11023 numerals ←

chunk 5: 11049 rule interpretation

→ 12001 automatic labels

11049 Sixth in a rule can mean "replace". SaSThIsthAneyogA
11050 Replace with the most-alike. sthAnentaratamaH
11051 Whenever aN'' replaces R RR, add r afterwards. uraNraparaH
11052 Replace only the last letter. alontyasya
11053 The Git . Gicca
11054 Replace the start of what comes afterwards. AdeHparasya
11055 But what has two or more letters, or is zit, replaces the whole. anekAlzitsarvasya
11056 Replacement is like original, except for letter-rules. sthAnivadAdezonalvidhau
11057 Replacement of vowel when what is after it tries to change what is before it. acaHparasminpUrvavidhau
11060 lopa means invisibility. adarzanaMlopaH
11061 luk zlu lup replace a whole affix . pratyayasyalukzlulupaH
11062 When an affix dissapears, its affix-specific effects stay. pratyayalopepratyayalakSaNam
11063 Except stem-changes made by an affix replaced with lu. nalumatAGgasya
11064 Tail is what starts at last vowel. acontyAdiTi
11065 Letter before last is nexttolast. alontyAtpUrva::upadhA
11066 Seventh in a rule may mean "before". tasminnitinirdiSTepUrvasya
11067 Fifth in a rule may mean "after it". tasmAdityuttarasya
11068 Words in rules stand for themselves, unless they are terms. svaMrUpaMzabdasyAzabdasaJjJA
11069 aN'' and udit include similars. aNuditsavarNasyacApratyayaH
11070 Vowel with t means its own time. taparastatkAlasya
11071 Grab from the start to the one that has the end as label after it. AdirantyenasahetA
11072 Rules that apply to whatever, apply to whatever-enders. yenavidhistadantasya




 

SaSThI sthAne-yogA ONPANINI 11049
Sixth in a rule can mean "replace".mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 45

This is a talkaround. It says that sometimes the sixth ending in a rule means "replace this". Even though in ordinary Sanskrit the sixth ending means "of this".

Example. The first word ikas of rule iko yaN aci, is made from ik + Gas, and means "replace ik". And in rule Tita, the word Tes (made from Ti + Gas) means "replace the Ti".

Counterexample. In rule Tita, the word Titas (made from Tit + Gas), means "of a Tit".

In practice, most the sixth endings in rules mean "replace", because there are many many rules of the style "replace this with that when whatever happens".

More examples --

The es word in rule er uH is i + Gas and means "replace i with"

The vyos in lopo vyor vali has os, and means "replace v y with"

The TAGasiGasAm in TA-Gasi-GasAm inAtsyAH has Am, and means "replace TA Gasi Gas with"




 

sthAne 'ntaratamaH ONPANINI 11050
Replace with the most-alike.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 46

When a rule replaces a letter with a list of letters, we must choose the replacement that is most like the replaced in sound, in tongue position, etc.

Example 1.

In sA + uvAca, rule AdguNaH says "delete A, and replace u with one of a e o". This means that we have to replace u with o, because o is the most u-like of the three in position. More in detail --

i and I become e (because these three letters raise tongue tip)

u uu become o (because these three letters close lips some)

R RR L become a (because "none of the above"), and then this a becomes "ar" or "al" by ( uraNra

Example 2.

Some rule says "replace S d D s with t T when this and that happens". Here S D become T, and s becomes t, because the most alike is the one with the same position, or with the nearest position.

Example 3.

Rule kuhozcu says that we have to replace h with the most alike of c ch j jh J. None of those has the same position as h, yet jh is the most h-like of the five by sound. That's obvious to anyone that is used to say all these six letters with a good accent -- if that's not your case, ask Teacher how to learn to do that.




 

ur aN ra-paraH ONPANINI 11051
Whenever aN'' replaces R RR, add r afterwards.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 47

This is a talkaround rule. Explained in more detail, it teaches --

" Rules that say ' replace R RR with A I U a i u ' actually replace them with Ar Ir Ur ar ir ur. "

Example 1. Suppose we join mahA + RSis. Rule AdguNaH says literally "trash the A and replace R with a", but that actually means "trash the A and replace R with ar". So we get --

mahA + RSis AdguNaH maharSis

Example 2. When joining smR + zap, rule hardsoft teaches "replace R and RR with a", but that means "replace R and RR with ar". Therefore --

smR + laT tipsmR + zap + ti hardsoft smarati "remembers"

Example 3. Rule Rta::ut says "replace R with u", but that means "replace R with ur" (see Rta::ut for examples).

smR + laT tipsmR + zap + ti hardsoft sma + a + ti uraNra smarati

Those lines are mistakes and must be fixed. I'm on it. We apologize for the inconveniences.




 

alo 'ntyasya ONPANINI 11052
Replace only the last letter.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 48

talkaround rule --

"when a rule tells us to replace something, it means replace the last letter of that something"

Example. The vadhU in vadhU + calling, is a nadI. Therefore rule ambArtha says here "replace vadhU with short". But that means "replace the last letter of vadhU with short" --

vadhU- + @calling su ambArtha vadhu- + s eGhra vadhu "hi young lady"

Because of exception anekAlzit, this rule works only when the replacement has one letter. So if you want, you may remember this rule as --

"one-letter replacements replace only one letter"

See exception AdeHparasya.

See exception Gicca.




 

Gic ca ONPANINI 11053
The Git (replace only one letter).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 49

(Exception in advance to anekAlzi.)

The Git mentioned here are a few short replacements such as anaG AnaG avaG iyaG uvaG. The G labels in them mean that they replace only one letter. The a before that G is just padding.

Example. Rule Rduzana says: "replace R-enders and uzanas with an(aG) before su". Because of Gicca , this means that we replace only the last letter of the R-ender or of uzanas- and not the whole R-ender or the whole uzanas-. See --

pitR- + supit + an + supitanspitA "father" ( by the same three rules that make rAjA )

uzanas- + suuzana + an + su atoguNe uzanansuzanA "pn (of a sage)" ( by the same three rules that make rAjA )

See also exception anekAlzit.

Back to summary of replacing one letter or many .




 

AdeH parasya ONPANINI 11054
Replace the start of what comes afterwards.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 50

Exception to alontyasya.

Rule alontyasya says "replace only the last letter". For instance, when rule hardsoft teaches "replace nI with e before zap", only the I is replaced, and we get ne.

Yet, because of this exception, when a rule says "replace this with that AFTER that", then only the FIRST letter is replaced.

So we always replace the letter closest to the cause of the change.

Example. Rule mAdu says: "replace matup with v after saras-". Here only the FIRST letter of matup is replaced --

saras + matup mAdu saras + vatupsarasvat- "that has lakes"

See also exception anekAlzit.

Back to summary of replacing one letter or many .




 

anekAl;zit sarvasya ONPANINI 11055
But what has two or more letters, or is zit, replaces the whole.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 51

Rules alontyasya and AdeHparasya say that replacements replace only one letter of the original (the first or the last).

However, a replacement that has more that one letter will replace all of the original. Examples --

So when rule atobhisa says "replace bhis with ais", all of the bhis is replaced, not just the bh.

And when rule TAGasi replaces Gas with sya, all of Gas is replaced, not just the a.

Also, a zit replacement (such as zi, ez, zI) will replace all of the original. Examples --

So when rule jazzasozziH says "replace jas with zi", all of the jas is replaced, not just the a.

And when liTastajhayorezirec replaces ta with ez, all of ta is replaced, not just the t.

Back to summary of replacing one letter or many .




 

sthAnivad Adezo 'n-al-vidhau ONPANINI 11056
Replacement is like original, except for letter-rules.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 52

Talkaround. A replacement inherits the labels and terms of its original.

Examples --

(1) mip is a tiG and has label p. So, replacements of mip are also tiG, and also have label p. This includes am''' and Ani'''. As am''' is pit, rule hard apit is Git did not stop the puganta in adveSam "I hated".

(2) ktvA is a kRt affix and has label k. So lyap, that always replaces ktvA, is a kRt and has k label. This k prevented puganta in pravizya "after entering".

(3) liT is a tense. When we replace liT with tip, then tip is a tense and a liT. And when we replace that tip with Nal, then Nal is a tense, a liT, a pit, a Nit and a lit. Because Nal is a liT, rule liTca makes Nal soft. That's why Nal does not make kartarizap work.

See also exception naGitolasya.

For instance, rule atodIrghoyaJi is a letter-rule, because it only works before affixes that start with v or m.

That rule works before affixes, such as mas, that actually start with v m. It does not work before affixes like this am''' here, that starts with a, even though it replaces an affix mip that used to start with m before the replacing made by tasthastha --

paca + laG lasya paca + mip luGlaG apaca + mip tasthas apaca + am''' atoguNe apacam "I cooked"

In contrast, liTidhA is not a letter-rule, as it works before all liT affix regardless of which letter they start with.




 

acaH parasmin pUrva-vidhau ONPANINI 11057
Replacement of vowel (becomes vowel-like) when what is after it tries to change what is before it.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 53

( Please don't waste much time thinking about this rule. It just plugs a few small holes that some other rules left. )

This rule makes deleted vowels reappear in certain uncommon circumstances.

Example. In dA + us, the A must disappear BEFORE liTidhA works --

dA + liT jhidA + us usyapadAntAt d + lopa + us ( so far )

At this point, rule liTidhA should reduplicate the root. But the root has now changed into d + lopa, so what vowel should it reduplicate with?

Here rule acaHparasmin saves the day. The liT after the lopa is trying to make a stammer before the lopa, and therefore, this lopa, which is an invisible ghostly A (see adarzanaMlopaH), becomes just A-like enough to fool ekAcodve, which will make a dA stammer --

d + lopa + us → d + ( A-like lopa ) + us liTidhA dA + d + us hrasvaH dadus "they gave"




 

a-darzanaM lopaH ONPANINI 11060
lopa means invisibility.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 54

The word lopa, in ordinary Sanskrit, means "ignoring", "erasing", or "disappearing", and it is used in grammar in that sense -- when a rule says "replace a with lopa", that means "erase the a" (rule atolopaH "replace a with lopa" is an example of that).

So, this rule here translates to "erasing means invisibility". This explains that in some situations, whatever is "replaced with lopa" does not disappear completely, but instead is replaced with an invisible, ghostly version of itself.

Example. The affix (N)i(c) is made of one real letter, the i, and two label letters, N and c. Label letters are invisible because rule tasyalopaH says so. Therefore when we add Nic after pac we first get paci -- the N and the c are invisible, they are never pronounced. However, even thought the ghost N is invisible, it has the effect of making rule ata::upa work. Therefore this paci turns into pAci because of that invisible N.




 

pratyayasya luk;zlu;lupaH ONPANINI 11061
luk zlu lup replace a whole affix (and are invisible).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 55

This rule does nothing, it is just a talkaround that clarifies that when any other rule says "replace with luk", it replaces a whole affix, and replaces it with something invisible, that is, with a "ghost" that cannot be pronounced.

Example 1.

Rule svamorna teaches that when we add the affix su after madhu-, we have to "replace su with luk". This means that we replace su with an affix luk that is invisible, that is, mostly nonexistent --

madhu- + su svamorna madhu + ( ghost affix )

This ghostly affix is nonexistent for most intents and purposes and cannot be pronounced. So we say --

madhuramM madhu "honey is sweet"

Example 2.

Rule supodhA says that in certain situations, we have to replace the sup affix of the word devAnAm "of gods" with luk. That sup affix is nAm, because devAnAm was made this way --

deva + Amdeva + nAm nAmi devA + nAm

When rule supodhA works, this devAnAm turns into devA inmediately, because the whole affix nAm is ghostified --

devA + nAm supodhA devA + ( ghost )

And after that, rule naluma works, and makes devA turn back into deva, rolling back the changes that the affix nAm made --

devA + nAm supodhA devA + ( ghost ) nalumatA deva + ( ghost )

See also different kinds of nothing .




 

pratyaya-lope pratyaya-lakSaNam ONPANINI 11062
When an affix dissapears, its affix-specific effects stay.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 56

Example. Adding su after rAjan- has two effects --

(A) rAjan turns into rAjAn before su (because of rule rAjAnam), and we get rAjAns.

(B) then this rAjAns thing becomes a noun (because su makes suptiG work, like all other sup).

At this point, rule halGyA replaces that s with lopa. This erases the letter s of rAjans, making rAjAn, but its effects (A) and (B) stay. They are not rolled back. So now we have rAjAn, which is a word.

Because this rAjAn is a word, rule nalopaHprA must work, and rAjAn turns into rAjA.




 

na lumatA 'Ggasya ONPANINI 11063
Except stem-changes made by an affix replaced with lu.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 57

This lu thing means the three affixes that contain lu, namely luk, zlu, and lup.

Rule pratyayalo says that all changes caused by all affixes stay after the affix is deleted. This exception says that

" When lup luk zlu replace an affix, the changes that the affix made to its stem are rolled back. "

Example.

When we join rAjan- + Gas, the stem of Gas is rAjan-. alloponaH turns it into rAjn, then STunA changes it into rAjJ. Adding the Gas we get rAjJas, which is a word because of rule suptiG.

Now, if we compound rAjJas before puruSas, rule supodhA replaces the Gas of with luk, making rAjJ.

At this point, rule nalumatAGgasya says that we must roll back the alloponaH and STunA, and we are back to rAjan.




 

aco 'ntyAdi Ti ONPANINI 11064
Tail is what starts at last vowel.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 58

So the tail...

of AtAm is Am

of azvas is as

of pacatas is as

of pacati is i

of i is i




 

alo 'ntyAt pUrva:: upadhA ONPANINI 11065
Letter before last is nexttolast.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 59

So the nexttolast of zuc is u,

of rudh is u,

of nau- is n,

of uccais is ai.




 

tasminn iti nirdiSTe pUrvasya ONPANINI 11066
Seventh in a rule may mean "before".mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 60

Talkaround. The seventh ending may mean "before" in a rule.

Examples with Gi --

aci of ikoyaNaci means "before a vowel"

vali of lopovyo means "before a val"

kGiti of kGitica means "before a kGit"

Examples with os --

The sArvadhAtuk'-ArdhadhAtukayoH of rule hardsoft means "before hard and soft".

am-zasos of vA'm;zasoH means "before am and zas"

Examples with sup' --

luG-laG-lRGkSu of luGlaG means "before luG laG lRG"

sici parasmaipadeSu of sicivRddhiH means "before a sic that is before the flat endings"

Back to uses of cases in rules .




 

tasmAd ity uttarasya ONPANINI 11067
Fifth in a rule may mean "after it".mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 61

The fifth endings, GasibhyAmbhyas, in grammar rules, will almost always mean "after". Even though in the ordinary language the fifth can mean "from" or "because", but not "after". Ordinary Sanskrit for "after this" is ataH param or ata Urdhvam, not just ataH like in the rules.

Examples --

Rule dIrghAt literally says "from long", which would be utter nonsense were it not for this rule, that teaches us that it means dIrghAt param "after long".

Rule hal;Gy;A mentions "from hal, GI, Ap", meaning "after hal GI Ap".

Rule id;udbhyAm translates to "from i u", means "after i u".

In a few rules, a fifth is used in its ordinary meanings of "from, because, up to" etc. For instance, rule AkaDArA has an A kaDArAt that means "up to kaDAra" -- it does not mean "after A and kaDAra".

Back to uses of cases in rules .




 

svaM rUpaM zabdasy/A-zabda-saMjJA ONPANINI 11068
Words in rules stand for themselves, unless they are terms.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 62

Talkaround rule. A word in a rule stands for itself, not for other words.

Example. Rule spRzonudakekvin says "spRz gets kvin after udaka". This udaka means "the word udaka", and does not mean "any word that means water".

Counterexample. Rule vRddhireci says "with vRddhi before ec". Here vRddhi does not mean "the word vRddhi". It means "A ai au", because vRddhi is a term (there is some rule somewhere that explains " vRddhi means "A ai au").

This rule has exceptions. For instance, there is some rule in which vRkSa "tree" does not mean just 'the word vRkSa', but "all words that mean trees, such as pine, oak etc". We'll warn of these exceptions when we come to them.




 

aN;udit savarNasya cApratyayaH ONPANINI 11069
aN'' and udit include similars.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 63

This rule says two things --

(1) aN'' includes similars. That is, when a rule mentions "a", it means "a or A". And also the nasalized versions of these (a~ and A~). Examples --

The sUtra a i uN in the zivasUtra only mentions a i and u (the N is a label), but it actually means a A i I u U.

The "At" in rule AdguNaH says "merge a with", but actually means "merge a or A with".

(2) the word udit in this rule means just ku cu Tu tu pu. Each of these five is made of a consonant plus an u label, and means that consonant plus those consonants that are similar to it. For instance, ku means k kh g gh G (see varga for the other four). Example --

When rule coHkuH teaches "replace cu with ku", this means that we have to replace c ch j jh J with k kh g gh G, respectively.




 

ta-paras tat-kAlasya ONPANINI 11070
Vowel with t means its own time.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 64

Talkaround rule. This is an exception to aNuditsa, that makes a vowel in a rule mean all times -- a vowel only means its own time when it is followed by t. Examples --

At- in vRddhirAdaic means long A only.

at- in adeGguNaH means short a only.

atas in atoheH means "after short a", not "after a or A".




 

Adir antyena sahetA ONPANINI 11071
Grab from the start to the one that has the end as label after it.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 65

This explains how to use the zivasUtra.

Example. Rule kharava mentions " khar letters". To know which letters are khar letters, you split khar into kha (the start) plus r (the end). Then you chant aloud from the zivasUtra, starting at kha, and stopping at the one that has label r after it, which is sar. So you sing three sUtras:

kha pha cha Tha tha ca Ta tav

ka pay

za Sa sar

Now remove the label letters -- those at the end of sUtras, namely v, y, r, and also the thirteen a. You are then left with the thirteen khar letters, namely, kh ph ch Th th c T t, k p, z S s.

This "AB means from A to B" principle also applies in a few cases to the tiptas list --

tiG means start at tip stop at "mahiG" -- all eighteen affixes fronm tip to mahi.

taG means start at ta stop at "mahiG" -- from ta to mahi.

and also to the svaujas list --

suT means start at su stop at "auT" -- su au jas am au

sup means start at su stop at sup'. -- all twenty-one from su to sup'.




 

yena vidhis tad-antasya ONPANINI 11072
Rules that apply to whatever, apply to whatever-enders.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 66

talkaround. Rephrasing it --

When any rule says "whatever", it may also mean "what ends in whatever".

Rephrasing again, pANini is telling us --

' I removed the words "that ends in" from my rules, but I'm sure y'all are smart enough to know when to add them back '

Examples --

Rule kartarica says

" sixth won't compound with an aka meaning a doer, or a tRc".

But that means

" sixth-ender won't compound with an aka-ender meaning a doer, or a tRc-ender ".

Rule ugidacA teaches, among other things --

" ugit gets num before zi "

But that means

" nounbases that end in an ugit get num before zi "

For some reason, grammarians refer to this yena vidhis tad-antasya rule by the nickname " tadantavidhi ".
















11023 numerals ←

chunk 5: 11049 rule interpretation

→ 12001 automatic labels