nityaM GitaH ONPANINI 34099
( chop vas mas) from Git tense.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 404

The Git tenses are liG laG lRG luG. When they are replaced with vas and mas, those turn into va''' ma'''.

Examples --

dviS + laG mas →luGlaG adviS + mas advis + ma''' → adviSma "we hated"

dviS + lRG mas advekSya + mas adveksya + ma''' →atodIrgho advekSyAma "we would have hated"

luG mas ma'''

advikSAma "we hated"

@hard liG mas ma''' →yAsuTpa yAma

dviSyAma "we'd hate / may we hate"

@soft liG mas ma''' →yAsuTpa yAsma

dviSyAsma "may we hate"

dviS + luG mas dviS + ma''' →luGlaG advis + ma → adviS + cli + ma →ksa-aorist adviS + sa + ma →atodIrghoyaJi adviS + sA + ma →SaDhoHkassi advikSAma

dviS + loT mas dviS + ma''' →ADuttama dviS + Ama''' →puganta dveSAma "let's hate"

(Here loT is not a Git tense, but it worked like the laG because of loTolaGvat.)

KAZIKA leTa iti nivRttam. Gito lakArasya ya uttamaH, tasya nityaM sakArasya lopo bhavati. upacAva, upacAma. nitya-grahaNaM vikalpa-nivRtty-artham.

itaz ca ONPANINI 34100
i (from Git tense) to ( lopa).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 405

In more words --

"The tip jhi sip that replaced a Git tense lose i."

Examples with tip --

pac + laG tip pac + t''' → paca + t →luGlaG apacza + t → apacat "he cooked"

vac + luG tip vac + t''' avocat "he said" ( see vaca::um )

zuc + lRG tip zuc + t''' azociSyat "he would have grieved"

Examples with sip --

kSip + laG sip kSip + s''' →luGlaG akSip + s → a kSip + za + s → akSipas "you shot"

bhU + @soft liG sip bhU + s''' bhU + yAs''' → bhUyAs "may you be"

The jh''' will be replaced with ant''' or at''' by jhontaH or its exceptions --

nRt + laG jhi nRt + jh''' anRt + zyan + jh →jhontaH anRtya + ant''' →atoguNe anRtyant →saMyogAnta anRtyan "they danced"

bhI + laG jhi bhI + jh''' abibhI + jh →adabhyastAt abibhI + at''' →ikoyaNaci abibhyat "they were afraid"

This rule does not work on mip because of the exception tasthastha below.

KAZIKA GitaH ityeva. Gil-lakAra-sambandhina ikArasya nityaM lopo bhavati. apacat. apAkSIt. parasmaipadeSu ityeva, apacAvahi, apacAmahi.

tas;thas; tha;mipAM tAM;taM; t'-.AmaH ONPANINI 34101
tas thas tha mip to tAm''' tam''' ta''' am''' (in Git tenses).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 406

Whn a Git tense is replaced with tas thas tha mip, replace those with tAm''' tam''' ta''' am''' respectively --

Examples of tas to tAm''' --

car + laG → car + tas car + tAm''' → car + zap + tAm →luGlaG acar + zap + tAm → acaratAm "they2 walked"

Examples of thas to tam''' --

car + laG thas car + tam''' acaratam "you2 walked"

dviS + lRG thas dviS + tam''' →luGlaG adviS + tam → adviS + sya + tam →puganta adveS + sya + tam →SaDhoHkassi advekSyatam "you2'd've hated"

Examples of tha to ta''' --

car + laG tha car + ta''' acarata "y'all walked"

cara + @hard liG tha cara + ta''' → cara + eta''' → careta "y'all should walk"

Examples of mip to am''' --

car + laG mip car + am''' acaram "I walked"

zru + luG mip zru + am''' →luGlaG azru + am → azru + cli + am → azru + sic + am →sicivRddhiH azrauSam "I heard"

See also ta ta synchretism .

KAZIKA GitaH ityeva. GillakArasambandhinAM caturNAm yathAsaGkhyaM tAmAdayaH AdezA bhavanti. apacatAm. apacatam. apacata. apacam. apAktAm. apAktam. apAkta. apAkSam.

This rule is stronger than itazca because, otherwise, the "mip to am" in this rule would serve no purpose.

liGaH sIyuT ONPANINI 34102
( bent) liG gets sIy(uT).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 407

The taG affixes that replace liG get sIy added in front (in front because of Adyantau).

If the liG is hard, the s disappears by liGassa --

labh + @hard liG ta → labh + zap + ta labha + sIyta →liGassa labha + Iyta labheta "he would get"

If the liG is soft, the s stays --

labh + @soft liG ta labh + sIyta → labh + sISTa''' →kharica lapsISTa "may he get"

(this time kartarizap didn't work, because the ta is soft)

KAZIKA liGAdezAnAm sIyuDAgamo bhavati. TakAro dezavidhyarthaH. ukAra uccAraNArthaH. paceta, paceyAtAm, paceran. pakSISTa, pakSIyAstAm, pakSIran.

For examples with the other eight affixes, see --

bent hard liG

bent soft liG

yAsuT parasmaipadeS%UdAtto Gic ca ONPANINI 34103
flat ( liG) gets yAs(uT) and G label.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 408

This is an exception to liGassIyuT, that would otherwise add sIy before all liG-replacers. By this exception, the flat liG get yAs in front, and only the bent liG get sIy.

This rule will not work after a, because of its exception atoyeyaH.

The u label of yAs(uT) is just padding. The T label is for Adyantau, so we must add yAs in front of our affix.

The s is real, but will dissapear by liGassa if the liG is hard --

dviS + @hard liG tip → dviS + t''' dviS + (G)yAst →liGassa dviS + yAt''' → dviSyAt "he would hate; may he hate"

dviS + @hard liG mas → dviS + ma''' dviS + (G)yAsma →liGassa dviS + yAma''' → dviSyAma "we would hate; may we hate"

If the liG is soft (see soft liG), liGassa won't work --

dviS + @soft liG mas → dviS + ma''' dviS + (G)yAsma → dviS + yAsma''' → dviSyAsma "may we hate"

As in

adharmanM dviSyAsma "may we hate evil"

See flat hard liG for a list of the nine flat affixes with yA in front.

See also flat hard liG after a .

See flat soft liG for a list of the nine soft affixes with yAs in front.

KAZIKA liGaH ityeva. parasmaipada-viSayasya liGo yAsuD-Agamo bhavati, sa ca udAtto bhavati, Gic ca. sIyuTo 'pavAdaH. AgamAn udAttatve prApte, GittvaM tu liGa eva vidhIyate, tatra tat-kAryANAM sambhavAd, na Agamasya. kuryAt, kuryAtAm, kuryuH. sthanivad-bhAvAd eva liG-Adezasya Git-tve siddhe yAsuTo Gid-vacanaM jJApakArtham - lakArAzrayaGittvam AdezAnAM na bhavatIti. acinavam. akaravam.

Notice that Gicca in the rule means that, in the example dviSyAt, the t''' that replaces liG turns into yAst and gets G label. This G label explains why puganta did not work on dviS. But, why does the rule bother to say "gets G label" when rule sthAnivad says that all replacements of liG get G label? This Gicca appears to be useless.

According to the general principle "there is nothing useless in the rules", the very fact that this rule says "and gets G label" allows us to deduce logically that there is an exception to sthAnivad --

Git tenses do not pass G on

So when mip replaces laG or liG, it does not get G label from sthAnivad. But when mip replaces liG, it does get another G label from this rule. That's why there is puganta in adveSam "I hated" but not in dviSyAm "I would hate".

jhasya ran ONPANINI 34105
( liG) jha to ran.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 409

Exception to jhontaH ff.

This makes jha into ran, then it will turn into Iran''' or sIran''', this way --

@hard liG jha ran →liGassIyuT sIran''' →liGassa Iran'''

@soft liG jha ran →liGassIyuT sIran'''

as in --

labh- + @hard liG jha → labh + Iran''' →kartarizap labha + Iran''' →AdguNaH labheran "they'd get"

dviS- + @hard liG jha → dviS + Iran''' → dviSIran "they'd hate"

in the soft liG, liGassa won't work, so sIran''' stays --

labh- + @soft liG jha labh + ran → labh + sIran''' →kharica lap + sIran → lapsIran "may they get"

plu- + @soft liG jha plu + ran → plu + sIran''' →hardsoft plo + sIran →kric ploSIran "may they jump"

Back to bent hard liG rules .

iTo 't ONPANINI 34106
liG iT' to a'.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 410

This a' of course always gets sIyuT, making sIya'''. Which loses the s when it is hard (in practice: always), making Iya'''.

This sIya''' is supposed to stay in the soft liG, but I won't even bother to show any examples because no one has used the bent soft liG forms in the last two thousand years. So the sIyuT will almost always be hard and liGassa erases the s --

@hard liG iT' a' →liGassIyuT sIya''' →liGassa Iya'''

Examples --

As + Iya''' → AsIya "I would sit"

dviS + Iya''' → dviSIya "I would hate"

and after a --

plu + zap + Iya''' → plava + Iya →AdguNaH plaveya "I would jump"

dRz + yak + Iya''' →AdguNaH dRzyeya "I would be seen"

Back to bent hard liG .

Back to bent hard liG rules .

suT tithoH ONPANINI 34107
t th (inside liG) get s(uT).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 411

(By Adyantau, "get s(uT)" means "get an s added in front".)

This rule works only on the bent soft liG that have t th, namely, only on ta AtAm thAs AthAm.

These get s before the t by this rule, and sIyuT by liGassIyuT, and some kric and STunA, making --

@soft liG ta sta →liGassIyuT sIysta →lopovyo sIstA →kric sISta →STunA sISTa''' "may he"

AtAm sIyAstAm''' "may both"

thAs sISThAs''' "may you"

AthAm sIyAsthAm''' "may you2"

Remember that the soft liG is rare .

KAZIKA liGaH ity eva. liG-sambhandhinoH takAra-thakArayoH suD-Agamo bhavati. takara-thakArAv Agaminau, liG tad-vizeSaNam. sIyuT astu liG evAgamI. tena bhinna-viSaya-tvAt suTA bAdhanaM na bhavati. takAre ikara uccAraNArthaH. kRSISta. kRSIyAstAm. kRSISThAH. kRSIyAsthAm.

jher jus ONPANINI 34108
( liG) jhi to (j)us.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 412

Exception to jhontaH and other rules, that would have made ant''' or at''' instead. Example --

dviS + @soft liG jhi dviS + jus →yAsuTpa dviS + yAsus → dviSyAsus "may they hate"

By rule usya, the us affixes eat up the A that is right before them --

dviS + @hard liG jhi dviS + jus →yAsuTpa dviS + yAsus →liGassa dviS + yA + us →usya dviS + yus''' → dviSyus "they would hate"

KAZIKA liGaH ityeva. liGG-Adezasya jher jus-Adezo bhavati. jho 'ntaH apavAdaH. paceyuH. yajeyus.

jus can come from this rule or from sija. For instance, the laG form ajuhavus has jus fron sija right below.

ju + laG jhi → ju + zlu + jhi → juhu + jhi → ajuhu + jhi →sija ajuhu + jus →jusica ajuho + jus →ecoya ajuhavus "they poured"

sij;abhyasta;vidibhyaz ca ONPANINI 34109
( jhi to jus) after sic, stammered, vid.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 413 luG

The previous rule jherjus replaces liG jhi with jus. We must also replace jhi --

after sic

kR + luG jhi akR + sic + jhi akR + s + jus →vadavraja akArSus →kric akArSus "they did"

yA + luG jhi ayA + sic + jhi ayA + s + jus →yamarama ayAsiSus "they went"

in the laG after a stammered --

dA + laG jhi → a + dadA + jhi adadA + jus →usya adadus "they gave"

bhI + laG jhi → a + bibhI + jhi abibhI + jus →jusica abibhe + us →ecoya abibhayus "they were afraid"

hu + laG jhi → a + juhu + jhi ajuhu + jus →jusica ajuho + us →ecoya ajuhavus "they poured"

and in the laG of vid "know". Only example --

vid + laG jhi → vid + jus avidus "they knew"

Rules laGaHzA and dviSazca, too, may turn jhi into jus.

KAZIKA aliGarthaH ArambhaH. sicaH parasya, abhyastasaMjJakebhyo, vettezca uttarasya jher jus, Adezo bhavati. abhyastavidigrahaNam asijartham. Gita iti ca anuvartate. sicastAvat akArSuH. ahArSuH. abhastAt abibhayuH. ajihrayuH. ajAgaruH. videH aviduH.

As of 2024 inria grammar says that vid [2] + laG jhi makes avidan. That's a bug. pANini says it's avidus. hyderabad agrees.

The vidus of the verse kAmyAnAGM karmaNAnM nyAsaM sanMnyAsaGM kavayo viduH of the bhg has us, not jus, and is a laT meaning "they know", allowed by special rule vidolaTovA.

AtaH ONPANINI 34110
( jhi to jus) after A only.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 414 luG

Maybe I'm wrong, but I guess that this rule might be reworded as

" sija does not work after bhU".

And that the only example is --

bhU + luG jhi →luGlaG abhU + jhi → abhU + ant''' →bhuvovug abhUvant →saMyogAnta abhUvan "they were"

KAZIKA sijgrahaNam anuvartate. sica AkArAntAc ca parasya jheH jusAdezo bhavati. katham AbhyAmAnantaryam? sico luki kRte pratyayalakSaNena sico 'nantaraH, zrutyA cAkArAntAditi. aduH. adhuH. asthuH. takAro mukhasukhArthaH. pUrveNa eva sidhddhe niyamArthaM vacanam, Ata eva sijlugantAt, na anyasmAtiti. abhUvan. pratyayalakSanena jus prAptaH pratiSidhyate, tulyajAtIyApekSatvAn niyamasya. zrUyamAne hi sici bhavatyeva, akArSuH, ahArSuH.

laGaH zAkaTAyanasy/aiva ONPANINI 34111
Optionally laG ( jhi to jus after A).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 415

LISTENTO https://youtu.be/hgufLwRkIuA?t=4251

This rule applies to lukclass roots that end in A. Example --

yA + laG jhi →luGlaG ayA + jhi ayA + jus →usya ayus "they went"

In the alternative, we get jhontaH as usual --

yA + laG jhi → ayA + jhi →jhontaH ayA + anti ayAn "they went"

The word laGas "only laG" of this rule might look redundant, as, because of some complicated reasons, without it, this rule would work only in the laG anyway. Yet, the words are included to clarify that this rule works only on laG proper, but never on the loT that became laG-like by loTo laGvat. So we always say yAntu "let them go" with jhi, never with jus.

This rule does not work on the zluclass roots; those get jus complusorily by sija.

The word eva in the rule clarifies that the name of the grammarian zAkaTayANa is not used just pUjArtham, ie, that the rule is optional. This zAkaTayANasyaiva trickles to the next rule, making it optional.

KAZIKA AtaH ityeva. AkArAntAduttarasya laGAdezasya jheH jusAdezo bhavati zAkaTAyanasya AcAryasya matena. ayuH. avuH. anyeSAM mate ayAn. nanu GitaH ityanuvartate. atra laGeva akArAntAdanantaro Git sambhavati na anyaH, tat kiM laGgrahaNena? evaM tarhi laGG eva yo laG vihitaH tasya yathA syAt, laGvadbhAvena yas tasya mA bhUt, loTo laGvad iti. yAntu. vAntu. sijabhyastavidibhyazcety ayam api jher jus loTo na bhavati. bibhyatu. jAgratu. vidantu. jusbhAvamAtraM hi mukhyena laGA vizeSyate. evakAra uttarArthaH.

dviSaz ca ONPANINI 34112
After dviS too.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 416

LISTENTO https://youtu.be/hgufLwRkIuA?t=4253

After dviS, laG jhi to jus optionally.

Only example --

dviS + laG jhi →luGlaG adviS + jhi adviSus "they hated"

This rule is optional. If we choose to not apply it, we get adviSan by jhontaH etc.

KAZIKA laGaH zAkaTAyanasya ityeva. dviSaH parasya laGG Adezasya jher jusAdezo bhavati, zAkaTAyanasya AcAryasya matena. adviSuH. anyeSAM mate adviSan.

tiG;zit sArvadhAtukam ONPANINI 34113
tiG and zit are hard.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 417

LISTENTO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgufLwRkIuA&feature=youtu.be&t=70m56s

The zit root affixes, and the tiG affixes, are said to be " hard affixes" (sArvadhAtukam).

Examples:

tip tas jhi mip vas mas are hard because they are in the tiG list.

zap, za, zyan, zAnac, zatR are hard because they are zit and are root affixes.

Because of sthAnivad, all replacements of hard tiG are also hard. For instance, the t''' in apazyat and the am''' in adveSam are hard, because they replaced a hard.

See also next rule, ArdhadhAtukaM zeSaH.

KAZIKA tiGaH zitaz ca pratyayAH sArvadhAtuka-saMjJA bhavanti. bhavati. nayati. svapiti. roditi. pacamAnaH. yajamAnaH. sArvadhAtukapradezAH sArvadhAtuke yak ity evam AdayaH.

We will need to know which affixes are hard in order to know when to apply some rules, such as for instance sArvadhAtuke yak " yak before hard".

In most other translations of pANini the hard affixes are called sArvadhAtuka affixes. I had to change the name because my students kept mixing up the words sArvadhAtuka and ArdhadhAtuka again and again. If your students are smarter than mine, please feel free to call them sArvadhAtuka affixes instead of hard affixes.

ArdhadhAtukaM zeSaH ONPANINI 34114
The rest are soft.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 418

The root affixes that are not zit and not tiG are called " soft" affixes.

Examples:

TA, Ge, aN etc are neither soft nor hard, because they are not root affixes.

lyap is soft because it is a root affix, it is not zit, and it is not a tiG.

tip tas jhi etc, when they replace liT, are soft, because of the exception liTca. Therefore, their replacements Nal atus us etc. are also soft. And that's why cikSipus did not get zap.

KAZIKA tiGaH zitaz ca varjayitvA anyaH pratyayaH zeSo dhAtusaMzabdanena vihitaH ArdhadhAtuka-saMjJo bhavati. lavitA. lavitum. lavitavyam. dhAtoH ity eva. vRkSatvam. vRkSatA asti. lUbhyAm. lUbhiH. jugupsate.

liT ca ONPANINI 34115
liT replacers (are soft).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 419

LISTENTO https://youtu.be/hgufLwRkIuA?t=4261

Exception to tiGzit.

So in these examples, jhi, tip, ez are soft --

zuc + liT → zuc + jhi → zuc + us →liTidhA zuzucus "they were heartbroken"

(Notice that puganta did not work on zuc before us. This us affix is not Git, because hard apit is Git did not work, but it is kit by asaMyogAlliTkit, so we got kGitica anyway.)

kR + liT tip → kR + Nal → cakR + Nal →acoJNiti cakAra "he made"

mlai + ez mamle "he withered, faded"

As those affixes are soft, kartarizap and tanAdikR did not work.

KAZIKA liD AdezaH tiGG ArdhadhAtuka-saMjJo bhavati. sArvadhAtuka-saMjJAyA apavAdaH. pecitha. zekitha. jagle. mamle. nanu ca eka-saMjJA-'dhikArAd anyatra samAvezo bhavati? satyam etat. iha tu evakAro 'nuvartate, sa niyamaM karisyati.

liG AziSi ONPANINI 34116
liG when wishing is optionally ( soft).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 420 tense

Exception to tiGzit.

The ordinary hard liG may either mean a wish by AziSiliGloTau, or have many other meanings by vidhinimantra and other rules.

This rule says that when it means a wish, we may optionally replace the hard liG affix with a soft liG affix. We cannot do that when it has other meanings besides wishing.

This soft liG is called ben or benedictive in inria, and AzIrliG in the hyderabad verb forms generator. The ordinary hard liG is called opt or optative in inria, and vidhiliG in hyderabad.

Example --

gam + liG → gam + hard tip gam + soft tip → gam + yAt''' → gamyAt "I wish he goes, may he go"

But if we decide not to use this rule --

gam + liG →tiGzit gam + hard tip → gam + yAt''' → gam + zap + yAt''' →iSugami gach + zap + yAt''' →checa gacch + a + yAt → gaccha + et''' → gacchet "I wish he goes, may he go"

The fact that tip is soft in the first example and hard in the second made different rules work. For instance, the hard tip made kartarizap work, but the soft tip did not.

KAZIKA AziSi viSaye yo liG sa ArdhadhAtukasaMjJo bhavati. sArvadhAtukasaMjJAyA apavAdaH. samAvezazca evakArAnuvRtterna bhavati. laviSISTa. paviSISTa. AziSi iti kim? lunIyAt. punIyAt.

See also soft liG is rare .