12027 What has the duration of
12028 But only if it's a vowel.
12029 Acute means high tone.
12030 Grave means low tone
12031 Falling is mixed
12042 A
12045 Nounbase is what has meaning, is not a root, and has no affix.
12046
12047 Shorten neuter nounbase
12048 Shorten
12051 When there is
13001 roots are
13003 Final consonant .
13004 But the final
13005
13006 The initial
13007
13008
13009 Labels are invisible.
13010 When a rule has two lists of the same length, understand "respectively".
(The "
Example. In the word
And, of course, an extralong is a vowel longer than a long .
Even though
See exception acazca below.
In the rules, the terms " short", " long" and " extralong" mean vowels only.
Example. If any rule says "replace with a short", that rule will replace a long vowel with a short vowel, or will replace a long vowel with itself, but it will never replace a consonant.
The vowel that has the acute accent is pronounced with a pitch higher than the others.
Back to accent.
gaN(A)nAM tvA gaN(a)patiM havAmahe kav(i)M kavIn(A)m upam(a)zravastamam
listen to it here --
A grave vowel is pronounced with the average, normal tone. Everything is grave except the acute and the falling.
Back to accent.
A vowel has a falling (
When a vowel has to be acute according to the rules, ands the next one has to be grave, the grave is automatically replaced with a
The exception to that is the so-called "independent
also here --
the word
Back to accent.
A tatpuruSa is a compound that means the same thing as its latter.
For instance, a firefighter is a fighter, so the compound "firefighter" is a tatpuruSa.
And a blackbird is a bird, so the compound "blackbird" is a tatpuruSa.
If the first half of the tatpuruSa also means the same thing as the whole and as the second half, then it is a karmadhAraya, in addition to being a tatpuruSa.
A firefighter is a fighter, but he is not fire, so the compound "firefighter" is a tatpuruSa, but not a karmadhAraya.
And a blackbird is a black thing, so the compound "blackbird" is a karmadhAraya, and a tatpuruSa as well.
Examples:
So is
Counterexamples:
the word
Forms like
Rule arthavada above says that some words are nounbases. This rule clarifies that --
(1) kRt-enders are nounbases
Example.
(2) taddhita-enders are nounbases
Example.
(3) compounds are nounbases
This "compounds are nounbases" thing in fact means --
"when we remove the sup and feminine affix at the end of a compound, what is left is a nounbase".
Examples.
Joining
Removing the sup at the end of
Joining
Removing the sup at the end of
Not many neuter nounbases end in a long vowel. So my examples are compounds of rai-, nau-, rootnoun --
Examples --
nis +
ati +
The su added after these GI Ap will not be deleted by halGyA --
Making a long story short, this rule allows sentences like "I'm going to the Aussies" to mean "I'm going to the country where the Aussies live" and still be grammatical.
An example. The
This
To bring this
.. add the KAZIKA and more examples of masc. pl country names
roots are things invented by grammarians that appear in a list called the dhAtupATha. Such as
Roots cannot be used alone. Before use, we must add to them either a tense (to make a verb), or a kRt affix (to make a nounbase).
The tense will always be replaced with a tiG, by lasya --
The nounbase will always be affected by GyApprA --
In some rules, the word
Examples:
In the zivasUtra list,
the
In the list tiptas (tip tas jhi sip thas tha... )
the
the
in the dhAtupATha (list of roots), (bhU edha spardha... pluG... )
the
and the
in list svaujas (su au jas am auT zas TA bhyAm bhiS...)
the first
Examples:
in the list tiptas (tip tas jhi... ta AtAm jha... ) the
in the list svaujas (su au jas... Gas os Am...) the
The Ji Tu'
See --
Ji for examples of
Tu' for examples of
Du for examples of
So the
Whatever has
Examples of cu labels --
Examples of Tu labels --
Examples:
However, the
Talkaround. The label letters (a.k.a.
In particular --
(1) A label never makes it into an actual word.
So, when we join
(2) In any rule, "first letter of" means "first non- label letter of".
Example. When we join
(3) When counting letters, labels aren't counted.
Rule halGyA says "delete sip if it has one letter".
Exception to sthAnentaratamaH.
Examples:
TAGasi rule replaces TA Gasi Gas with
ecoya rule replaces
tas;thas;tha;mipAM tAM;taM;t%AmaH replaces