anudAtta;Gita:: Atmanepadam ONPANINI 13012
After Git roots there's bent only.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 101

A root that is marked in the dhAtupATha with G label or a grave accent gets bent affixes only. So you cannot replace any tense with a flat affix.

Example. Root plu appears listed in the dhAtupATha as plu(G) 01.1112, so it cannot take flat affixes --

plu + laT ta plavate

plu + zAnac plavamAna-

Same with SU(G) "give birth" and zIG "lie down, sleep" --

sUte

zete

There are also other roots that don't have G, but get only bent affixes anyway. For instance, (Du)labh(aS) 01.1130 is aGit --

labh + laT jha labhante

Also, the G label in the affix ya(G) means that all yaG roots are bendy. For instance, the root pApacya "cook enthusiastically" is bendy. Of course, the yaGluk roots are not bendy, because luking the yaG deletes its G too.

KAZIKA avizeSeNa dhAtor AtmanepadaM parasmaipadaM ca vidhAsyate, tatra ayaM niyamaH kriyate. anudAttaito ye dhatavo Gitaz ca, tebhya eva AtmanepadaM bhavati nAnyebhyaH. anudattedbhyaH, Asa Asate. vasa vaste. GidbhyaH khalvapi, SUG sUte. zIG zete.

To find out if a root always takes bent affixes, look it up in any dictionary. Roots are marked with letters P A U --

P means the root takes flat affixes whenever it can - flatty roots

A means the root takes bent only - bendy roots

PA or U means it takes both - flattybendy roots.

(The roots dviS, kR and krI are flattybendy, so I'll be using them a lot in grammar examples.)

The number near the P A U is the verb class. So dviS is marked "2U" or "2PA".

This rule says that the roots marked with a grave accent in the dhAtupATha are bendy, but that part is useless for the modern students, as there's no easy way to find out which roots are so marked.

bhAva;karmaNoH ONPANINI 13013
A tiG that does not mean the doer (must be bent).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 102

The previous rule applies only to affixes that mean the doer. Those that don't must be bent after all roots.

Examples.

Here the tense laT has been replaced with a ta that means the object --

kadalIphalAni dRzyante kapinA "monkey sees bananas"

Here the tense laT has been replaced with a ta that means nothing --

supyate kapinA "monkey sleeps"

These verbs were assembled this way --

dRz + karmaNi laT dRz + jha → dRz + yak + jha → dRz + ya + ante''' → dRzyante

svap + bhAve laT svap + ta → svap + yak + ta →vacisvapi supya + ta → sup + ya + te''' → supyate

KAZIKA laH karmaNi ca bhAve c' Akarmakebhya iti bhAvakarmaNor vihitasya lasya tib-AdayaH sAmAnyena vakSyante. tatredam ucyate, bhAve karmaNi ca AtmanepadaM bhavati. bhAve glAyate bhavatA, supyate bhavatA, Asyate bhavatA. karmaNi kriyate kaTaH, hriyate bhAraH. karmakartari, lUyate kedAraH svayam eva iti, parasmaipadaM na bhavati. tasya vidhAne dvitIyaM kartRgrahaNam anuvartate. tena kartiva yaH kartA tatra prasmaipadaM bhavati.

kartari karma-vyatihAre ONPANINI 13014
(Use bent) to mean the doer of swapped action.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 103

There are two kinds of swapped action, and both are expressed with the two preverbs vi + ati --

(A) Mutual action --

vyatipacete "both cook for each other"

(B) Doing someone else's duty --

vyatilunIte "he cuts wood, which is the proper duty of someone else"

Grammarians say that the root asti may take these two preverbs, and when it does, it means "to do the proper duty of someone else". This is the only situation in which asti takes bent affixes --

vi + ati + as + laT iT' → vyatihe "I do the proper duty of someone else" (h from ha::eti)

KAZIKA karmazabdaH kriyavAcI. vyatihAro vinimayaH. yatrAnyasambandhinIM kriyAmanyaH karoti, itarasambandhinIM cetaraH, sa karmavyatihAraH. taddhiziSTakriyAvacanAd dhAtorAtmanepadaM bhavati. vyatilunate. vyatipunate. karmavyatihAre iti kim? lunanti. kartRgrahaNam uttarArthaM zeSAt kartari parasmaipadam 13078 iti.

AGo yamahanaH ONPANINI 13028
After AG, ( objectless) yam han (get bent).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 104

yam and han are usually flatty no matter the preverb --

hanti zatrUn "kills enemies"

nihanti zatrUn "kills enemies"

adharmebhyaz ca yacchati "and it restrains from doing evil things"

But if these are objectless and carry AG, they are bendy. Even if we add vi before the AG --

vyAyacchase kauravArthe "you are working for the kurus"

By the vArttika svAGgakarmakAc ca, the AG are bendy when their object is the doer's own limb too --

Ayacchate pANim "pulls in his hand"

Ayacchati pANim "pulls in someone else's hand"

KAZIKA akarmakAtiti vartate. yama uparame, hana hiMsAgatyoH iti parasmaipadinau. tAbhyAm akarmakakriyAvacanAbhyAm AGpUrvAbhyAm AtmanepadaM bhavati. Ayacchate, Ayacchete Ayacchante. hanaH khalvapi Ahate, AghnAte, Aghnate. akarmakAtityeva. Ayacchati kUpAd rajjum. Ahanti vRSalaM pAdena. svAGgakarmakAc ca iti vaktavyam. Ayacchate pANim. Ahate ziraH. svAGgaM ca iha na pAribhASikam gRhyate. kiM tarhi? svam aGgaM svAGgam. tena iha na bhavati , Ahanti ziraH parakIyam iti.

samo gamy;Rcchi;pracchi;svaraty;arti;zru;vidibhyaH ONPANINI 13029
After sam, roots gam Rcch pracch svar R zru vid dRz (get bent if objectless).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 105

After sam, these roots get flat endings when a specific object is mentioned or thought of --

uktAni saMzRNoti "he listens attentively to the sayings"

saMzRNoti "he listens (to them) attentively"

However, when used in a general sense, they get bent endings --

sa cchAtrasH saMzRNute "that student (always) listens attentively"

See the kAzikA for more examples.

KAZIKA akarmakAtiti vartate. zeSAt kartari parasmaipadam iti prApte sampUrvebhyo gami Rcchi pracchi svarati arti zru vidi ityetebhyo 'karmakebhyo dhAtubhya AtmanepadaM bhavati. saMgacchate. amRddhate. saMpRcchate. saMsvarati. saMkalpA asya samaranta. arter luGi cleH sarttizAstyartibhyazca. ityaGAdezaH. tatra prasmaipadezu ityetan nAzrIyate. bahulaM chandasy amAGyoge 'pi 64075 ityAT pratiSadhyate. RdRzo 'Gi guNaH iti guNaH samaranata. saMzRNute. saMvitte. Rccher an-Adezasya grahaNam, samRcchiSyate. artyAdezasya tv arti ityeva siddham Atmanepadam. artirubhayatra paThyate, R gatiprApaNayoH iti bhvAdau, R sR gatau iti juhotyAdau. vizeSAbhAvAd dvayorapi grahaNam. viderjJAnArthasya grahanam, parasmaipadibhir gamAdibhiH sAhacaryAt, na lAbhArthasya svaritettvAdubhyatobhASasya. dRzez ca iti vaktavyam. saMpazyate. akarmakAtityeva. grAmaM saMpasyati.

The original rule does not mention dRz, but a vArttika adds it.

apahnave jJaH ONPANINI 13044
( bent) after jJA when meaning 'denying'.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 108

Whenever jJA means "deny" or "deceive" (usually this only happens after apa), it gets bent affixes --

apajAnIte "he deceives"

zatam apajAnIte "he denies the (debt of a) hundred"

BTW, apajAnIte is built like this --

apa + jJA + laT ta → jJA + znA + ta →jJA;janorjA jA + nA + ta → jA + nA + te''' →IhalyaghoH apajAnIte "he denies"

jJA in its ordinary meaning of "knowing" gets flat --

na kiJMcid api jAnAti "he knows nothing at all"

KAZIKA zeSAt kartari parasmaipade prApte jAnater apahnavi vartamanAd AtmanepadaM bhavati. apahnavo 'pahnutir apalApaH. sopasargazca ayam apahnave vartate, na kevalaH. zatam apajanIte. sahasram apajAnIte. apalapati ity arthaH. apahnave iti kim? na tvaM kiJcid api jAnAsi.

jJA;zru; smR;dRzAM sanaH ONPANINI 13057
jJA zru smR dRz plus san (get bent).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 109

Exception in advance to pUrvavatsanaH. These four are flatty (janAti zRNoti smarati pazyati), but adding san to them we get bendy roots --

jJA + san + laT ta → jijJAsa + ta → jijJAsa + te''' → jijJAsate "wants to know"

zru + san + laT → zuzrUSa + te''' → zuzrUSate "wants to listen; obeys, serves"

dRz + san + laT → didRkSa + ta didRkSate "wants to see"

smR + san + laT susmUrSate "wants to remember"

As in --

dharmaJM jijJAsate "wants to know good from evil"

guruM zuzrUSate "wants to serve a guru"

naSTaM susmUrSate "wants to remember what is no more"

nRpanM didRkSate "wants to see the king"

KAZIKA jJA zru smR dRz ity eteSAM sann-antAnAm AtmanepadaM bhavati. tatra jAnAteH apahnave jJaH 13044 iti tribhiH sUtrair AtmanepadaM vihitam, zru;dRzor api samo gamyRcch 13029 ity atra vihitam. tasmin viSaye pUrvavatsanaH 13062 ity eva siddham Atmanepadam. tato 'nyatra anena vidhIyate. smarate punar aprApta eva vidhAnam. dharmaM jijJAsate. guruM zuzrUSate. naSTaM susmUrSate. nRpaM didRkSate. sanaH iti kim? jAnAti, zRNoti, smarati, pazyati.

pUrvavat sanaH ONPANINI 13062
san-ender is like previousmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 110

In more words -- if a root is bendy, flatty, or flattybendy, then so is the root with san added --

yudh + laT ta → yudh + te''' →divAdi yudhyate "fights"

yudh + san + laT ta → yuyutsa + te''' yuyutsate "wants to fight"

See also exception jJA;zru;smR;dRzA above.

Am-pratyayavat kRJo 'nuprayogasya ONPANINI 13063
The bhU as of an auxiliary never get bent affixes.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 111

Rule kRJcA says that when we add a liT affix after one of the Am'' roots, we must remove that liT, and then build an auxiliary verb by choosing one of the three roots kR bhU as and adding that liT affix after it.

This rule clarifies that kR always gets the same affix that AmaH removed --

cori + Nal → cori + Am'' + Nal →AmaH cori + Am'' →hardsoft corayAm → corayAm + ( kR + Nal ) corayAJMcakAra "he stole"

cori + ez → cori + Am'' + ez →AmaH cori + Am'' → corayAm → corayAm + ( kR + ez ) corayAJMcakre "he stole"

but bhU as always get a flat, even if AmaH removed a bent --

kAs + ez → kAsAm + ez → kAsAm + Am'' → kAsAm →kRJcA kAsAm + ( bhU + ez ) kAsAm + ( bhU + Nal ) kAsAmMbabhUva "he coughed"

kAs + ez → kAsAm + ez → kAsAm + Am'' → kAsAm →kRJcA kAsAm + ( as + ez ) kAsAm + ( as + Nal ) kAsAmAsa "he coughed"

Back to Am'' summary .

KAZIKA akartr-abhiprAyArtho 'yamArambhaH. Ampratyayo yasmAt so 'yamAmpratyayaH. Ampratyayasya iva dhAtoH kRJo 'nuprayogasya AtmanepadaM bhavati. IkSAJcakre. IhAJcakre. yadi vidhyartham etat, tarhi udubjAJcakAra, udumbhAJcakAra iti kartrabhiprAye kriyAphale atmanepadaM prApnoti. na eSa doSaH. ubhayam anena kriyate, vidhiH niyamazca. katham? pUrvavatiti vartate. sa dvitIyo yatno niyamArtho bhaviSyati. kRJaH iti kim? IkSAmAsa. IkSAmbabhUva. kathaM punarasya anuprayogaH yAvatA kRJ cAnuprayujyate liTIty ucyate? kRJiti pratyAhAragrahaNaM tatra vijJAyate. kva saMniviSTAnAM pratyAhAraH? abhUtatadbhAve kRbhvastiyoge sampadyakartari cvir iti kR-zabdAdArabhya yAvat kRJo dvitIya-tRtIya-zambabIjAt kRSau 5-4-58 iti Jakaram.

KAZIKA akartrabhiprAyArtho 'yamArambhaH. Ampratyayo yasmAt so 'yamAmpratyayaH. Ampratyayasya iva dhAtoH kRJo 'nuprayogasya AtmanepadaM bhavati. IkSAJcakre. IhAJcakre. yadi vidhyartham etat, tarhi udubjAJcakAra, udumbhAJcakAra iti kartrabhiprAye kriyAphale atmanepadaM prApnoti. na eSa doSaH. ubhayam anena kriyate, vidhiH niyamazca. katham? pUrvavatiti vartate. sa dvitIyo yatno niyamArtho bhaviSyati. kRJaH iti kim? IkSAmAsa. IkSAmbabhUva. kathaM punarasya anuprayogaH yAvatA kRJ ca anuprayujyate liti 3-1-40 ityucyate? kRJiti pratyAhAragrahaNaM tatra vijJAyate. kva saMniviSTAnAM pratyAhAraH? abhUtatadbhAve kRbhvastiyoge sampadyakartari cviH 5-4-50 iti kRzabdAdArabhya yAvat kRJo dvitIyatRtIyazambabIjAt kRSau 5-4-58 iti Jakaram.

svarita-JitaH kartr@-abhiprAye kriyA-phale ONPANINI 13072
Verbs with falling or J label (get bent) when the doer gets the benefit or harm of the action.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 113

Example. The root yaj, a.k.a. yaja~ is marked with a falling on the a~ in the dhAtupATha. So we say --

yajate "he sacrifices for himself"

yajati "he sacrifices for others"

The roots kR (aka DukRJ) and UrNu have J in the dhAtupATha --

kumbhaGM kurute "he makes a pot for himself"

kumbhaGM karoti "he makes a pot for others"

UrNute "he covers (himself)"

UrNauti "he covers (others)"

and kaNDU(J) has a J in the kaNDvAdi list --

kaNDUyate "he scratches himself"

biDAlaGM kaNDUyati "he scratches the cat"

KAZIKA Ner iti nivRttam. zeSAt kartari parasmaipade prapte svariteto ye dhAtavo Jitazca tebhyaH AtmanepadaM bhavati, kartAraM cet kriyAphalam abhipraiti. kriyAyAH phalaM kriyA-phalaM pradhAna-bhUtam, yadartham asau kriyA Arabhyate tac cet kartur lakAra-vAcyasya bhavati. yajate. pacate. JitaH khalvapi sunute. kurute. svargAdi pradhAna-phalam iha kartAram abhipraiti. kartr-abhiprAye iti kim? yajanti yAjakAH. pacanti pAcakAH. kurvanti karmakarAH. yady api dakSiNA bhRtiz ca kartuH phalmihAsti tathA 'pi na tadarthaH kriyArambhaH.

The ashtadhyayidotcom dhAtupATha that I use does not show which roots are marked with a falling. I guess that you might get that info from --

pANinIya-dhAtupAThaH sasvaraH dhAtupATha with accents

but TBH I never have had any need of doing that.

zeSAt kartari parasmaipadam ONPANINI 13078
After the others, use flat to mean the doer.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 114

The preceding sixty-six rules, since anudAttaGita, have been teaching after which roots the kartari affixes must be bent. This clarifies that after all the other roots, they must be flat.

Example: the verb

yA + tip → yAti "goes"

gets tip compulsorily, because none of the preceding rules says it must or may get ta.

KAZIKA pUrveNa prakaraNena Atmanepada-niyamaH kRtaH, na prasmaipadaniyamaH. tat sarvataH prApnoti, tadartham idam ucyate. yebhyo dhAtubhyo yena vizeSaNena Atmanepadam uktaM tato yadanyat sa zeSaH. zeSAt kartari parasmaipadaM bhavati. zeSAdeva na anyasmAt. anudAttaGita Atmanepadam uktam aste. zete. tato 'nyatra parasmaipadam bhavati yAti. vAti. nervizaH Atmanepadam uktam nivizate. tato 'nyatra parasmaipadam Avizati. pravizati. kartari iti kim? pacyate. gamyate. karmakartari kasmAt parasmaipadaM na bhavati, pacyate odanaH svayam eva? kartari karmavyatihAre 13014 iti dvitIyaM kartRgrahaNam anuvartate, tena kartA eva yaH kartA tatra parasmaipadam bhavati, karmakartari na bhavati.

This rule is necessary because, in its absence, you might have assumed that all roots not covered by the earlier sixty-six rules take bent optionally.