adi-prabhRtibhyaH zapaH ONPANINI 24072
The lukclass get no zap.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 206

Exception to kartarizap way below, that says that roots get zap before hard doer affix.

There are some roots that get nothing before hard doer. For instance, ad han dviS zIG iN'.

Such roots are called "ad-Adi roots" by Indian grammarians, and "class two roots" by Western grammarians. I call them " lukclass roots", because they get nothing instead of getting zap.

Examples --

ad + laT mip → admi "I eat"

dviS + laT mip →puganta dveS + mi "I hate"

dviS + laG mas →luGlaG adviSmas "we hated"

han + @hard liG tip → han + yAt''' → hanyAt "he would kill"

AG + iN' + loT sip →serhyapicca A + i + hi''' →AdguNaH ehi "come!"

Careful here: this rule replaces zap with luk, but rules [3] to [10] of page verb classes do not replace zap. They are exceptions to kartarizap and add zlu zyan znu etc INSTEAD of adding zap.

yaGo 'ci ca ONPANINI 24074
(Sometimes) yaG to luk, and also before ac''.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 207

The yaGluk roots (such as roru lAlap vAvad), have the same meaning as the yaG roots (roruya lAlapya vAvadya). They are made by adding yaG to any of the roots mentioned in dhAtorekAco, then luking off the yaG.

ru "roar" + yaG →sanyaGoH ru + ru + yaG →guNoyaG;lukoH ro + ru + ya roru "keep roaring, roar loudly"

vad "talk" + yaG →san;yaGoH vavadya →dIrghokitaH vAvadya vAvad "keep talking, talk a lot, rumble (as a drum)"

lap "chatter, prate" + yaG lAlap "keep chattering, have logorrhoea, prate senselessly"

lU "reap" + yaG lolUya → lolU "keep reaping"

As they do not have G label, they are flatty --

vAvad + laT tip →yaGovA vAvad + tip →yaGovA vAvad + Iti → vAvadIti "keeps talking, talks a lot"

roru + laT tip →yaGovA ruru + Iti → roru + Iti →hardsoft roro + Iti →ecoya roravIti "keeps roaring; roars loudly"

(Notice that these got no zap. That's because of a vArttika, yaGluks are lukclass .)

An example before ac'' --

lU "reap" + yaG + ac'' →sanyaGoH lUlU + ya + ac'' lUlU + ac'' →guNoyaGlukoH lolU + a →aciznu loluva- "a great reaper"

(Here lUlU + ac'' did not trigger hardsoft, because of exception nadhAtulopa.)

The yaGluk are all allowed in the laukika according to pANini, but in practice they are mostly found in the veda, and make occasional cameos in the epics.

juhoty-AdibhyaH zluH ONPANINI 24075
hu etc. get zlummmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 208 vikaraNa

Some roots get zlu when others would get zap (that is, before a hard doer affix). These are called zluclass roots, class three roots, or juhotyAdi roots (see verb classes ).

The zlu causes reduplication (by rule zlau) and disappears (by rule pratyayasya). Example --

dA + laT tip dA + zlu + tip →zlau dA + dA + zlu + tip →pratyayasya dAdAti →hrasvaH dadAti "gives"

Whenever this rule works, rules zlau and pratyayasya will too, so I won't always write all steps. Sometimes I'll just type --

dA + laT tip →zlau dA + dA + tip →hrasvaH dadAti "gives"

bhI + laT tip →zlau bhI + bhI + tip bibhI + tip →hardsoft bibheti "is afraid"

hu + laT tip →zlau hu + hu + tip juhu + tip →hardsoft juhoti "pours (ghee on the holy fire)"

bhI + zap → bhe + zap → bhay + zap → bhay + zlu →nalumatA bhI + zlu →zlau bhI + bhI + zlu →pratyayasya bhI + bhI

we always end up with the same thing we'd've got without adding zap. Therefore, pANini said "replace shap with shloo" instead of saying "do not add shap, but add shloo" just in order to save space . As I have no need to save space, I reworded with 'instead' with a view to save my students trouble.

gAti;sthA; ghu;pA; bhUbhyaH sicaH parasmaipadeSu ONPANINI 24077
sic (to luk) before flat after gAti sthA ghu pA bhU.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 209

In other words -- these five roots get no affix at all when they are before luG.

Inria flags these verb forms with "aor [1]". Coulson calls them " root aorist", because no affix is added to the root.

Examples with sthA and bhU --

sthA + luG tip → sthA + t''' →luGlaG asthA + t → asthA + sic + t asthAt "he waited"

bhU + luG tip → bhU + sic + tip bhU + tip →luGlaG abhU + tip → abhU + t''' → abhUt "he was"

Examples with ghu roots --

adAt "he gave"

adhAt "he put"

The "gAti" mentioned in the rule is the gAG that sometimes replaces iN' eti "go" --

iN' + luG tip →iNogAluGi gA + tip →luGlaG agA + tip → agA + t''' → a + gA + sic + t agAt "he went"

mAG + iN' + luG tip mA gAH "don't go"

But this rule will not work after the gA that replaced root gai "sing" --

gai + luG tip → gai + sic + tip →Adeca_u gA + sic + tip agAsIt "he sung"

The pA mentioned in the rule is the zapclass pA pibati that means "drink" --

apA + sic + t''' apAt "he drunk"

and NOT the pA pAti that means "protect, rule"

apAsId rAjA "the king ruled"

This rule only works before flat. So if the same gAG mentioned above gets the bent affix AtAm, the sic stays --

iN' + karmaNi luG AtAm → gA + AtAm →sic gA + s + AtAm →luGlaG agAsAtAm

As in --

agAsAtAGM grAmau devadattena "two villages were gone to by devadatta"

Back to aorist types .

tanAdibhyas ta;thAsoH ONPANINI 24079
( sic to luk optionally) after uclass before ta thAs.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 210 luG

Examples --

tan + luG ta atan + sic + ta atan + ta →anudAtto atata "he expanded"

atathAs "you expanded"

If we don't take the option, we get iSic as usual, as all the uclass are seT --

ataniSTa "he expanded"

ataniSThAs "you expanded"

This rule works before the bent ta "he", but not before the flat ta''' "y'all" --

tan + luG tha atan + iS + ta''' →STunA ataniSTa "y'all expanded"

AmaH ONPANINI 24081
After Am'', ( liT to luk).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 211

After adding Am'' to a root that is before a liT replacer, this rule chops off the liT, wraps it in plastic and keeps it in the fridge (not in the freezer!). See --

IkS + liT → IkS + ta → IkS + ez → IkS + Am'' + ez IkSAm IkSAJMcakre "he made others cook"

luTaH prathamasya DA;rau;rasaH ONPANINI 24085
Third person luT to DA rau ras.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 212

After tAs, replace

tip tas jhi ta AtAm jha

with

DA rau ras DA rau ras.

By rules TeH and rica, the tAs combines with those into --

tA tArau tAras tA tArau tAras

Examples --

kR + luT tip → kR + tAs + tip kR + tAs + DA →TeH kR + tA →hardsoft kartA "he will make"

kR + luT ta → kR + tAs + ta kR + tAs + DA →TeH kR + tA →hardsoft kartA "he will make"

kR + luT jhi → kR + tAs + jhi kR + tAs + ras →rica kR + tAras →hardsoft kartAras "they will make"

pratyayaH ONPANINI 31001
affixes start here.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 213

The things taught in books three, four and five are called affixes.

Examples of affixes, and the rules that describe them --

san 31005 guptij ff

anIyar 31096 tavyattavyA

tRc 31133 NvultRcau

tip tas 34078 tiptas

su au jas 41002 svaujas

GIp 41005 RnnebhyoGIp

aN 41083 prAgdIvyatoN

kap 54151 uraHprabhRtibhyaHkap

See also parazca right below.

paraz ca ONPANINI 31002
(Affixes) go after.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 214

affixes are always added to something. They are usually added AFTER something. As for instance, the affix su may be added after all nounbases --

azva + su → azvas "horse"

Exceptions. Rules Adyantau and midaco cause some affixes to be added in front of, or in the middle of, whatever they are added to. For instance, when car gets aT affix, it turns into acar (see luGlaG).

Ady-udAttaz ca ONPANINI 31003
(Affixes have) acute at the start.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 215 accent

Affixes move the accent to their first vowel unless otherwise specified. Example. When we join --

kR + kta → kRta- "was done"

kR + tavya → kartavya- "should be done"

...the acute will be on the ta -- kRtá, kartávya.

This won't work with the affix tavya(t), because it is tit, which makes titsvaritam work.

Back to labels and accent .

anudAttau sup;pitau ONPANINI 31004
pit and sup are grave.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 216 accent

Exception to AdyudAttazca.