32134 habitual doer affixes, future time ←
33156
33161
33162 The
33173 Use
33175 When there is
33176 After
34007
34018 Optionally use
34021 Of two with same doer, means what happens first.
34022
Roughly translated:
"you may use liG in future if-then sentence pairs".
Example --
Yet, many ignore that restriction and use the liG for those too --
The liG tense is almost always hard (rule tiGzit says so).
When it is hard, it is used in many senses, some of which are also often expressed with the loT, and one of them with the lRG.
Example of command --
Example of wish --
When the liG tense means a wish of the speaker, it is sometimes soft. See soft liG for examples. This soft liG is only used for wishes. You should use the hard liG (or the loT) for wishes however, as the soft liG, though perfectly grammatical, is a "thou speakest" sort of thing.
Back to tenses.
(See also
The loT too, like the liG, means command, advice, invitation, wish, question, request, prayer.
As in --
gam +
inria says " imp." when it detects a loT. Don't confuse that with " impft", meaning laG.
For wishes, we may also use tuhyostAta, vidhi;nimantra, liGAziSi.
(See also doerless
Example with loT --
Example with hard liG --
When we use the liG to mean a wish, optional rule liGAziSi can make the liG affix replacer soft. This does not change the meaning --
I made up that last example, as there are hardly any examples of bent soft liG outside of the vedic literature.
This leaves out the bent soft liG, which never get
But this rule says that, if it is used with a verb, it must be a luG verb, as in --
This rule forbids the use of all other tenses with
Notice that the two luG in the examples above would usually have been
gam + luG sip →
kR + luG sip →
If you type
When we express a prohibition, or a negative blessing, with mAG, rule mAGiluG says that the tense must be luG. This exception says that if there is sma, the tense may be luG or laG --
"Do not set thy mind on sorrow, do not set thy mind on sorrow."
The leT tense is used only in the vedas. So NVM about it. Inria calls it " subj" or " subjunctive".
Like the liG and the loT, the leT expresses wishes, requests, commands and benedictions.
Example. In Rgveda 7.25.1 we hear --
this
The words
This rule says that instead of using an action noun, we may also add use the ktvA of the same root --
Translating those as "stop crying", "no more booze for ya", etc, works too.
When two actions follow one another and have the same doer, the word that means what happens first may be replaced with the ktvA-ender from the same root.
Example. We can say these three sentences one after another. That is grammatical, but sort of clumsy --
It is far better to apply this rule, which replaces
This sort of flows better.
Those words
dRz + ktvA →
AG + gam + ktvA →
Even though
Incidentally, you'll find that "he went to war and was killed" sort of construction sometimes however in the epics. That is not kosher, but whenever it happens it is easy to understand --
Rule nityavIpsayoH will work too.
So, in --
The words
06030019a bhUtagrAmaH sa evAyaM bhUtvA bhUtvA pralIyate
08008027c balavat sUryarazmyAbhair bhittvA bhittvA vinedatuH
32134 habitual doer affixes, future time ←