73101 some sup-changing rules ←

chunk 44: 74001 more replacements before soft

→ 74070 changes in stammers, word repetition

74001 Shorten the nexttolast before Ni before caG. NaucaGyupadhAyAhrasvaH
74007 Optionally replace nexttolast R RR with R before Ni plus caG. urRt
74010 R of cluster-starter to guNa . RtazcasaMyogAderguNaH
74011 RR-enders, Rcch and R to . RcchatyRRtAm
74012 zRR dRR pRR to short optionally . zRRdRRprAMhrasvovA
74016 -enders and dRz to guNa before aG aG'. RdRzoGiguNaH
74017 asyati gets thuk . asyatesthuk
74020 vac to voc . vaca::um
74021 zIG to guNa before hard. zIGassArvadhAtukeguNaH
74022 zIG to zay before kGit y. ayaGyikGiti
74025 Lengthen before yak, kyaG, yaG, soft yAsuT. akRtsArvadhAtukayordIrghaH
74026 before cvi too. cvauca
74028 R to ri before za, yak, liG. riGzayagliGkSu
74029 Replace R of arti and cluster-starters with ar . guNortisaMyogAdyoH
74032 A a before cvi asyacvau
74033 before kyac. kyacica
74040 do so mA sthA to i before kit t. dyatisyatimAsthAmittikiti
74042 dhA to hi dadhAterhiH
74046 dA of ghu to dath . dodadghoH
74047 After a vowel preverb, with t . aca::upasargAttaH
74048 ap- to before bh. apobhi
74049 s to before soft s. sassyArdhadhAtuke
74050 Chop tAs and as . tAsastyorlopaH
74051 Chop tAs before r-affixes. rica
74052 h before e'''. haeti
74054 Before san, vowel of mI;mA;ghu; rabh;labh;zak; pat;pad to is. sanimImAghurabhalabhazakapatapadAmaca::is
74055 of Ap jJapi Rdh to I. ApjJapyRdhAmIt
74056 of dambh to i too dambha::icca
74057 of objectless muc to guNa optionally. mucokarmakasyaguNovA
74058 And delete the stammer. atralopobhyAsasya
74059 Shorten . hrasvaH
74060 Consonant at start stays. halAdizzeSaH
74061 But the stop after zar . zarpUrvAHkhayaH
74062 ku and h to cu. kuhozcuH
74066 R RR L to a. urat
74069 Lengthen of iN' before kit liT. dIrgha::iNaHkiti




 

Nau caGy upadhAyA$ hrasvaH ONPANINI 74001
Shorten the nexttolast before Ni before caG.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 851

This special shortening makes Nijanta roots like nAyi kAri lAvi pAci get reduplicated into a heavy-light rythm in the luG --

kR + Nic + luG tip → .. → aT + kAri + caG + t''' → a + kari + caG + t caGi a + ka + kari + caG + t sanyataH a + ki + kari + caG + t NeraniTi a + ki + kar + at kuhozcuH acikarat dIrgholaghoH acIkarat "he made (him) do"

nI + Nic + luG tip luGlaG aT + nI + Nic + tipa + nI + Nic + t''' ata::upa a + nai + Nic + ta + nai + Nic + caG + t ecoya a + nAy + Nic + a + t → a + nay + Nic + a + t NeraniTi a + nay + a + t caGi ananayat sanyataH aninayat dIrgholaghoH anInayat "he made him lead"




 

ur Rt ONPANINI 74007
Optionally replace nexttolast R RR with R before Ni plus caG.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 852

Optional exception to upadhAyAzca, puganta, mRjervRddhiH. Optionally those three rules will replace with Ir Ar ar, respectively --

kRRt + Ni caG → .. → acikIrta-

vRt + Ni caG → .. → avavarta-

mRj + Ni caG → .. → amamArja-

But if we take this option, the R or RR stays --

kRRt + Ni + caG + luG tip → .. → acIkRta- + t'''acIkRtat "praised"

vRt + Ni + caG → .. → avIvRta-avIvRtat "made it happen"

mRj + Ni + caG → .. → amImRja-amImRjat "rubbed"




 

Rtazca saMyogAderguNaH ONPANINI 74010
R of cluster-starter to guNa (before liT).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 853

As in --

smR + Nal → smar + a ata::upa smAr + a liTidhA sasmAra "he remembered"

smR + atus → smar + atus liTidhA sasmaratus "both remembered"

smR + ma → smar + ma kRsRbhRvR smar + ima liTidhA sasmarima "we remembered"

Rule guNorti also makes R of clusterstarter into ar sometimes.

kR + atus liTidhA cakR + atus ikoyaNaci cakratus "both made"

kR + Nal acoJNiti kAr + a liTidhA cakAra "he made; I made"




 

Rcchaty RRtAm ONPANINI 74011
RR-enders, Rcch and R to ( guNa before liT).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 854

The Rcchati mentioned here is the root 06.0016 Rcch Rcha~ gatIndriyapralaya "go, go at, attack; faint".

Examples --

Rch + Nal checa Rcch + a → arcch + a liTidhA a + arcch + a ata::AdeH A + arcch + a tasmAnnuDdvi An + arcch + aAnarccha

Rch + atus → .. → Anarcchatus

Rch + atus → .. → Anarcchus

tRR + us → tar + us liTidhA tatarus pecus terus

A zloka from the epics --

sAtyakiH kRtavarmANaGM kRtavarmA ca sAtyakim | AnarchatuzH zarair ghorais takSamANau parasparam || "And sAtyaki went at kRtavarman, and kRtavarman at sAtyaki, hacking each other with dreadful arrows."




 

zRR;dRR;prAM hrasvo vA ONPANINI 74012
zRR dRR pRR to short optionally (before a kit liT).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 855

Rule RcchatyRRtAm right above ordinarily replaces RR with ar before kit liT, as in --

pRR + atus RcchatyRRtAm par + atus → .. → paparatus "both protected"

But these three roots may optionally replace with R instead --

pRR + atus → pR + atus → .. → papratus "both protected"




 

R;dRzo 'Gi guNaH ONPANINI 74016
(R RR) -enders and dRz to guNa before aG aG'.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 856

Exception to kGitica.

Ordinarily, aG and aG', because of kGitica, don't cause guNa replacement --

sic' + luG tip → .. → asic + aG + t'''asicat "he sprinkled"

bhid + aG' → .. → bhidA "a breaking"

This exception says that aG and aG' will still replace with guNa the R of dRz --

dRz + luG tip iritovA dRz + aG + tip → darz + aG + tip → .. → adarzat "saw"

and also all rootfinal R RR --

kR + luG tip → .. → akR + aG + t''' → akarat "made, did"

jRR + aG' + Ap ( allowed by Sidbhid ) → jar + a + A akassa jarA- "old age"




 

asyates thuk ONPANINI 74017
asyati gets thuk (before aG).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 857

th(uk) is a kitaugment.

Example --

as' + luG tipas + t''' ADajA A + as + t akassa As + t asyati;vakti As + aG + t → Asth + aG + tAsthat "he threw"

Similarly AsthatAm, Asthan.




 

vaca:: um ONPANINI 74020
vac to voc (before aG).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 858 luG

The root vac gets aG before luG, by asyativaktikhyAtibhyoG.

This rule turns vac + aG into voc + aG.

Examples --

vac + luG tip luGlaG avac + tip asyativakti avac + aG + tip → avoca + tipavoca + t'''avocat "he said"

vac + luG tas → .. → avoca + tAm'''avocatAm "both said"

vac + luG jhi → .. → avoca + ant''' saMyogAnta avocan "they said"




 

zIGaH sArvadhAtuke guNaH ONPANINI 74021
zIG to guNa before hard.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 859

All my examples here have kGit affixes, as before non- kGit, hardsoft would have made ze anyway.

Examples --

zIG + te''' → zete "sleeps"

zIG + laT Ate''' → ze + Ate ecoya zayAte "both sleep"

zIG + laT ate''' zIGoruT zIG + rate → zerate "they sleep"

azIG + laG ata''' zIGoruT azIG + rata → azerata "they slept"

zIG + zAnac → ze + Ana ecoya zayAna- "that sleeps"

This rule won't work before liT, because liTca makes liT soft --

zI + liT ta → .. → zizI + ez eranekA zizye "he slept"

zI + liT iT' → .. → zizI + e''' eranekA zizye "I slept"




 

ayaG yi kGiti ONPANINI 74022
zIG to zay before kGit y.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 860

This rule will work before soft only, because zIGassArvadhAtukeguNaH makes ze before all hards.

So before soft y kGit affixes, such as yak or lyap, we have --

zIG + bhAve laT tazI + yak + tazI + yak + te''' → zayyate "sleep happens"

upa + zIG + lyap → upazayya "after sleeping near"




 

a-kRt;sArvadhAtukayor dIrghaH ONPANINI 74025
Lengthen before yak, kyaG, yaG, soft yAsuT.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 861

Examples

before yak --

zru + before karmaNizru + yak → zrUya

as in

zru + karmaNi laT tazrUya + tazrUya + te'''zrUyate "is being heard"

ci + yak + laT jhicIyante "they are being piled up"

before soft yAsuT --

zru + @soft liG mipzru + yAsam''' → zrUyAsam "may I hear"

before yaG --

ci + yaG + laT ta → .. → ceci + ya + te''' → cecIyate "piles up again and again, hoards"

before kyaG --

bhRzam + kyaG + laT ta supodhA bhRza + ya + ta → bhRzA + ya + tabhRzAya + te'''bhRzAyate "becomes important"

But there is no lengthening before other y affixes, such as lyap or hard yAsuT --

pra + hR + ktvApra + hR + lyap hrasvasyapitikRtituk pra + hRt + lyapprahRtya "took away and"

su + @hard liG tipsu + znu + tipsunu + yAt'''sunuyAt "would squeeze"

bhRzAya + te''' kartarizap bhRzAya + zap + te atoguNe bhRzAyate




 

cvau ca ONPANINI 74026
( Lengthen) before cvi too.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 862

Examples --

zucy azuci karoti abhUtatadbhAve zuci + cvi + karoti → zucI + v + karoti verapRktasya zucIkaroti "cleans"

paTv apaTu bhavati abhUtatadbhAve paTu + cvi + bhavati → paTU + v + bhavati verapRktasya paTUbhavati "becomes sharp"

See also asyacvau.




 

riG za;yag;liGkSu ONPANINI 74028
R to ri(G) before za, yak, ( flat soft) liG.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 863

Roots made of one consonant plus R turn their R into ri before certain affixes.

Before za, this is an exception to ikoyaNaci --

mR + kartari te'''mR + za + te → mri + a + te aciznu mriyate "dies"

yak --

mR + bhAve te'''mR + yak + te → mriyate "there is death here, someone is dying"

kR + yak + te''' → kri + ya + ta → .. → kriyate "it is being done"

liG --

kR + soft liG tipkR + yAt''' → kri + yAt'''kriyAt "may he do"

This won't work when R follows cluster -- see guNortisa below.




 

guNo 'rti;saMyog'-AdyoH ONPANINI 74029
Replace R of arti and cluster-starters with ar (before yak and flat soft liG).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 864

Previous rule replaces the R of roots made of one consonant plus R with ri. The other R ender roots replace R with ar.

Examples with arti --

R + yak + te''' → aryate "it is reached"

R + yAt''' → aryAt "may he reach"

Examples with smR, a cluster-plus-R root --

smR + yak + te''' → smaryate "it is remembered"

smR + yAt''' → smaryAt "may he remember"




 

asya cvau ONPANINI 74032
A a (to I) before cvimmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 865

Examples --

bheka + cvi + karoti → bhekI + v + karoti vera bhekIkaroti "turns (him) into a frog"

khaTvA + cvi + karoti → khaTvI + v + karoti vera khaTvIkaroti "makes (it) into a bed"

See also cvauca.




 

kyaci ca ONPANINI 74033
(A a to I) before kyac.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 866

Examples --

putram + kyac supodhA putra + kyac → putrIya "want to have a son"

yAnam + kyac + laT tip → .. → yAnIyati "wants to have her own car"




 

dyati;syati;mA;sthAm it ti kiti ONPANINI 74040
do so mA sthA to i before kit t.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 867

Examples --

ava + so + kta → ava + si + taavasita- "one that has settled"

mA + kta → mita- "measured"

sthA + kta → sthita- "staying"

sthA + ktavatu → sthitavat- "stayed"

sthA + ktvA → sthitvA "stayed and"




 

dadhAter hiH ONPANINI 74042
dhA to hi (before kit t)mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ 868

Only examples --

dhA + ktahi + ktahita- "was put"

hitavat- "he put"

hitvA "put and"




 

do dad ghoH ONPANINI 74046
dA of ghu to dath (before kit t).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 869

Replace the dA of a ghu with dath- before a kit affix that starts with t. As in --

dA + kta → dath + ta kharica datta- "given"

dA + ktvA → dath + tvA kharica dattvA "after giving"

dAtamM barhiH "the barhis grass was reaped"




 

aca:: upasargAt taH ONPANINI 74047
After a vowel preverb, (replace dA of a ghu) with t (before kit t).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ 870

Example

pra + dA + kta → pra + t + ktapratta- "given"

AG + dA + kta doda Adatta- → Atta- "taken"

nirdatta-

dadhi dattam "curds were given"

from root daip --

avadAttam mukhyam




 

apo bhi ONPANINI 74048
ap- to (d) before bh.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 871

Only examples --

ap- + bhis → adbhis "with waters"

ap- + bhis → adbhyas "from waters"




 

saH sy ArdhadhAtuke ONPANINI 74049
s to ( t ) before soft s.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 872

Example before sya --

vas + lRT tipvas + sya + ti → vatsyati "will reside"

before sic --

vas + luG tip luGlaG avas + tipavas + sic + tipavas + sic + t''' vadavraja avAs + sic + tavAs + s + It''' → avAtsIt "he resided"

before san --

ghas + san → ghat + sa sanyaGoH ghaghatsa sanyataH ghighatsa kuhozcuH jhighatsa abhyAsecarca jighatsa "want to eat"

As + laT thAsAs + se'''Asse "you are sitting"




 

tAs;astyor lopaH ONPANINI 74050
Chop tAs and as (before s).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 873

Example with tAs --

kR + luT sipkR + tAs + si hardsoft kartAs + si → kartAsi "you'll make"

Example with as --

as + laT sip → asi "you are"




 

ri ca ONPANINI 74051
Chop tAs before r-affixes.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 874

Only four examples --

tAs + tas luTaHpratha tAs + rau → tArau

tAs + AtAmtAs + rau → tArau

tAs + jhi luTaHpratha tAs + ras → tAras

tAs + jhatAs + ras → tAras

Some verbs made with these --

kR + luT taskR + tArau hardsoft kartArau "both'll make"

kR + luT jhikR + tAras hardsoft kartAras "they'll make"




 

ha:: eti ONPANINI 74052
( tAs and as to) h before e'''.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 875

As in

kR + luT iT' syatAsI kR + tAs + i hardsoft kartAs + ikartAs + e''' → kartAhe "i shall make"

as + laT iT'ase znasorallopaH se → he

vyatihe "I do the duty of someone else"




 

sani mI;mA;ghu; rabha;labha;zaka; pata;padAm aca is ONPANINI 74054
Before ( iT-less) san, vowel of mI;mA; ghu; rabh;labh;zak; pat;pad to is.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 876

This changes the root vowel into is. In mI mA ghu, the s is before san, so sassyA replaces it with t --

mI + san → mis + sa sassyA mitsa "want to traverse"

dA + san → dis + sa sassyA ditsa "want to give"

In the other roots, the s is before a cluster, so skossa deletes it --

zak + san → zisk + sa sassyA ziksa kric zikSa "want to be able"

So we say --

ditsati "wants to give"

Alipsate "wants to get"

zikSati "wants to be able or competent"

pitsati "wants to fly"




 

Ap;jJapy;RdhAm It ONPANINI 74055
(Vowel) of Ap jJapi Rdh to I.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 877

Exception to previous rule sanimImA, that would have replaced with is.

All examples --

Ap + san + laT tip → .. → Ipsati "wants to get (to)"

jJapi → .. → jJIpsati "wants to make (him) know"

Rdh → .. → Irtsati "wants to succeed"

There is no stammer, because of atra lopo 'bhyAsasya.




 

dambha:: ic ca ONPANINI 74056
(Vowel) of dambh to i toommmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 878

The root dambh "hurt, deceive" works like the roots in the previous rule, but can also become dimbh in addition to becoming dImbh.

Only examples --

dambh + san → dimbh + sa aniditA dibh + sa throwback dhibh + sa jhalAMjazjhazi dhibsa sanyaGoH didhipsa atralopo dhibsa kharica dhipsa "want to hurt"

dambh + san → dImbh + sa → .. → dhIpsa "want to hurt" ( kharica (same steps)

There is no stammer, because of atra lopo 'bhyAsasya.

Because of sanIvantardhabhrasjadambhuzrisvRyUrNubharajJapisanAm, san becomes iSan optionally after dambh. So we can also say --

dambh + sandambh + iSan sanyaGoH dadambhiSa sanyataH didambhiSa "want to hurt"

Here iSan is not kGit (because halantAcca did not make it kit) so an-iditA did not work.




 

muco 'karmakasya guNo vA ONPANINI 74057
(Vowel) of objectless muc to guNa optionally.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 879

san is kit after muc (by halantAcca), so ordinarily we'd have no puganta. This exception however makes guNa anyway. So we may say --

muc + san + laT ta → .. → mokSate "he wants to free himself"

There is no stammer, because of atra lopo 'bhyAsasya.

If we don't take this option --

muc + san + laT ta → .. → mumukSate "he wants to free himself"

mumukSati vatsaGM gauH "the cow wants to free her calf"




 

atra lopo 'bhyAsasya ONPANINI 74058
And delete the stammer.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C- 880

The previous four rules --

sanimImA

ApjJa

dambha_icca

mucokarma

delete the stammer. See examples under each rule.




 

hrasvaH ONPANINI 74059
Shorten ( stammer).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 881

Examples --

pU + us liTidhA pU + pU + us → pupU + us aciznu pupuvus "they cleaned"

jIv + Nal liTidhA jI + jIv + Nal → jijIva "was alive"

Because of eca::igghra, shortening an ec makes i u --

nI + liT tipnI + Nal acoJNiti nai + Nal liTidhA nai + nai + a → ni + nai + a ecoya ni + nAy + NalninAya "he led"

iS + liT tip puganta eS + Nal liTidhA e + eS + Nal → i + eS + Nal abhyAsasyA iy + eS + aiyeSa "he wanted"

kSip + NalkSe + kSep + Nal hrasvaH kSi + kSep halAdiHzeSaH ki + kSep + Nal kuhozcuH cikSepa "he threw"




 

hal AdiH zeSaH ONPANINI 74060
Consonant at start (of stammer) stays.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 882

In other words: " trash all the consonants of the stammer, except the one that is at the beginning, if any. "

Examples --

kSip + us liTidhA kSi + kSip + us → ki + kSip + us kuhozcuH cikSipus "they threw"

kR + kR urat ka + kR uraNra kar + kR → ka + kR kuhozcuH cakR

smR + Nal acoJNiti smAr + a liTidhA smA + smAr + a hrasvaH sma + smAra → sasmAra "he remembered"

smR + us Rtazca smar + us liTidhA sma + smar + us → sasmarus "they remembered"

See exception zarpUrvAH below.




 

zar-pUrvAH khayaH ONPANINI 74061
But the stop after zar (stays).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 883

Exception to halAdizzeSaH --

" If a stammer starts with zar plus stop, only the stop stays, and the other consonants are removed. "

For instance, the stammer spar keeps the p and loses the s and the r --

spRz + us liTidhA spR + spRz + us urat spa + spRz + us uraNra spar + spRz + us → pa + sparz + uspasparzus "they touched"

And sthA keeps the th and loses the s --

sthA + us liTidhA sthA + sthA + us → thA + sthA + us hrasvaH thasthA + us abhyAsecarca tasthA + us usya tasthus "they stayed"

This rule applies only to roots that startwith zar plus STOP. The roots with a stop before a zar reduplicate normally --

kSip + us → .. → cikSipus "they threw"

and so do the ones that start with zar plus non- stop --

smRsasmAra "he remembered"




 

ku;hoz cuH ONPANINI 74062
ku and h (of stammer) to cu.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 884

When a stammer has k kh g gh h we replace it with the most-alike cu, namely with c ch j jh jh. The ch and the jh will become c j by other rules.

Example with a k root --

kSi ( before liT ) liTidhA kSi + kSip halAdizze ki + kSip → cikSip

As in --

kSip + uscikSip + uscikSipus "they threw"

kSip + Nal puganta kSep + Nal liTidhA kSe + kSep + a halAdizze kekSep + a hrasvaH kikSepa → cikSepa "he threw"

With a h root --

hu + hu → ju + hujuhu

As in --

hu + laT tipjuhu + ti hardsoft juhoti "he pours"

juhvati "they pour"




 

ur at ONPANINI 74066
R RR L (of stammer) to a.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 885

Examples --

kR + liT maskR + ma liTidhA kR + kR + ma → ka + kR + ma kuhozcuH cakRma "we did"

kLp + liT takLp + ez liTidhA kL + kLp + e → kakLpe kuhozcuH cakLpe "it fitted"

(See also exceptions sanyataH sanvalla artipipartyozca.)

kR + liT maskR + ma liTidhA kR + kR + ma → kar + kR + ma halAdizzeSaH kakRma kuhozcuH cakRma "we did"




 

dIrgha:: iNaH kiti ONPANINI 74069
Lengthen (the stammer) of iN' before kit liT.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 886

Examples before atus us, that are kit by asaMyogAlliTkit --

iN' + atus iNoyaN y + atus liTidhA i + y + atus → Iyatus "both went"

iN' + us → .. → Iyus "they went" (same steps)

Counterexamples before Nal thal, that are akit --

iN' + Nal acoJNiti ai + a liTidhA ai + ai + a hrasvaH i + ai + a ecoya i + Ay + a abhyAsasyA iyAya "he went"

iN' + thali + ithal hardsoft e + itha liTidhA e + e + itha hrasvaH i + e + itha ecoya i + ay + itha abhyAsasyA iyayitha "thou wentest"
















73101 some sup-changing rules ←

chunk 44: 74001 more replacements before soft

→ 74070 changes in stammers, word repetition