21003 Up to
21005 unchanging compounds are made by the next rules.
21022
21024 A second forms
21044 When used as a tag .
21049 Previous time,
21050 Compass-points and numerals may compound to make a tag.
21051 with the meaning of a
21052 And if the former is a numeral they are
22006
22008 sixth
22010 doesn't when meaning specification.
22016 that means a doer.
22023 The rest are longhorns.
22024 Two or more nouns to mean something else .
22025 The unchanging, and
22027 two identical words to mean "in this" or "with this".
22028 "With him", if the action is shared.
22029
22034 The one with the less vowels .
22038 Optionally swap
headline. The next rules, down to 22038 kaDArAHka, explain what compounds are allowed.
Roughly explained, a compound noun is a noun made by joining two nouns.
Examples in English --
The noun bluegrass means a kind of music. It is made from joining two words, blue and grass, so it's a compound.
The noun coralsnake means a sort of snake. This has a bit more logic than the bluegrass thing, that has hardly anything to do with grass and can't be painted blue.
Then the noun white-eye means a sort of bird. This has more logic than the above two, because these guys have a white circle around each eye.
Examples in Sanskrit --
You may also say
The rules below explain which pairs of nouns may be joined into a compound, and how the meaning of the compound will be related to the meaning of the words. If you are planning to use only compounds that are already listed in whatever Sanskrit dictionaries you have acess to, you have little use for those rules. However, if you have a good grasp of the rules, they will allow you to figure out that some compounds not in your dictionary are kosher, and that some of the compounds in the dictionary suck.
KAZIKA kaDAra-saMzabdanAt prAg yAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH, te samAsa-saMjJA veditavyAH. vakSyati yathA 'sAdRzye (
headline. The words built by following rules, down to 21020, are called
They are considered unchanging and not nouns, even though they have an am at the end, because they never take any other sup.
They are built by compounding a prAdi before a noun, making the compound neuter, and adding am, wich will be affected by svamorna or atom.
Examples --
prati "against, traversely" +
anu +
They are used as adverbs of manner, as in --
KAZIKA avyayIbhAvaH ity adhikAro veditavyaH. yAn ita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH, avyayIbhAva-saMjJA aste veditavyAH. vakSyati yathA 'sAdRzye ( 21007 ). yathA-vRddhaM brAhmaNAn Amantrayasva. anvartha-saMjJA ceyaM mahatI pUrva-pad%Artha-prAdhAnyam avyayIbhAvasya darzayati. avyayIbhAva-pradezAH avyayIbhAvaz ca ( 24018 ) ity evam AdayaH.
headline. Compounds described from this point on, down to 22023 zeSobahuvrIhiH exclusive, are called tatpuruSa compounds.
Roughly explained, a tatpuruSa is a compound that means the same thing as its second half.
For instance, a policeman is a man, and a firefighter is a fighter, so these words are tatpuruSa compounds. Yet, Blackbeard was not a beard, but a pirate, so the compound "Blackbeard" is not a tatpuruSa (it is a longhorn, actually).
Back to types of compounds .
Ordinarily, a kta-ender cannot compound after its object to mean the doer of the action, but these seven can.
Examples --
KAZIKA sup spA iti vartate. tasya vizeSaNam etad dvitIyA. dvitIyAntaM subantam zritAdibhiH saha samasyate, tatpuruSazca samAso bhavati. kaSTaM zritaH kaSTazritaH. narakazritaH. atIta kAntAram atItaH kAntArAtitaH. patita narakam patitaH narakapatitaH. gata grAmam gataH grAmagataH. atyasta taraGganatyastaH taraGgAtyastaH. tuhinAtyastaH. prApta sukhaM prAptaH sukhaprAptaH. Apanna sukham ApannaH sukhApannaH. duHkhApannaH. zrittAdiSu gamigAmyAdinAm upasaGkhyanam. grAmaM gamI grAmagamI. grAmam gAmI grAmAgAmI. odanaM bubhukSuH odanabubhukSuH.
Examples --
The compounding is compulsory when making a tag, and forbidden when these phrases are used in their proper meaning --
KAZIKA saMjJAyAM viSaye saptayantaM supA saha samasyate, tatpuruSazca samAso bhavati. saMjJA samudAyopAdhiH. tena nitya-samAsa eva ayam, na hi vAkyena saMjJA gamyate. araNyetilakAH. araNyemASAH. vanekiMzukAH. vane bilvakAH. kUpepizAcakAH. haladantAt saptamyAH saMjJAyAm ity aluk.
Ordinarily, we cannot compound together to words that refer to the same thing to mean that same thing. For instance, we may not compound
This rule is an exception to that general rule. The words listed in the rule can be optionally compounded in front of the word they go with, without change of meaning.
Example with
Example with a word meaning previous time --
KAZIKA sup supA iti vartate. tasya vizeSaNam etat. pUrvakAla eka sarva jarat purANa nava kevala ityete subantAH samAnAdhikaraNena supA saha samasyante, tatpuruSazca samAso bhavati. bhinnapravRttinimittasya zabdasya ekasminn arthe vRttiH sAmAnAdhikaraNyam. pUrvakAlaH ityarthanirdezaH, pariziSTAnAM svarUpagrahaNam. pUrvakAlo 'parakAlena samasyate. snAtAnuliptaH. kRSTasamIkRtam. dagdhaprarUDham. ekazATI. ekabhikSA. sarvadevAH. sarvamanuSyAH. jaraddhastI. jaradgRSTiH. jaradvRttiH. purANAnnam. purANAvasatham. navAnnam. navAvasatham. kevalAnnam. samAnAdhikaraNena iti kim? ekasyAH zATI.
Counterexamples --
To mean five
To mean seven sages, we may say
Examples with a numeral --
Example with a diz- --
KAZIKA samAnAdhikaraNena ityApAdasamApter anuvartate. digvAcinaH zabdAH saGkhyA ca samAnAdhikaraNena subantena saha samasyante, tatpuruSazca samAso bhavati saMjJayAM vaSaye. pUrveSukAmazamI. apareSukAmazamI. paJcAmrAH. saptarSayaH. saMjJAyAm iti kim? uttarA vRkSAH. paJca brAhmANAH.
(1) example with the meaning of a taddhita.
The taddhita aN may mean "prepared in" when talking about grains --
This
Therefore, according to this rule, we may also use the numeral
Rule dvigurekavacanam worked here because
(2) Example when the new compound will be the former of another compound.
Ordinarily cannot compound together
Rule nAvodvigoH worked here because
(3) Examples meaning a group --
KAZIKA dik-saGkhye ityanuvartate. taddhitArthe viSaye uttarapade ca parataH samAhAre ca abhidheye diksaGkhye samAnAdhikaraNena supA saha samasyete, tatpuruSazca samAso bhavati. taddhitArthe tAvat pUrvasyAM zAlAyAM bhavaH, dik-pUrva-padAd asaMjJAyAM JaH
The compounds made by the previous rule are all tatpuruSa. If the first half is a numeral, they are dvigu too.
Example: "
The dvigu are singular, by dvigurekavacanam.
The
The
Each compound of naJ + X may mean either "that has no X" --
or "that is not X" --
Some may mean "lack of X, X-lessness" or "opposite of X" --
This naJ looks like
KAZIKA naJ samarthena subantena saha samasyate, tatpuruSazca samAso bhavati. na brAhmaNaH abrAhmaNaH. avRSalaH.
And the compound is tatpuruSa.
Usually, when a first, third, etc links to a noun, in cases like
Examples --
See exception nanirdhAraNe below.
KAZIKA SaSThy-antaM subantaM samarthena subantena saha samasyate, tatpuruSazca samAso bhavati. rAjJaH puruSaH rAjapuruSaH. brAhmaNakambalaH. kRdyogA ca SaSThI samasyata iti vaktavyam. idhmaprabrazcanaH. palAzazAtanaH. kim artham idam ucyate? pratipadavidhAnA ca SaSThI na samasyate iti vakSyati, tasyAyaM purastAdapakarSaH.
Exception to SaSThI above. The sixth that means "among" (see 23041) won't compound.
So, we cannot turn --
into
Even though this rule does not say so, a seventh that means specification (as in
KAZIKA pUrveNa samAse prApte pratiSedha Arabhyate. nirdhArane yA SaSThI sA na samasyate. jAtiguNakriyAbhiH samudAyAdekadezasya pRthakkaraNaM nirdhAranam. kSatriyo manuSyANAm zUratamaH. kRSNA gavAM sampannakSIratamA. dhavann adhvagAnAM zIghratamaH. pratipada-vidhAnA ca SaSThI na samasyate iti vaktavyam. sarpiSo jJAnam. madhuno jJAnam.
Exception to SaSThI.
So, these pairs won't form compounds --
Of course, words that mean the doer of their root but are formed with other kRt affixes may compound after a sixth just fine. For instance, the nounbase
KAZIKA kartari ca yau tRj-akau tAbhyAM saha SaSThI na samasyate. sAmarthyAdakasya vizeSaNArthaM kartR-grahaNam, itaratra vyabhicArAbhAvAt. apAM sraSTA. purAM bhettA. vajrasya bhartA. nanu ca bhartRzabdo hy ayaM yAjakAdiSu paThyate? sambandhi-zabdasya patiparyAyasya tatra grahanam. akaH khalvapi odanasya bhojakaH. saktUnAM pAyakaH.
headline. The compounds described by the next five rules ( anekamanyapadArthe to tenasaheti) are called longhorn compounds.
Actually, when we say " longhorn", we usually mean a compound made by anekamanyapadArthe. The compounds described by the next four rules are not properly longhorns, but they behave in grammar as if they were, so they are subject to rules such as bahuvrIhau prakRtyA pUrva-padam.
KAZIKA upayukatAd anyaH zeSaH. SezaH samAso bahuvrIhisaMjJo bhavati. kaz ca zeSaH samAso noktaH. vakSyati anekam anyapadArthe citraguH. zabalaguH. kRSNottarAsaGgaH. zeSaH iti kim? unmattagaGgam. lohitagaGgam. bahuvrIhipradezAH. na bahuvrIhAv ity evam AdayaH.
This may be reworded as:
"You may join several nouns to make a compound adjective."
Those are called longhorn compounds.
Examples of compounding two nouns --
Example of compounding three nouns --
The wording of this rule is far too wide. For the compounding to be allowed, the two nouns must either have the same referent, as in
KAZIKA anekaM subantam anyapadArthe vartamAnaM supA saha samasyate, bahuvrIhizca samAso bhavati. prathamArtham ekaM varjayitvA sarveSu vibhakty-artheSu bahuvrIhir bhavati. prAptam udakaM yaM grAmaM prAptodako grAmaH. UDha-ratho 'naDvAn. upagRta-pazU rudraH. udghRtaudanA sthAlI. citragur devadattaH. vIra-puruSako grAmaH. prathamArthe tu na bhavati. vRSTe deve gataH. anekagrahanaM kim? bahUnAm api yathA syAt, susUkSmajaTakezena sugajAjinavAsasA. samantazitirandhreNa dvayor vRttau na sidhyati. bahuvrIhiH samAnAdhikaraNAnam iti vaktavyam. vyadhikaraNAnAM mA bhUt, paJcabhir bhuktamasya.avyayAnAM ca bahuvrIhir vaktavyaH. uccair-mukhaH. nIcair-mukhaH. saptamy upamAna-pUrva-padasya uttara-pada-lopaz ca vaktavyaH. kaNThe sthitaH kAlo 'sya kaNThekalaH. urasilomA. uSTrasya mukham iva mukhaM yasya sa uSTramukhaH. kharamukhaH. samudAyavikAraSaSThyAzca bahuvrIhiruttarapadalopazca iti vaktavyam. kezAnAM saGghAtaH kezasaGghAtaH, kezasaGghAtaH cUDA 'sya kezacUDaH. suvarNasya vikAro 'laGkAro 'sya suvarNAlaGkAraH. prAdibhyo dhatujasya uttarapadasya lopazca vA bahuvrIhir vaktavyaH. prapatitaM parNamasya praparNaH, prapatitaparNaH. pratitaM palAzamasya prapalAzaH, prapatitapalAzaH. naJo 'sty arthAnAM bahuvrIhir vAc%ottarapada-lopaz ca vaktavyaH. AvidyamAnaH putro yasya aputraH, avidyamAnaputraH. abhAryaH, avidyamAnabhAryaH. sub-adhikAre 'stikSIrAdInAM bahuvrIhir vaktavyaH. asti-kSIrA brAhmaNI. asty-Adayo nipAtAH.
All of my students take a long time to understand that compounds like
And this compound will be a longhorn.
Example with the unchanging upa --
Example with a numeral --
Example with
But the compounding is not allowed here --
because here the
KAZIKA saGkhyeye yA saGkhyA vartate tayA saha avyayA'sannAdUrAdhikasaGkhyAH samasyante bahuvrIhizca samAso bhavati. avyaya upadazAH. upaviMzAH. AsannadazAH. AsannaviMzAH. adUradazAH. adUraviMzAH. adhikadazAH. adhikaviMzAH. saGkhyA dvitrAH. tricaturAH. dvidazAH. saGkhyayA iti kim? paJca brAhmaNAH. avyayA 'sannAdUrAdhikasaGkhyAH iti kim? brAhmaNAH paJca. saGkhyeye iti kim? adhikA viMzatir gavAm.
This applies when a fight is meant.
With "in this", the compounds mean "pulling" (
And with "with this", they mean "hitting" (
These compounds are unchanging and longhorn, and are formed this way --
The fact that they are longhorn makes bahuvrIhauprakRtyA work.
This rule won't apply if the two words are different, so no such compounding is allowed here --
KAZIKA tatra iti saptamyantaM gRhyate. tena iti tRtIyAntam. sarUpa-grahanaM pratyekam abhisambadhyate. tatra iti saptamy-ante sarUpe pade teneti ca tRtIyAnte idam ity etasminn arthe saMsyete, bahuvrIhiz ca samAso bhavati. itikaranazca iha vivakSArtho laukikam artham anusArayati. tato grahaNaM, praharanaM karma-vyatIhAro, yuddhaM ca samAsArthaH iti sarvam itikaranAllabhyate. yat tatra iti nirdiSTaM grahaNam cet tad bhavati, yat tena iti nirdiSTaM praharanaM cet tad bhavati, yad idam iti nirdiSTaM yuddhaM cet tad bhavati. kezeSu kezeSu ca gRhItvA idaM yuddhaM pravRttaM kezAkezi. kacAkaci. daNDaizca daNDaizca prahRtya idaM yuddhaM pravRttaM daNDAdaNDi. musalAmusali. ic karma-vyatihAre iti ic samAsAntaH, sa ca avyayam. anyeSAm api dRzyate iti pUrva-padasya dIrgha-tvam. sarUpagrahaNaM kim? halaizca musalaizca prahRtya idaM yuddhaM pravRttam.
Adding the trickle, and taking samarthAnA into account, this rule means --
"The form saha- may be compounded before a third-ender that does the same action as the doer of the sentence, and that compound is a longhorn."
Example. If the priest leaves, and his sons leave too, and they all leave together, then they all share the same action. In such a situation we may say --
Here,
Notice that because we erased the bhis of
Why does
See also
KAZIKA saha ity etac chAbda-rUpaM tulya-yoge vartamAnaM tena iti tRtIyA-'ntena saha samasyate, bahuvrIhiz ca samAso bhavati. saha putreNAgataH saputraH. sacchAtraH. sakarmakaraH. tulyayoge iti kim? sahaiva dazabhiH putrair bhAraM vahati gardabhI. vidyamAtair eva dazabhiH putrair bhAraM vahati ity arthaH. kathaM sakarmakaH, salomakaH, sapakSakaH iti? na hy atra tulyayogo gamyate. kiM tarhi? vidyamAnatA. prAyikaM tulyayoge iti vizeSanam. anyatrApi samAso dRzyate.
We may replace any number of nouns joined by "and" with a compound.
Example. You may replace optionally --
The compound has the same case as all the nouns, the same gender as the last one, and its number is the sum of the numbers --
There are many rules about the order of parts inside dvandva compounds, but most of them should not be taken seriously, like alpActaram.
KAZIKA anekam iti vartate. anekaM subantaM c' .Arthe vartamAnam samasyate, dvandva-saMjJaz ca samAso bhavati. samuccayAnvAcayetaretara-yoga-samAhArAzca arthAH. tatra samuccayAnvAcayayor asAmarthyAt nAsti samAsaH. itaretarayoge samAhAre ca samAso vidhIyate. plakSaz ca nyagrodhaz ca plakSa-nyagrodhau. dhavaz ca khadiraz ca palAzaz ca dhava-khadira-palAzAH. vAk ca tvak ca vAk-tvacam. vAgdRSadam. dvandvapradezAH dvandve ca 11031 ity evam AdayaH.
In a dvandva, place the word with less vowels first --
This rule is not compulsory. Otherwise, rule lakSaNa-hetvoH kriyAyAH would have been worded as
Numbers are sorted numerically --
Brothers are sorted from eldest to youngest --
KAZIKA dvandve iti vartate. alpActaraM zabda-rUpaM dvandve samAse pUrvaM prayoktavyam. plakSaz ca nyagrodhaz ca plakSa-nyagrodhau. dhavakhadirapalAzAH. bahuSv aniyamaH zaGkha-dundubhi-vINAH, vINA-zaGkha-dundubhayaH. Rtu-nakStrANAm AnupUrvyeNa samAnakSarAnAM pUrva-nipAto vaktavyaH. hemanta-zizira-vasantAH. citrAsvAtI. kRttikArohiNyau. samAnAkSarANAm iti kim? grISma-vasantau. laghvakSaraM pUrvaM nipatati iti vaktavyam. kuzakAzam. zarazAdam. abhyarhitaM ca pUrvaM nipatati iti vaktavyam. mAtApitarau. zraddhamedhe. dIkSA-tapasI. varNAnAm AnupUrvyeNa pUrva-nipAtaH. brAhmaNa-kSatriya-viT-zUdrAH. samAnAkSarANAm ity atra na asti. bhrAtuz ca jyAyasaH pUrva-nipAto vaktavyaH. yudhiSThir%Arjunau. saGkhyAyA alpIyasyAH pUrva-nipAto vaktavyaH. dvi-trAH. tri-caturAH. navati-zatam.
So, these two compounds are good --
KAZIKA gunazabdAnAM vizeSanatvAt pUrvanipAte prApte vikalpa ucyate. kaDArAdayaH karmadhAraye samAse vA pUrvaM. prayoktavyAH. kaDArajaiminiH, jaiminikaDAraH. kaDAra. guDula. kANa. khaJja. kuNTha. khaJjara. khalati. gaura. vRddha. bhikSuka. piGgala. tanu. vaTara. karmadharaye iti kim? kaDArapuruSo grAmaH. iti zrIjayAdityaviracitAyAM kAzikAyAM vRttau dvitIyAdhyAyasya dvitIya pAdaH. dvitIyAdhyAyasya tRtIyaH pAdaH