nityaM GitaH ONPANINI 34099
( Chop vas mas) from Git tense.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 370

The Git tenses are liG laG lRG luG. When they are replaced with vas and mas, those turn into va''' ma'''.

Examples --

dviS + laG mas →luGlaG adviS + mas advis + ma''' → adviSma "we hated"

dviS + lRG mas advekSya + mas adveksya + ma''' →atodIrgho advekSyAma "we would have hated"

luG mas ma'''

advikSAma "we hated"

@hard liG mas ma''' →yAsuTpa yAma

dviSyAma "we'd hate / may we hate"

@soft liG mas ma''' →yAsuTpa yAsma

dviSyAsma "may we hate"

dviS + luG mas dviS + ma''' →luGlaG advis + ma → adviS + cli + ma →kSa-aorist adviS + sa + ma →atodIrghoyaJi adviS + sA + ma →SaDhoHkassi advikSAma

dviS + loT mas dviS + ma''' →ADuttama dviS + Ama''' →puganta dveSAma "let's hate"

itaz ca ONPANINI 34100
i (of Git tense) to ( lopa).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 371

In more words --

"The tip jhi sip that replaced a Git tense lose i."

Examples with tip --

pac + laG tip pac + t''' → paca + t →luGlaG apacza + t → apacat "he cooked"

vac + luG tip vac + t''' avocat "he said" ( see vaca::um )

zuc + lRG tip zuc + t''' azociSyat "he would have grieved"

Examples with sip --

kSip + laG sip kSip + s''' →luGlaG akSip + s → a kSip + za + s → akSipas "you shot"

bhU + @soft liG sip bhU + s''' bhU + yAs''' → bhUyAs "may you be"

The jh''' will be replaced with ant''' or at''' by jhontaH or its exceptions --

nRt + laG jhi nRt + jh''' anRt + zyan + jh →jhontaH anRtya + ant''' →atoguNe anRtyant →saMyogAnta anRtyan "they danced"

bhI + laG jhi bhI + jh''' abibhI + jh →adabhyastAt abibhI + at''' →ikoyaNaci abibhyat "they were afraid"

tas;thas; tha;mipAM tAM;taM; t'-.AmaH ONPANINI 34101
tas thas tha mip to tAm''' tam''' ta''' am''' (in Git tenses).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 372

Whn a Git tense is replaced with tas thas tha mip, replace those with tAm''' tam''' ta''' am''' respectively --

Examples of tas to tAm''' --

car + laG → car + tas car + tAm''' → car + zap + tAm →luGlaG acar + zap + tAm → acaratAm "they2 walked"

Examples of thas to tam''' --

car + laG thas car + tam''' acaratam "you2 walked"

dviS + lRG thas dviS + tam''' →luGlaG adviS + tam → adviS + sya + tam →puganta adveS + sya + tam →SaDhoHkassi advekSyatam "you2'd've hated"

Examples of tha to ta''' --

car + laG tha car + ta''' acarata "y'all walked"

cara + @hard liG tha cara + ta''' → cara + eta''' → careta "y'all should walk"

Examples of mip to am''' --

car + laG mip car + am''' acaram "I walked"

zru + luG mip zru + am''' →luGlaG azru + am → azru + cli + am → azru + sic + am →sicivRddhiH azrauSam "I heard"

See also ta ta synchretism .

liGaH sIyuT ONPANINI 34102
( Bent) liG gets sIyuT.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 373

The liG affixes are hard more often than not (see page soft liG is quite useless ). So I'll explain the hard first.

When they are hard, this rule adds sIy in front of the affix and then rule liGassa erases the s. Therefore seven of the nine affixes end up looking like the bent laG affixes, but with Iy added in front.

The nine bent liG, when hard, are --

Ita''' IyAtAm''' Iran'''

IthAs''' IyAthAm''' Idhvam'''

Iya''' Ivahi''' Imahi'''

Notice that jha turned into ran by jhasyaran.

And am''' turned into a' by iTot.

All nine got Iy in front, but six of those lost the y by lopovyorvali.

Examples --

dviS + @hard liG ta dviS + Ita''' → dviSIta "he would hate"

plu + @hard liG ta → plava + ta plava + Ita''' →AdguNaH plaveta "he would jump"

plu + @hard liG iT' → plava + i plava + Iya''' →AdguNaH plaveya "I would jump"

plu + @hard liG jha → plava + jha plava + Iran''' →AdguNaH plaveran "they would jump"

For the soft liG bents, see soft bent liG .

Back to rules that make the hard bent liG .

yAsuT parasmaipadeS%UdAtto Gic ca ONPANINI 34103
Flat ( liG) gets yAs(uT) and G label.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 374

This is an exception to liGassIyuT, that would otherwise have added sIy before all liG-replacers. By this exception, the flat liG get yAs in front, and only the bent liG get sIy.

Important: this rule will not work after a, because of exception atoyeyaH.

The u label of yAs(uT) is just padding. The T label is for Adyantau, so we must add yAs in front of our affix.

The s is real, but it will almost always be lost by liGassa --

dviS + @hard liG tip → dviS + t''' dviS + GyAst →liGassa dviS + yAt''' → dviSyAt "he would hate; may he hate"

dviS + @hard liG mas → dviS + ma''' dviS + GyAsma →liGassa dviS + yAma''' → dviSyAma "we would hate; may we hate"

If the liG is soft (see soft liG), liGassa won't work --

dviS + @soft liG mas → dviS + ma''' dviS + GyAsma → dviS + yAsma''' → dviSyAsma "may we hate"

As in

adharmanM dviSyAsma "may we hate evil"

See hard flat liG for a list of the nine flat affixes with yA in front.

See soft flat liG for a list of the nine soft affixes with yAs in front.

See also hard flat liG after a .

jhasya ran ONPANINI 34105
( liG) jha to ran.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 375

Exception to jhontaH ff.

This makes jha into ran, then it will turn into Iran''' or sIran''', this way --

@hard liG jha ran →liGassIyuT sIran''' →liGassa Iran'''

@soft liG jha ran →liGassIyuT sIran'''

as in --

labh- + @hard liG jha → labh + Iran''' →kartarizap labha + Iran''' →AdguNaH labheran "they'd get"

dviS- + @hard liG jha → dviS + Iran''' → dviSIran "they'd hate"

in the soft liG, liGassa won't work, so sIran''' stays --

labh- + @soft liG jha labh + ran → labh + sIran''' →kharica lap + sIran → lapsIran "may they get"

plu- + @soft liG jha plu + ran → plu + sIran''' →hardsoft plo + sIran →kric ploSIran "may they jump"

Back to rules that make the hard bent liG .

iTo 't ONPANINI 34106
liG iT' to a'.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 376

This a' of course always gets sIyuT, making sIya'''. Which loses the s when it is hard (in practice: always), making Iya'''.

This sIya''' is supposed to stay in the soft liG, but I won't even bother to show any examples because no one has used the bent soft liG forms in the last two thousand years. So the sIyuT will almost always be hard and liGassa erases the s --

@hard liG iT' a' →liGassIyuT sIya''' →liGassa Iya'''

Examples --

As + Iya''' → AsIya "I would sit"

dviS + Iya''' → dviSIya "I would hate"

and after a --

plu + zap + Iya''' → plava + Iya →AdguNaH plaveya "I would jump"

dRz + yak + Iya''' →AdguNaH dRzyeya "I would be seen"

Back to hard bent liG .

Back to rules that make the hard bent liG .

suT tithoH ONPANINI 34107
t th (inside liG) get suT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 377

(By Adyantau, "get suT" means "get an s added in front".)

This rule works usefully only on the soft bent liG that have t th, namely, ta AtAm thAs AthAm.

These get s before the t by this rule, and sIyuT by liGassIyuT, and some kric and STunA, making --

@soft liG ta sta →liGassIyuT sIysta →lopovyo sIstA →kric sISta →STunA sISTa''' "may he"

AtAm sIyAstAm''' "may both"

thAs sISThAs''' "may you"

AthAm sIyAsthAm''' "may you2"

I won't bother to show any examples because the soft bent liG appears only in the veda, as far as I know. As I am veda-illiterate, I can't remember any of it used anywhere.

jher jus ONPANINI 34108
( liG) jhi to (j)us.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 378

Exception to jhontaH and other rules, that would have made ant''' or at''' instead. Example --

dviS + @soft liG jhi dviS + jus →yAsuTpa dviS + yAsus → dviSyAsus "may they hate"

By rule usya, the us affixes eat up the A that is right before them --

dviS + @hard liG jhi dviS + jus →yAsuTpa dviS + yAsus →liGassa dviS + yA + us →usya dviS + yus''' → dviSyus "they would hate"

sij;abhyasta;vidibhyaz ca ONPANINI 34109
( jhi to jus) after sic, stammered, vid.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 379 luG

The previous rule jherjus replaces liG jhi with jus. We must also replace jhi --

after sic

kR + luG jhi akR + sic + jhi akR + s + jus →vadavraja akArSus →kric akArSus "they did"

yA + luG jhi ayA + sic + jhi ayA + s + jus →yamarama ayAsiSus "they went"

in the laG after a stammered --

dA + laG jhi → a + dadA + jhi adadA + jus →usya adadus "they gave"

bhI + laG jhi → a + bibhI + jhi abibhI + jus →jusica abibhe + us →ecoya abibhayus "they were afraid"

hu + laG jhi → a + juhu + jhi ajuhu + jus →jusica ajuho + us →ecoya ajuhavus "they poured"

and in the laG of vid "know". Only example --

vid + laG jhi → vid + jus avidus "they knew"

Rules laGaHzA and dviSazca, too, may turn jhi into jus.

AtaH ONPANINI 34110
( jhi to jus) after A only.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 380 luG

AFAIK, this rule might be reworded as " sija does not work after bhU". Only example --

bhU + luG jhi →luGlaG abhU + jhi → abhU + ant''' →bhuvovug abhUvant →saMyogAnta abhUvan "they were"

laGaH zAkaTAyanasy/aiva ONPANINI 34111
Optionally laG ( jhi to jus after A).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 381

LISTENTO https://youtu.be/hgufLwRkIuA?t=4251

This rule applies to lukclass roots that end in A. Example --

yA + laG jhi →luGlaG ayA + jhi ayA + jus →usya ayus "they went"

In the alternative, we get jhontaH as usual --

yA + laG jhi → ayA + jhi →jhontaH ayA + anti ayAn "they went"

vasamAneSu pArtheSu matsyasya nagare tadA mahAratheSu channeSu mAsA daza samatyayuH

"then while the powerful pANdavas were living incognito in virATa's city, ten months passed"

Notice that samatyayAn would have worked fine here.

dviSaz ca ONPANINI 34112
After dviS too.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 382

LISTENTO https://youtu.be/hgufLwRkIuA?t=4253

After dviS, laG jhi to jus optionally.

Only example --

dviS + laG jhi →luGlaG adviS + jhi adviSus "they hated"

In the alternative, we get adviSan by jhontaH etc.

tiG;zit sArvadhAtukam ONPANINI 34113
tiG and zit are hard.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 383

LISTENTO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgufLwRkIuA&feature=youtu.be&t=70m56s

The zit root affixes, and the tiG, are called " hard affixes" (sArvadhAtukam).

Examples:

tip tas jhi mip vas mas are hard because they are in the tiG list.

zap, za, zyan, zAnac, zatR are hard because they are zit and are root affixes.

Lastly, as rule sthAnivad says that replacements inherit hard-ness, all replacements of hard tiG are also hard. Such as the t''' in apazyat and the am''' in adveSam.

See also next rule, ArdhadhAtukaM zeSaH.

ArdhadhAtukaM zeSaH ONPANINI 34114
The rest are soft.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 384

The root affixes that are not zit and not tiG are called " soft".

Examples:

TA, Ge, aN etc are neither soft nor hard, because they are not root affixes.

lyap is soft because it is a root affix, it is not zit, and it is not a tiG.

tip tas jhi etc, when they replace liT, are soft, because of the exception liTca.

Therefore their replacements Nal atus us etc. are also soft. And that's why cikSipus did not get zap.

liT ca ONPANINI 34115
liT replacers (are soft).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 385

LISTENTO https://youtu.be/hgufLwRkIuA?t=4261

Exception to tiGzit.

So in

zuc + liT → zuc + jhi → zuc + us →liTidhA zuzucus "they were heartbroken"

kR + liT tip → kR + Nal → cakR + Nal →acoJNiti cakAra "he did, made"

the jhi and tip are soft. Their softness kept kartarizap and tanAdikR from working.

Also, as the jhi affix is soft here, sArvadhAtukamapit did not make it Git.

liG AziSi ONPANINI 34116
liG when wishing is optionally ( soft).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 386 tense

( Before going any further, read soft liG is quite useless . Ty. )

By rule AziSiliG;loTau, we may use either liG or loT to mean "I want this to happen", as in --

gam + loT → gam + tip gacchatu "I wish he goes, may he go"

gam + liG → gam + tip gacchet "I wish he goes, may he go"

the tip in these two verbs is hard, by tiGzit.

Now, according to this rule, we may make the hard liG tip be soft. This makes different rules work on it, so that tip no longer turns into et''', but into yAt''' --

gam + liG → gam + @hard tip gam + @soft tip gamyAt "I wish he goes, may he go"

This soft liG is called ben or benedictive in inria, and AzIrliG in the hyderabad verb forms generator. The ordinary hard liG is called opt or optative in inria, and vidhiliG in hyderabad.