special words ←
chunk 63: preverbs
→ DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------------
List of preverbs.
abhi "towards, approaching"
adhi "towards, approaching"
ati "surpassing, beyond, too much"
apa "away; down; badly"
upa "near; down"
AG "coming"
anu "after"
ava "down"
dus means bad, hard to do, or evil
ku' means evil or bad
su' means good, very, or easily
ni "down"
pari "around"
pra "pre-"
prati "towards; against"
sam
ud
vi
some prefixes
(listofpreverbs) (listp)
List of preverbs.mmmmmmmmm
^ 1279
The meanings of the prAdi can be quite unpredictable. And in some cases they are meaningless (pravizati and vizati both mean "enter", Arohati and rohati are both "climb"). So take the following list as "general guidelines", not as accurate translations --
abhi "towards, approaching"
adhi "towards, approaching"
AG as in Agacchati "comes", from gacchati "goes" (not same as AG', and old name for TA)
anu "following"
apa "away; south"
ati "surpassing, beyond, too much"
ava "down; south"
ni "down"
pari "around"
sam "coming together"
ud "up; north"
upa "near; down"
vi "all around, spreading outwards, going apart"
See also the upasarga list at learnsanskrit dor org.
564 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 3 -- popularity 4
1293 /pra "pre-"
(/abhi) (/ab)
abhi "towards, approaching"mmmmmmmmm
^ 1280
0 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 30 -- popularity 8
550 Rootstarter !S to !s.
663 /ghu {mA sthA gA pA jahAti sA} to !I before consonant /kGit @soft.
1046 The next rules down to !!parinivibhyaHsevasita work even when /aT is in between.
1051 !syand to !S after /anu /vi /pari /abhi /ni (optionally), if meaning nonliving beings
1203 /sic' "sprinkle"
1227 /gam "go"
1279 List of [@preverb]s.
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/adhi) (/adh)
42 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 30 -- popularity 10
(/ati) (/ati)
59 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 30 -- popularity 6
44 /ec shorten into !i !u.
89 Shorten /go- and [/GI]-[/Ap]-enders when they are @latter and @subordinate.
103 (Use @bent) to [@mean the doer] of swapped action.
691 !a of /znam and /as to /lopa (before /kGit).
1279 List of [@preverb]s.
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/apa) (/apa)
apa "away; down; badly"mmmmmmmmm
^ C- 1283
0 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 40 -- popularity 4
108 (@Bent) after !jJA when meaning 'denying'.
602 !kq gets {s(uT)} after /apa when quadrupeds birds dig.
665 Optionally !mA to !mi (before /lyap).
1279 List of [@preverb]s.
(/upa) (/upa)
132 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 40 -- popularity 9
112 /pra !yuj and /upa !yuj (get @bent).
177 The @unchanging, and !Asanna, !adUra, !adhika, and the [@numeral]s are compounded with another @numeral, when used as numbers.
380 After movement, @objectless, !zliS, /zIG, /sthA, /As, /vas', !jan, !ruh, !jR (/kta optionally [@means the doer]).
575 (Delete) "!a !A" of a @preverb before /eG.
601 After /sam /pari /upa, when meaning decorating, /kR gets {s(uT)}.
912 /zIG to !zay before /kGit !y.
1227 /gam "go"
1279 List of [@preverb]s.
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/AG) (/AG)
310 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 50 -- popularity 25
(/anu) (/anu)
226 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 70 -- popularity 7
163 [@unchanging compound]s are made by the next rules.
624 /ap- to !Up after /anu when meaning a place
652 (@Nexttolast of) /zAs to !i before /aG or @consonant /kGit affix.
1051 !syand to !S after /anu /vi /pari /abhi /ni (optionally), if meaning nonliving beings
1279 List of [@preverb]s.
1287 /ava "down"
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/ava) (/ava)
236 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 90 -- popularity 7
149 A @preverb (or /upasarga) is a /prAdi joined by sense to an action.
750 /ktvA to {(l)ya(p)} in a [/naJ]-less @compound.
919 !do !so !mA /sthA to !i before /kit !t.
1049 (!stambh to !S) after /ava when meaning 'supporting' or 'nearness'.
1279 List of [@preverb]s.
1291 /ni "down"
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/dus) (/du)
410 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 111 -- popularity 6
112 /pra !yuj and /upa !yuj (get @bent).
362 (Replace /khal with) /yuc after !A.
(/ku') (/ku')
88 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 142 -- popularity 2
(/su') (/su')
130 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 152 -- popularity 6
361 Add /khal to a root compounded after /ISad /dus /su' when they mean hardly or easily.
362 (Replace /khal with) /yuc after !A.
850 But if there is a @wordfinal !y !v before that first vowel, add !ai !au before the !y !v instead.
(/ni) (/ni)
96 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 186 -- popularity 8
296 Preverbless {limpa}, {vinda}, {dhAri}, {pAri}, {vedi}, {udeji}, {ceti}, {sAti}, {sAhi} get !za.
556 @Short gets /tuk before /pit /kRt.
1043 (/kric works only) when a @Sa-root or an @affix is involved.
1050 Some roots get /Satvam after /pari /ni /vi
1051 !syand to !S after /anu /vi /pari /abhi /ni (optionally), if meaning nonliving beings
1279 List of [@preverb]s.
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/pari) (/pari)
85 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 190 -- popularity 12
(/pra) (/pra)
121 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 211 -- popularity 25
(/prati) (/prat)
prati "towards; against"mmmmmmmmm
^ C+ 1294
prati as a preverb means --
towards
pratigacchati "goes towards"
backwards, against, counter-, back --
pratigacchati "goes back"
vijitya gAz ca prati-yAtu pArthaH "let him take the cows and go back"
pratihanti "he counterstrikes"
prativadati "speaks back, answers"
before a noun it can mean --
westward
pratyac- "western" (has ac''')
against
pratiloma "against the hair"
every (only before time words)
pratidinam "every day"
329 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 220 -- popularity 5
163 [@unchanging compound]s are made by the next rules.
630 (Lengthen vowel) before {c(u)}.
1048 /sad to !S (after !i !u of a @preverb) except /prati.
1302 About the [@postposition]s
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/sam) (/sam)
452 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 252 -- popularity 9
105 After /sam, roots /gam /Rcch /pracch !svar !R !zru !vid /dRz (get @bent if @objectless).
112 /pra !yuj and /upa !yuj (get @bent).
601 After /sam /pari /upa, when meaning decorating, /kR gets {s(uT)}.
623 /ap- to !I after /dvi-, !antar, [@preverb]s.
1009 /sam to ( /ru ) before {s(uT)}.
1024 Replace /sam with !m before !rAj plus /kvip.
1050 Some roots get /Satvam after /pari /ni /vi
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/ud) (/ud)
244 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 271 -- popularity 9
627 !a !A of !sah !vah to !o (before disappeared !Dh).
651 !n of /aJcu stays when it means worshipping
804 (/ktvA /kta /ktavatu get /iT) after /aJcu that means 'honoring'.
989 (/niSThA to !n) after /odit roots.
1084 After /ud, replace !sthA !stambh with !t
1087 (After consonant), optionally delete a /jhar before a @similar /jhar.
1279 List of [@preverb]s.
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
(/vi) (/vi)
vimmmmmmmmm
^ C+ 1297
The preverb vi means "away" --
krINAti he buys
vikrINAti he sells
stIrNa- "spread"
vistIrNa- "spread far and wide"
dravanti "they run"
vidravanti "they run away in all directions"
IkSate "he looks"
vIkSate "he looks all around, he commands a view of"
trasta- "scared"
vi-trasta- "scared out of his wits, terrified, panicked"
zruta- "heard about"
vi-zruta- "heard about all over, famous, renowned"
In the epics, vi is often just to be ignored.
As a former before a noun, vi means "lacking, deprived of" --
vi-ratha- "deprived of his car"
vi-varNa- "discolored"
vi-yoga- "disconnection"
vi-zoka- "sorrowless"
451 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 283 -- popularity 19
(/nis) (/nis)
129 letters. -- 9800preverbs.bse 312 -- popularity 5
89 Shorten /go- and [/GI]-[/Ap]-enders when they are @latter and @subordinate.
112 /pra !yuj and /upa !yuj (get @bent).
922 After a @vowel @preverb, (replace !dA of a /ghu) with !t (before /kit !t).
1036 Non-@affix !iH !uH to (!S before /ku /pu).
1303 /prAdi are !pra etc.
special words ←
chunk 63: preverbs
→ DEFINITIONS --------------------------------------------------