56: pronoun tables

about "this" and "that"mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1104

These nounbases mean "this" --

idam- "this"

etad- "this"

These nounbases mean "that" --

tad- "that"

adas- "that"

tyad- "that" -- rarely used outside of the veda

etad- "this"mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1105

etad- means "this", same as idam-. Grammatically, it works exactly like tad-, but with an e added in front --

tad- n + su →svamorna tad "this"

tad vezma "that house"

etad vezma "this house"

That added e appears to cause kric in front of sas sA --

tad- m + su → sas m "that"

eSas m "this"

sA f "that"

eSA f "this"

siMhy eSA "this lioness"

etattado works on eSas --

siMha:: eSaH "this lion"

eSa siMhaH "this lion"

When meaning "this", etad- is used less often than idam-. But you'll hear a lot of etad- in the sense of "look!, here it is!, here you have!, voilà!" --

siMha:: eSaH "look, here's the lion!"

Back to about "this" and "that" .

tad- "that".mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1106

Properly speaking, tad- only means "that", ie it is used to refer to what is not nearby.

Yet, you should often translate tad- as "the", "he", "she", "it", "they", if that makes better English.

Notice that Sanskrit does not have words that exactly translate "he she it they". To mean third persons, you preferentially use no pronoun at all --

carati "he / she walks"

or pronouns meaning "this" or "that", as in --

sa carati "that one walks, he walks"

sA carati "that one walks, she walks"

eSa carati "this one walks, he walks"

eSA carati "this one walks, she walks"

Back to about "this" and "that" .

Pronoun tables.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1107

idam- "this, these" idam masculine idam feminine idam neuter

etad- "this, these" -- etad masculine etad neuter etad feminine

tad- "that, those" tad masculine tad neuter tad feminine

adas- "that, those" adas masculine adas feminine adas neuter

kim- "which one(s)?" -- kim masculine kim neuter kim feminine

yad- "the one(s) that" -- yad masculine yad neuter yad feminine

yuSmad- "you" yuSmad all genders

asmad- "I, we, us" asmad all genders

yuSmad- asmad- tables.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1108

These tables show the nounbases yuSmad- "you" and asmad- "I, we" combined with the twenty-one sup affixes. The greens link to the rules that make each form.

Table of yuSmad- "you".

tvam yuvAm yUyam yuSmad- asmad- with first

tvAm yuvAm yuSmAn yuSmad- asmad- with second

tvayA yuvAbhyAm yuSmAbhis yuSmad- asmad- with third

tubhyam yuvAbhyAm yuSmabhyam yuSmad- asmad- with fourth

tvattas tvat yuvAbhyAm yuSmattas yuSmat yuSmad- asmad- with fifth

tava yuvayos yuSmAkam yuSmad- asmad- with sixth

tvayi yuvayos yuSmAsu yuSmad- asmad- with seventh

hanger forms --

amauTchaS

tvA vAm vas

GebhyAmbhyas and GasosAm