chunk 9: A kadArAd ekA saJjA, nadI, wee chunk 9: A kadArAd ekA saJjA, nadI, wee
14001 Down to
14002 In case of contradiction, higher number works first.
14003
14004
14005 before
14006 Before
14007
14008
14010 Short is light.
14011 Before cluster is heavy.
14012 Long .
^ 
headline, valid down to 22038 kaDArA.
"Just one term" means --
" The rules that are in this section don't give two different terms to the same thing. "
Example --
Rule hrasvaMlaghu below says that the
Next rule saMyogeguru says it's heavy, because it is before a cluster.
If these rules were anywhere else in the grammar, this
But because they are in this section, this
KAZIKA kaDArAH karmadhAraye iti vakSyati. A etasmAt sUtrAvadheryadita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH, tatra ekA saMjJA bhavati iti veditavyam. kA punarasau? yA parA anavakAzA ca. anyatra saJjAsamAvezAn niyamArthaM vacanam ekaiva saMjJA bhavati iti. vakSyati hrasvaM laghu, bhidi, chidi bhettA, chettA. saMyoge guru , zikSi, bhikSi zikSA, bhikSA. saMyogaparasya hrasvasya laghusaMjJA prApnoti, gurusaMjJA ca. ekA saMjJA iti vacanAd gurusaMjJA eva bhavati. atatakSat, ararakSat, sanval laghuni caG-pare 'n-ag-lopa ityeSa vidhir na bhavati.
^ 
Most commentators interpret this rule to mean --
" ceteris paribus, later rules are stronger than former rules".
Example 1.
When joining
So higher number wins and rule 73103 gets to work --
After this, 73102 can no longer work, because
Example 2. When joining
Rule 61008 liTidhA says "replace
Yet, rule 73086 puganta says "replace
So higher number 73086 puganta works first, and we get
After that, 61008 liTidhA can still work, so it does ---
The problem with this interpretation is that it does not work always -- sometimes a former rules overrides a later rule. When this happens, the commentaries either find some excuse to explain away why the former rule is stronger. Or, if they feel lazy, they will just use the magic word pUrvavipratiSedha, which translates into "here the former rule overrides the later rule and I have no clue why, sorry". See note below.
KAZIKA tulyabalavirodho vipratiSedhaH. yatra dvau prasaGgAvanyArthavekasmin yugapat prApnutaH, sa tulyabalavirodho vipratiSedhaH. tasmin vipratiSedhe paraM kAryaM bhavati. utsargApavAdanityAnityAntaraGgabahiraGgeSu tulyabalatA na asti iti na ayam asya yogasya viSayaH. balavataiva tatra bhavitavyam. apravRttau, paryAyeNa vA pravRttau prAptAyAM vacanam Arabhyate. ato dIrgho yaJi, supi cety asya avakAzaH vRkSAbhyAm, plakSAbhyAm. bahuvacane jhaly ed ityasya avakAzaH vRkSeSu, plakSeSu. iha ubhayaM prApnoti vRkSebhyaH, plakSebhyaH iti. paraM bhavati vipratiSedhena.
According to Rishi Rajpopat, grammarians have misinterpreted the meaning of this rule for centuries, and the true meaning of the rule is --
"When joining two things, the rules that affect the former thing are weaker than the rules that affect the later thing"
Example:
When joining
Rule 73103 wants to change
and at the same time, rule 71009 wants to change bhis into
Rajpopat's interpretation says that the rule that affects the right side wins, so we say
while the traditional interpretation says that the rule with the highest number should work, so we have to choose between either saying
For some general info on this subject, see this article . For the small details, read Rajpopat's dissertation.
^ 
The expression "
Examples. The feminine stems
strI- "woman"
are all nadI stems, because they end in
Because of the exception neyaGuvaG below, stems that have only consonants before the
Exceptions:
strI- has one vowel, but is always nadI,
lakSmI- has two, but is optionally nadI.
KAZIKA I ca U ca yU. avibhaktiko 'yaM nirdezaH. striyam AcakSAte stryAkhyau. mUlavibhujAdidarzanAt (
Why do we say "that only mean women"? Because grAmaNI- "mayor", a rootnoun-ender, is ordinarily m, but will be f when the mayor is a woman. As it can be m or f, the f will never be nadI. So feminine
Same applies to khalapU- f "threshing-floor sweperess".
This is not the case for the feminne stem
^
The iyaG uvaG nounbases are those mentioned in aciznu.
This rule can be roughly reworded as --
"Feminine stems that end in
"Yet
Some such bases are
Example. Before calling, the nadI shorten their final by ambArtha, and the calling is then lost by eGhra --
But the iyaG uvaG get neither shortening nor loss of
The iyaG uvaG may be nadI sometimes anyway. See vAmi and Gitihrasvazca.
^
Optional exception to neyaGuva. If we take this option, hrasvanadyA will work before Am --
alternatively, they are not nadI, and neyaGuva works normally --
^
So, before Ge Gasi Gas Gi, we may choose if we want feminine nounbases such as
If we choose nadI, then idudbhyAm, ANnadyAH will work --
alternatively, the nounbase will be a wee and other rules will work, such as accagheH --
^
Therefore --
See exception patiH samAsa:: eva below.
KAZIKA hrasvaH iti vartate. zeSo'tra ghisaMjJo bhavati, sakhizabdam varjayitvA. kaz ca zeSaH? hrasvam ivarNauvarNAntaM yan na stryAkhyam, stryAkhyaM ca yan na nadIsaMjJakaM, sa zeSaH. agnaye. vAyave. kRtaye. dhenave. asakhi iti kim? sakhyA. sakhye. sakhyuH. sakhyau. ghipradezAH- dvandve ghi
^
So, latter pati- is wee, but lone
That is why compounds like
But lone pati- does not --
pati- + Gas →
KAZIKA patizabdasya ghisaMjJAyAM siddhAyAm ayaM niyamaH kriyate, patizabdaH samAse eva ghisaMjJao bhavati. prajApatinA. prajApataye. samAse iti kim? patyA. patye. evakAra izTato 'vadhAraNArthaH. dRDhamuSTinA. dRDhamuSTaye.
^
A short vowel is light (unless exception saMyogeguru below applies).
The short vowels are
As for instance, here all the vowels are light --
NOTE: in rule puganta, the word
^
Exception to hrasvaMlaghu. A short that is before a cluster is heavy, even though hrasvaMlaghu would have made it light.
Examples. The shorts that I wrote between parens here --
"how come you left a life of luxury and now wander around doing nothing useful?"
are all heavy, because they are before clusters. If these were not heavy, the line would not sound like verse. The other shorts are light.
Notice that
The light vowels that are heavy are pronounced normally, as short vowels. They must not be pronounced as long, they must not be pronounced stressed, they must not get any special accent or emphasis or high pitch. I warn you of this because kale says they are "ong by position", which is an extremely confusing term, and coulson says that you must "lay emphasis" on them when reciting verse, which is just not true.
See also cluster lengthening after short .
KAZIKA hrasvam iti vartate. pUrveNa laghu-saMjJAyAM prAptAyAM guru-saMjJA vidhIyate. saMyoge prato hrasvam akSaraM guru-saMjJaM bhavati. kuNDA. huNDA. zikSA bhikSA. guru-pradezAH gurozca halaH ity evam AdayaH.
^
long vowels (namely
Example. In this verse, and in fact everywhere else too, all
chunk 9: A kadArAd ekA saJjA, nadI, wee