddhi "obstruct!"

dviS + loT sipdviS + hi''' → dviS + dhi STunA dviS + Dhi jhalAJjazjhazi dviDDhi "hate!"

bhid + loT sipbhid + hi'''bhind + hi ( like above ) hujhal bhinddhi "split!"

Warning. Even though runddhi and bhinddhi are correct forms, you will often find all nddh words spelled with ndh. The DDh of dviDDhi is always spelled DDh, however.

rud + loT siprud + hi''' rudAdibhya rudihi "cry!"

svap + loT sip → .. → svapihi "sleep!"




 

ciNo luk ONPANINI 64104
ta to luk after ciNmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 638

As in --

kR + akartari luG ta luGlaG akR + taakR + cli + taakR + ciN + ta → akR + ciN acoJNiti akAri "it was made"




 

ato heH ONPANINI 64105
After a, hi''' to ( luk).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 639

Examples --

dRz + zap + loT sipdRz + zap + hi'''pazya + hi → pazya "look!"

nRtya + hi''' → nRtya "dance!"

kSipa + hi''' → kSipa "shoot!"

coraya "steal!"

hi''' can also get luked by next rule, utazca.




 

utaz ca pratyayAd a-saMyoga-pUrvAt ONPANINI 64106
( hi''' to luk) after an u that is not after cluster and belongs to an affix.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 640

The affix will be either u or znu.

Example with the u of affix u --

kR + loT sipkR + hi'''kuru + hi''' → kuru "make!"

Example with the u of znu --

zru + znu + hi'''zRNu + hi → zRNu "listen!"

Ap + hi'''Apnu + hiApnuhi "get!"

takSNuhi "chisel!"

juhu + hi''' hujhal juhudhi "sacrifice!"




 

lopaz c' .Asy' .AnyatarasyAM mvoH ONPANINI 64107
( u znu that does not follow a cluster to) lopa before m v optionally.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 641

Examples --

zru + znu + laT maszRNu + maszRNumas "we hear" → zRNmas "we hear"

tan + u + laT mastanumas → tanmas "we spread"

If we don't take the option, the u just stays --

zRNumas "we hear"

tanumas "we spread"

Apnumas "we get"

zaknumas "we can"

In the case of kR the lopa is compulsory by the next rule, nityaGkaroteH.




 

nityaM karoteH ONPANINI 64108
( chop) kuru compulsorily (before v m).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 642

kuru always loses its final before v m of a Git --

kR + u + laT maskuru + maskurumas → kurmas "we do"

See also yeca below.




 

ye ca ONPANINI 64109
( chop kuru ) before y.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 643

Replace kuru with kur before the tiG that start with y.

Those tiG are the nine hard flat liG (no other y-starters ever appear after kuru). So this rule has exactly nine examples --

kuryAt kuryAtAm kuryus

kuryAs kuryAtam kuryata

kuryAm kuryAva kuryAma

The first one in detail --

kR + @hard liG tipkR + yAt'''kuru + yAt → kuryAt "he would do"

See also kR with u .




 

ata:: ut sArvadhAtuke ONPANINI 64110
karu to kuru before hard ( kGit).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 644

Examples --

kR + laT taskaru + tas → kuru + taskurutas "the two of them do"

kR + laT maskaru + mas → kuru + mas nityaMkaroteH kurmas "we do"

See also kR with u .




 

zn;asor al-lopaH ONPANINI 64111
a of znam and as to lopa (before kGit).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 645

Replacing na with n --

yuj + znam + anti''' midaco yunaj + anti → yunjanti → .. → yuJjanti "they join"

bhuj + znam + te''' midaco bhunaj + te → bhunjte → .. → bhuGkte "eats"

rudh + anti''' midaco runadh + anti → rundh + anti → .. → rundhanti "they obstruct"

Replacing as with s --

as + anti''' → s + antisanti "there are"

vi + ati + as + laT iT'vyati + as + e''' → vyati + s + e''' ha::eti vyatihe "I do someone else's job"

When the tiG is not Git, the a stays, as in --

yunakSi "you join"

ruNaddhi "obstructs"

asti "there is"




 

znA;'bhyastayor AtaH ONPANINI 64112
(Before kGit hard), A of znA and stammered to ( lopa).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 646

In the examples, we use the hard affixes anti''', ati'''. These are Git because of hard apit is Git , and start with vowels.

Example with znA --

krI + laT jhikrI + znA + jhikrI + nA + anti''' → krI + n + anti''' Natvam krINanti "they buy"

krI + laT jhakrI + znA + jhakrI + nA + ate''' → krI + n + ate Natvam krINate "they buy"

krI + laT iT'krI + znA + iT' Tita krI + nA + e''' → krI + n + e Natvam krINe "I buy"

Examples with a stammered --

dA + laT jhidA + zlu + jhi zlau dAdA + jhi hrasvaH dadA + jhi adabhyastAt dadA + ati''' → dadati "they give"

daridrA has no zlu, but is a stammered by jakSityAdayaSSaT --

daridrA + laT jhi adabhyastAt daridrA + ati''' → daridrati "they are poor"

See also exception Ihalyagho below.

dA + laT tas → .. → dadA + tas → dad + tas kharica dattas "both give"

dA + laG tas → .. → adadA + tAm''' → adad + tAm kharica adattAm "both gave"

See also laT of dA and dhA .




 

I haly aghoH ONPANINI 64113
But to I before consonant, except the A of a ghu.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 647

Exception to znAbhyasta. If the kGit hard starts with a consonant, we replace A with I, not with nothing.

Examples of A to I before consonants --

krI + laT taskrI + znA + tas → krInItas Natvam krINItas "both buy"

krI + laT te'''krI + znA + takrInA + te''' → krInI + te Natvam krINIte "buys"

krI + laG tas → .. → akrInA + tAm''' → akrInI + tAm Natvam akrINItAm "both bought"

mimA + laT te''' → mimIte "he measures"

If the kGit hard starts with a vowel, we still erase the A, by the previous rule --

jahA + laT jhijahA + ati''' znAbhya jahati "they abandon"

jahA + laG jhijahA + jus znAbhya ajahus "they abandoned"

And if the hard is not kGit, the A stays, because no rule replaces it --

jahA + laT tipjahAti "he abandons"

dA + laT tadadA + te''' znAbhyasta dad + te kharica datte "he gives"

dA + laT jhadadA + ate''' znAbhyasta dad + ate kharica dadate "they give"




 

ghv;asor ed @dhAv abhyAsa-lopaz ca ONPANINI 64119
ghu and as to e before hi''', and delete the stammer.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 648

Example with a ghu --

dA + loT sipdadA + sipdadA- + hi''' → dehi "give!"

Only example with as --

as + loT sip serhyapicca as + hi''' znasorallopaH s + hi''' hujhal s + dhi → edhi "be!"

This edhi is a rarity. Where it would belong, you'll almost always hear bhava instead, from root bhU --

sthiro bhava "be firm!"




 

ata:: eka-hal-madhye 'n-AdezAder liTi ONPANINI 64120
Before vowel ( kit ) liT, replace "PaPaC" with "PeC".mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 649

(If you find ata_eka hard to remember, you may call this rule the pecus rule. pecus means "they cooked".)

When roots like pac pat sad ram man etc are before liT, and reduplicate into papac papat sasad raram maman etc, they change like this --

pac + us liTidhA papac + us → pecus "they cooked"

pat + us liTidhA papat + us → petus "they fell"

sad + us → .. → sasadus → sedus "they sat"

ram + ez → .. → rarame → reme "he had fun"

man + irec → .. → mamanire → menire "they thought"

See also thali ca seTi below.

This rule affects only roots made of consonant plus a plus consonant. So, viz, rakS, aT, zram etc. are unaffected -- vivizus, zazramus.

This won't work if if the liT affix is akit or starts with a consonant. So we still say papAca, papaktha.

This won't work if the reduplication rules changed the stammer consonant. So from bhaN kaN we get babhaN cakaN and then babhaNus cakaNatus.




 

thali ca seTi ONPANINI 64121
pecus rule works before ithal.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 650

thal is akit, therefore, ordinarily it does not trigger pecus --

pac + liT sippac + thal liTidhA papac + tha coHkuH papaktha "thou cooked"

But because of this exception, when thal turns into ithal, it does trigger pecus anyway --

pac + liT sippac + thal kRsRbhRvR pac + ithal liTidhA papac + itha pecus pecitha "thou cooked"

Rule upadezetvataH says that, after pac, thal can turn into ithal or not. So both papaktha and pecitha are correct.
















64019 cchvoz ←

chunk 34: 64077 iyaG uvaG

→ 64131 on wimpiness