chunk 12: 21003 compounds chunk 12: 21003 compounds
21003 Up to
21005 unchanging compounds are made by the next rules.
21022
21044 When used as a tag .
21050 Compass-points and numerals may compound to make a tag.
21051 with the meaning of a
21052 And if the former is a numeral they are
22006
22008 sixth
22010 doesn't when meaning specification.
22016 that means a doer.
22023 The rest are longhorns.
22024 two or more to mean something else.
22028 "with him", if the action is shared.
22029
22034 The one with the less vowels .
22038 Optionally swap
^ 
headline. The next rules, down to 22038 kaDArAHka, explain what compounds are allowed.
Roughly explained, a compound noun is a noun that made by joining two nouns.
Examples in English.
The noun bluegrass means a kind of music. It is made from joining two words, blue and grass, so it's a compound.
The noun coralsnake means a sort of snake. This has a bit more logic than the bluegrass thing, that has hardly anything to do with grass and can't be painted blue.
Then the noun white-eye means a sort of bird. This has more logic than the above two, because these guys have a white circle around each eye.
Examples in Sanskrit.
^ 
headline. The words built by following rules, down to 21020, are called
They are considered unchanging and not nouns, even though they have an am at the end, because they never take any other sup.
They are built by compounding a prAdi before a noun, making the compound neuter, and adding am, wich will be affected by svamorna or atom.
Examples --
prati "against, traversely" +
anu +
They are used as adverbs of manner, as in --
^ 
headline. Compounds described from this point on, down to 22023 zeSobahuvrIhiH exclusive, are called tatpuruSa compounds.
Roughly explained, a tatpuruSa is a compound that means the same thing as its second half.
For instance, a policeman is a man, and a firefighter is a fighter, so these words are tatpuruSa compounds. Yet, Blackbeard was not a beard, but a pirate, so the compound "Blackbeard" is not a tatpuruSa (it is a longhorn, actually).
Back to types of compounds .
^ 
Examples --
The compounding is compulsory when making a tag, and forbidden when these phrases are used in their proper meaning --
^ 
Counterexamples --
To mean five
To mean seven sages, we may say
Examples with a numeral --
Example with a diz- --
pUrva- +
apara- +
^ (1) example with the meaning of a taddhita.
The taddhita aN may mean "prepared in" when talking about grains --
This
Therefore, according to this rule, we may also use the numeral
Rule dvigurekavacanam worked here because
(2) Example when the new compound will be the former of another compound.
Ordinarily cannot compound together
Rule nAvodvigoH worked here because
(3) Examples meaning a group --
^ The compounds made by the previous rule are all tatpuruSa. If the first half is a numeral, they are dvigu too.
Example: "
The dvigu are singular, by dvigurekavacanam.
^ The unchanging naJ means
It takes the form
And
The
This naJ is the same "an / a" that appears in Greek words like an-archist, a-theist, a-gnostic. We may sometimes translate it as a(n)-, in-, un-, non-. Anorgasmic is who has no orgasms, unethical is what is not ethical, non wordfinal is what is not wordfinal, and immaculate is what is not maculate.
But it may also mean "lacking" --
^ And the compound is tatpuruSa.
Usually, when a first, third, etc links to a noun, in cases like
Examples --
See exception nanirdhAraNe below.
^ 
Exception to SaSThI. The sixth that means "among" (see 23041) won't compound.
So in --
We may not say
^ 
Exception to SaSThI.
So these pairs won't form compounds --
^ headline. The compounds described by the next five rules ( anekamanyapadArthe to tenasaheti) are called longhorn compounds.
Actually, when we say " longhorn", we usually mean a compound made by anekamanyapadArthe. The compounds described by the next four rules are not properly longhorns, but they behave in grammar as if they were, so they are subject to rules such as bahuvrIhau prakRtyA pUrva-padam.
^ A longhorn is a sort of compound made by joining several nouns, and that describes something else than those words.
Examples.
"longhorn" means a sort of cow (that has long horns). Therefore it doesn't mean a horn. Therefore it is a longhorn compound.
"white-eye" means a sort of bird (that has a white ring around the eyes). It does not mean any kind of eye, so it is a longhorn compound.
Counterexamples.
The word "foghorn" means a sort of horn, used to warn ships in foggy conditions. Therefore it is not a longhorn compound.
There is a very important difference between English longhorn compounds and Sanskrit longhorn compounds. An English dictionary will tell you that the word "longhorn" is a noun can only be used to mean a certain breed of cattle. However, the corresponding Sanskrit
The Sanskrit longhorn compounds are naturally adjectives that describe something else. Therefore they will take the gender of whatever they describe --
Like all adjectives, they can be used with or without the noun they describe --
^ In more words --
"The form saha- may be compounded with a third-ender that does the same action as the doer of the sentence. The compound is a longhorn."
Example. If he came, and his sons came too, we might say --
or more briefly --
where saha is a postposition that made the nounbase
According to this rule, however, we may, if we wish, replace
Notice that the compound will end in su because there is one priest, no matter how many sons came with him.
^ We may replace any number of nouns joined by "and" with a compound.
Example. You may replace optionally --
The compound has the same case as all the nouns, the same gender as the last one, and its number is the sum of the numbers --
There are many rules about dvandva compounds, but some shoul not be taken seriously, like alpActaram.
^ In a dvandva, place the word with less vowels first --
This rule is just a suggestion. Disobey it if you like. Everybody does that.
^ So, these two compounds are good --
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