11049 Sixth in a rule can mean "replace".
11050 Replace with the most-alike.
11051 Whenever
11052 Replace only the last letter.
11053 The
11054 Replace the start of what comes afterwards.
11055 But what has two or more letters, or is
11056 Replacement is like original, except for letter-rules.
11057 Replacement of vowel when what is after it tries to change what is before it.
11060
11061
11062 When an affix dissapears, its affix-specific effects stay.
11063 Except stem-changes made by an affix replaced with
11064 Tail is what starts at last vowel.
11065 Letter before last is nexttolast.
11066 Seventh in a rule may mean "before".
11067 Fifth in a rule may mean "after it".
11068 Words in rules stand for themselves, unless they are terms.
11069
11070 Vowel with
11071 Grab from the start to the one that has the end as label after it.
11072 Rules that apply to whatever, apply to whatever-enders.
This is a talkaround. It says that sometimes the sixth ending in a rule means "replace this". Even though in ordinary Sanskrit the sixth ending means "of this".
Example. The first word
Counterexample. In rule Tita, the word
In practice, most the sixth endings in rules mean "replace", because there are many many rules of the style "replace this with that when whatever happens".
More examples --
The
The
The
I can't figure out the wording of the Sanskrit rule.
It translates literally into "the sixth has connection to the original" -- in other words, what has Gas os Am is what needs to be replaced.
Rule just says "sixth in a rule means replace", but you translate "sixth in a rule sometimes means replace". Why didn't
There is no need.
talkaround. When a rule says: "replace a letter with a list of letters", we must choose the replacement that resembles the original the most (in sound, tongue position, etc).
Example 1.
In
More in detail, AdguNaH replaces --
Example 2.
Some rule says "replace
Example 3.
Rule kuhozcu says that we have to replace
If it ain't obvious to you, go get your accent fixed. You really shouldn't be studying grammar if you can't even chant the basics correctly.
This " most-alike" is weaker than the " respectively". Therefore we do not use most-alike to figure out the meaning of ikoyaNaci.
KAZIKA sthAne prApyamANAnAm antaratam Adezo bhavati sadRza-tamaH. kutaz ca zabdasya antaryam? sthAnArtha-guNa-pramANataH. sthAnataH akaH savarNe dIrghaH. daNDAgram. yUpAgram. dvayor akArayoH kaNThya eva dIrgha AkAro bhavati. arthataH vataNDI ca asau yuvatiz ca vAtaNDyayuvatiH. puMvad-bhAvena antaratamaH puM-zabdo 'tidizyate. guNataHpAkaH. tyAgaH. rAgaH. cajoH ku ghiN@-NyatoH iti cakArasya alpaprANasya aghoSasya tAdRza eva kakAro bhavati. jakArasya ghoSavato 'lpaprANasya tAdRza eva ga-kAraH. pramANataH anuSmai. amUbhyAm. adaso 'ser dAdu do ma iti hrasvasya hrasvaH, dIrghasya dIrghaH. sthAne iti vartamAne punaH@ sthAne grahaNaM kim? yatra anekam AntaryaM sambhavati tatra sthAnata eva AntaryaM balIyo yathA syAt. cetA, stotA. pramANato 'kAro guNaH prAptaH, tatra sthAnata AntaryAdekAraukArau bhavataH. tambgrahaNaM kim? vAg ghasati. triSTub bhasati. jhayo ho 'nyatarasyAm iti hakArasya pUrvasavarNe kriyamANe soSmaNaH soSmANaH iti dvitIyAH prasaktAH, nAdavato nAdavantaH iti tRtIyAH, tamab-grahaNAd ye soSmANo nAda-vantaz ca te bhavanti caturthAH.
This is a talkaround rule. Explained in more detail, it teaches --
" Rules that say ' replace
Example 1. Suppose we join
Example 2. When joining
Example 3. Rule Rta::ut says "replace
KAZIKA uH sthAne aN prasajyamAna eva raparo veditavyaH. kartA. hartA. kirati. girati. dvaimAturaH. traimAturaH. uH iti kim? kheyam. geyam. angrahaNaM kim? sudhAturakaG ca
talkaround rule --
"when a rule tells us to replace something, it means replace the last letter of that something"
Example. The
Because of exception anekAlzit, this rule works only when the replacement has one letter. So if you want, you may remember this rule as --
"one-letter replacements replace only one letter"
See exception AdeHparasya.
See exception Gicca.
KAZIKA SaSThInirdiSTasya ya ucyate AdezaH, so 'ntyasya alaH sthAne veditavyaH. id goNyAH 1-2-50 paJcagoNiH. dazagoNiH.
(Exception in advance to anekAlzit.)
The Git mentioned here are a few short replacements such as anaG AnaG
Example. Rule Rduzana says: "replace
See also exception anekAlzit.
Back to summary of replacing one letter or many .
KAZIKA Git ca ya AdezaH so 'nekAlapi alo 'ntyasya sthAne bhavati. AnaGRto dvanve 6-3-25 hotApotArau. mAtApitarau. tAtaGi GitkaraNasya guNavRddhipratiSedhArthatvAt sarvA'dezaH tAtaG bhavati. jIvatAd bhavAn. jIvatAt tvam.
Exception to alontyasya.
Rule alontyasya says "replace only the last letter". For instance, when rule hardsoft teaches "replace
Yet, because of this exception, when a rule says "replace this with that AFTER that", then only the FIRST letter is replaced.
So we always replace the letter closest to the cause of the change.
Example. Rule mAdu says: "replace matup with
See also exception anekAlzit.
Back to summary of replacing one letter or many .
KAZIKA anekAl ya AdezaH zit ca, sa sarvasya SaSThInirdiSTasya sthAne bhavati. aster bhUH 24052 bhavitA. bhavitum. bhavitavyam. zit khalvapi jazzasoH ziH 71020 kuNDAni tiSThanti. kuNDAni pasya.
Rules alontyasya and AdeHparasya say that replacements replace only one letter of the original (the first or the last).
However, a replacement that has more that one letter will replace all of the original. Examples --
So when rule atobhisa says "replace bhis with
And when rule TAGasi replaces Gas with
Also, a zit replacement (such as zi, ez, zI) will replace all of the original. Examples --
So when rule jazzasozziH says "replace jas with zi", all of the jas is replaced, not just the
And when liTastajhayorezirec replaces ta with ez, all of ta is replaced, not just the
Back to summary of replacing one letter or many .
KAZIKA anekAl ya AdezaH zit ca, sa sarvasya SaSThInirdiSTasya sthAne bhavati. aster bhUH bhavitA. bhavitum. bhavitavyam. zit khalvapi jazzasoH ziH kuNDAni tiSThanti. kuNDAni pasya.
talkaround. A replacement inherits the labels and terms of its original.
Examples --
(1) mip is a tiG and has label
(2) ktvA is a kRt affix and has label
(3) liT is a tense. When we replace liT with tip, then tip is a tense and a liT. And when we replace that tip with Nal, then Nal is a tense, a liT, a pit, a Nit and a lit. Because Nal is a liT, rule liTca makes Nal soft. That's why Nal does not make kartarizap work.
See also exception naGitolasya.
You translated the word
An al-
For instance, rule atodIrghoyaJi is a letter-rule, because it only works before affixes that start with
That rule works before affixes, such as mas, that actually start with
In contrast, liTidhA is not a letter-rule, as it works before all liT affix regardless of which letter they start with.
KAZIKA sthAnyAdezayoH pRthaktvAt sthAnyAzrayaM kAryam Adeze na prApnoti ity ayam atideza Arabhyate. sthAninA tulyaM vartate iti sthAnivat. sthAnivad Adezo bhavati sthAnyAzrayeSu kAryeSvanalAzrayeSu, sthAnyalAzrayANi kAryANi varjayitvA. na alvidhiranalvidhiH ityarthaH. kim udAharaNam? dhAtvaGgakRttaddhitAvyayasuptiGpadA'dezAH. dhAtvAdezo dhAtuvad bhavati. aster bhUH. bruvo vaciH. ArdhadhAtukavizaye prAgevA'dezeSu kRteSu dhAtoH iti tavyA'dayo bhavanti. bhavitA. bhavitum. bhavitavyam. vaktA. vaktum. vaktavyam. aGgA'dezo 'Ggavad bhavati kena. kAbhyAm. kaiH. kimaH kaH
( Please don't waste much time thinking about this rule. It just plugs a few small holes that some other rules left. )
This rule makes deleted vowels reappear in certain uncommon circumstances.
Example. In
At this point, rule liTidhA should reduplicate the root. But the root has now changed into
Here rule acaHparasmin saves the day. The liT after the lopa is trying to make a stammer before the lopa, and therefore, this lopa, which is an invisible ghostly
Wouldn't it be easier to reduplicate the
You don't get to choose rule order. Because of reasons that I don't explain, grammarians are very sure that the usya must be done first.
Is this the only use of this acaHparasmin rule?
No. The kAzikA shows the other uses, read it whenever you feel like getting a headache.
KAZIKA pUrvaNAnalvidhau sthAnivadbhAva uktaH. al-vidhy-artham idam Arabhyate. AdezaH sthAnivad iti vartate. acaH iti sthAni-nirdezaH. parasminn iti nimitta-saptamI. pUrva-vidhau iti viSaya-saptamI. aj-AdezaH paranimittakaH pUrvavidhau kartavye sthAnivad bhavati. paTayati. avadhIt. bahu-khaTvakaH. paTum AcaSTe iti NiciTilope kRte tasya sthAnivad-bhAvAd ata upadhAyAH iti vRddhir na bhavati. avadhIt ato lopasya sthAnivad-bhAvad ato halAder laghoH iti halanta-lakSaNA vRddhir na bhavati. bahu-khaTvakaH iti Apo 'nyatarasyAm 7-4-15 iti hrasvasya sthAnivad-bhAvAd hrasvAnte 'ntyAt pUrvam 6-2-174 iti svaro na bhavati. acaH iti kim? praznaH. AkrASTAm. Agatya. praznaH iti praccheH naG-pratyaye cchvoH zUD anunAsike ca iti chakArasya zakAraH paranimittakas tuki kartavye na sthAnivad bhavati. AkrASTAm iti jhalo jhali iti sico lopaH para-nimittakaH kRSeH Sa-kArasya SaDhoH kaH si iti ka-kAre kartavye na sthAnivad bhavati. Agatya iti vA lyapi ity anunAsika-lopaH para-nimittakaH tuki kartavye na sthAnivad bhavati. parasminn iti kim? yuvajAniH vadhUTIjAniH. vaiyAghrapadyaH. AdIdhye. yuvajAniH iti jAyAyAH niG 5-4-134 na paranimittakaH, tena ya-lope na sthAnivad bhavati. vaiyAghrapadyaH iti na paranimittakaH pAdasya antalopaH padbhAvaM na pratibadhnAti. AdIdhye iti dIdhIGa uttama-puruSaikavacane TeretvasyAparanimittakatvAd yIvarNayor dIdhIvevyoH 7-4-53 iti lopo na bhavati. pUrvavidhau iti kim? he gauH. bAbhravIyAH. naidheyaH. he gauH iti vRddhir aj-AdezaH sambuddhi-lope kartavye na sthAnivad bhavati. bAbhravIyAH iti bAbravyasya amI cchAtrAH iti vRddhAc chaH 4-2-114 iti chaH. halas taddhitasya 6-4-150 iti yakAra-lope kartavye avAdezo na sthAnivad bhavati. naidheyaH Ato lopa iTi ca ityAkAralopaH, itazca aniJaH 4-1-122 iti dvy-aj-lakSaNe pratyaya-vidhau na sthAnivad bhavati.
The word
So, this rule here translates to "erasing means invisibility". This explains that in some situations, whatever is "replaced with lopa" does not disappear completely, but instead is replaced with an invisible, ghostly version of itself.
Example. The affix
What is the effect of the invisible
It makes rule citaH work. So the accent goes to the
ru carries an invisible
That
su carries an invisible
None. That
This rule does nothing, it is just a talkaround that clarifies that when any other rule says "replace with luk", it replaces a whole affix, and replaces it with something invisible, that is, with a "ghost" that cannot be pronounced.
Example 1.
Rule svamorna teaches that when we add the affix su after
This ghostly affix is nonexistent for most intents and purposes and cannot be pronounced. So we say --
Example 2.
Rule supodhA says that in certain situations, we have to replace the sup affix of the word
When rule supodhA works, this
And after that, rule naluma works, and makes
See also different kinds of nothing .
KAZIKA adarzanam iti vartate. pratyayAdarzanasya luk, zlu, lupityetAH saMjJA bhavanti. anekasaMjJAvidhanAcca tadbhAvitagrahaNam iha vijJAyate. luksaMjJAbhAvitaM pratyayAdarzanaM luksaMjJam bhavati, zlusaMjJAbhAvitaM zlusaMjJaM bhavati, lupsaMjJA bhAvitaM lupsaMjJaM bhavati. tena saMjJAnAM saGkaro na bhavati. vidhipradezeSu ca bhAvinI saMjJA vijJAyate. atti. juhoti. varaNAH. pratyayagrahaNam kim? agastayaH. kuNDinAH. lukzluluppradezAH luktaddhitaluki
Now, this makes little sense. The question is. Why do we say that nAm was replaced with an invisible ghost affix instead of saying that nAm was deleted, stopped existing, kicked the bucket, became zero, zilch, nada?
More or less by the same reason that when you subtract three from three you write a zero figure, instead of not writing anything at all. Remember who invented the zero and in what century? that guy had likely studied the luk when he was a kid.
Why are there different kinds of zero affix in the grammar? Your example has luk, but you didn't say anything about zlu lup.
Or about lopa, either. Long story short, they have different side effects. Short story long, see different kinds of nothing for some lecturing on the subject.
Are there many rules that replace with luk? I'd like to see more examples of luking.
There are dozens. Start with svamorna, tyadAdInAmaH, atoheH.
See juhotyAdi, janapadelup.
Example. Adding su after
(A)
(B) then this
At this point, rule halGyA replaces that
Because this
This
Rule pratyayalo says that all changes caused by all affixes stay after the affix is deleted. This exception says that
" When lup luk zlu replace an affix, the changes that the affix made to its stem are rolled back. "
Example.
When we join
Now, if we compound
At this point, rule nalumatAGgasya says that we must roll back the alloponaH and STunA, and we are back to
KAZIKA pUrveNa atiprasaktaM pratyaya-lakSaNam iti vizeSe pratiSedhaH ucyate. lumatA zabdena lupte pratyaye yadaGgaM, tasya pratyaya-lakSaNaM kAryaM na bhavati. gargAH. mRSTaH. juhutaH. yaJ-zapor lumatA luptayoraGgasya vRddhi-guNau na bhavataH. lumatA iti kim? kAryate. hAryate. aGgasya iti kim? paJca. sapta payaH. sAma.
Why do we say "only stem-changes are reversed"?
Adding Gas not only changed the stem
What does it matter if
As this
I just added loT after
No. This rule only reverses the specific changes made by hi''', and not the changes made earlier by whatever hi''' replaced. So we say
So the tail...
of AtAm is
of
of
of
of
So the nexttolast of
of
of
of
Notice that the sounds
KAZIKA dhAtvAdau varNasamudAye 'ntyAdalaH pUrvo yo varNaH so 'leva upadhAsaMjJo bhavati. pac, paTh akaraH. bhid, chid ikAraH. budh, yudh ukAraH. vRt, vRdh RkAraH. alaH iti kim? ziSTaH, ziSTavAn. samudAyAt pUrvasya mA bhUt. upadhApradezAH ata upadhAyA ity evam AdayaH.
talkaround. The seventh ending may mean "before" in a rule.
Examples with Gi --
Examples with os --
The
Examples with sup' --
Back to uses of cases in rules .
KAZIKA tasminiti saptamyarthanirdeze pUrvasyaiva kAryaM bhavati, nauttarasya. iko yaN aci 61077 dadhyudakam. madhvidam. pacatyodanam. nirdiSTagrahaNam AnantaryArtham. agnicidatra iti vyavahitasya mA bhUt.
The fifth endings, GasibhyAmbhyas, in grammar rules, will almost always mean "after". Even though in the ordinary language the fifth can mean "from" or "because", but not "after". Ordinary Sanskrit for "after this" is
Examples --
Rule dIrghAt literally says "from long", which would be utter nonsense were it not for this rule, that teaches us that it means
Rule hal;Gy;A mentions "from hal, GI, Ap", meaning "after hal GI Ap".
Rule id;udbhyAm translates to "from
In a few rules, a fifth is used in its ordinary meanings of "from, because, up to" etc. For instance, rule AkaDArA has an
Back to uses of cases in rules .
talkaround rule. A word in a rule stands for itself, not for other words.
Example. Rule spRzonudakekvin says "
Counterexample. Rule vRddhireci says "with vRddhi before ec". Here
This rule has exceptions. For instance, there is some rule in which
KAZIKA zAstre svam eva rUpaM zabdasya grAhyaM bodhyaM pratyAyyaM bhavati, na bAhyo 'rthaH, zabdasaMjJAM varjayitvA. zabdena arthAvagaterarthe kAryasya asambhavAt tadvAcinAm zabdAnAm sampratyayo mA bhUtiti sUtram idam Arabhyate. agner Dhak 42033 Agneyam aSTAkapAlaM nirvapet. agnizabdo 'gnizabdasyaiva grAhako bhavati, na jvalanaH, pAvakaH, dhUmaketuH iti. na ataH pratyayo bhavati. udazvito 'nyatarasyAm
This rule says two things --
(1) aN'' includes similars. That is, when a rule mentions "
The sUtra
The "
(2) the word udit in this rule means just ku cu Tu tu pu. Each of these five is made of a consonant plus an
When rule coHkuH teaches "replace cu with ku", this means that we have to replace
Why does the rule say
Were it not for this word, the rules that add the affixes u and u' would also add
talkaround rule. This is an exception to aNuditsa, that makes a vowel in a rule mean all times -- a vowel only means its own time when it is followed by
Wait... how come the
No, you are confused. The
This explains how to use the zivasUtra.
Example. Rule kharava mentions " khar letters". To know which letters are khar letters, you split
Now remove the label letters -- those at the end of sUtras, namely
This "AB means from A to B" principle also applies in a few cases to the tiptas list --
tiG means start at tip stop at "mahiG" -- all eighteen affixes fronm tip to mahi.
taG means start at ta stop at "mahiG" -- from ta to mahi.
and also to the svaujas list --
suT means start at su stop at "auT" -- su au jas am au
sup means start at su stop at sup'. -- all twenty-one from su to sup'.
I don't understand why you type "the jaz letters are
See, my students use this website from the classroom. Back when I used the spelling you suggest, they would sometimes say "the jash letters are jey bee jee Dee dee". Which was no good. Now that's fixed.
talkaround. Rephrasing it --
When any rule says "whatever", it may also mean "what ends in whatever".
Rephrasing again,
' I removed the words "that ends in" from my rules, but I'm sure y'all are smart enough to know when to add them back '
Examples --
Rule kartarica says
" sixth won't compound with an
But that means
" sixth-ender won't compound with an
Rule ugidacA teaches, among other things --
But that means
" nounbases that end in an ugit get num before zi "
For some reason, grammarians refer to this yena vidhis tad-antasya rule by the nickname " tadantavidhi ".